Ch.06 Narration

NARRATION
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NARRATION
Narration Direct Indirect Speech
DIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech
Ram 𝒔𝒂𝒚𝒔
⏟ , ′′𝑰 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒅. ′′
⏟
𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒃 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒄𝒉
INDIRECT SPEECH

Indirect Speech
Ram says that he works hard.
ASSERTIVE SENTENCES
(1) He says, “I work hard” (Direct Speech)
He says that he works hard. (Indirect speech)
ASSERTIVE SENTENCES DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

(1) Comma inverted commas Conjunction ‘that’
(2) Pronoun
Sub Obj No
SON
1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person
1 2 3
I, we you He, she, it, they
1. He says, “I work hard”

Sub. 1st
Person
changes to
according to
He says that he works hard.
2. He says to me, “You work hard.”

Sub. Obj 2nd
Person
changes to
according to
He tells me that I work hard

NARRATION
3. He says to me, “She works hard.”

3rd
Person
No change
He tells me that she works hard.
Changes in Reporting verb
Direct Speech Indirect speech

1) Says Says
2) Said Said
3) Will say Will say
4) Says to Tells
5) Said to Told
6) Will say to Will tell
Change in tense :–
 Present tense Past Tense
D.S I.S
1) Simple Present Simple Past
 S + V1 + O  S + V2 + O
 do/does  did
2) Present Continuous Past Continuous
 is, am, are was, were
3) Present Perfect Past Perfect
has, have had
4) Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
has, have + been had been
 Past Tense “alternate changes”
1 3
2 4

NARRATION
D.S I.S
1) Simple Past Past Perfect
S + V2 + O Had + V3
2) Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
was, were + V4 had been + V4
3) Past Perfect No change
Had + V3
4) Past Perfect Continuous No change
Simple Present Simple Past Past Perfect
S + V1 + O S + V2 + O S + had + V3 + o
Present Continuous Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Is, am, are + V4 was, were + V4 had been + V4
Change of Modals
D.S. I.S.
Can Could
May Might
Will Would
Shall Should

NARRATION
CHANGE IN TIME AND PLACE
D.S. I.S.
Today That day
Tomorrow The next day
Yesterday The previous day/the day before
Tonight That night
Last The previous
Here There
This That
These Those
Ago Before
Now Then
Come Go
Important Points : -
1. Reporting verb Present future Reported speech Tense

changes
Reporting verb; Present future
then; Subject
Object
Pronoun change
Other changes
But ; Tense change
He says, “I come here”.

He says that he comes here.
2. Reporting verb Past Tense Reported speech change
Subject, object, pronoun, tense, other changes change
Ex. She said, “I cannot help you at this time.”

She said that she couldn’t help me at that time.

NARRATION
3. universal truth/Idiom phrase/habitual action/historical fact

changes
Question answer.
He said, “The Sun is a star”

He said that the Sun is a star
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Questions
He said to me, “Are you coming?” He said to me, “When are you coming?”
wh family
He asked me whether I was coming. He asked me when I was coming.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH
(1) ‘Said to’ asked, questioned, enquired, interrogated

(2) Question mark (?) full stop (.)
(3) formation interrogative helping verb subject
(4) Tense, pronoun

(5) conjunction ‘if’ ‘whether’
‘wh family’ conjunction
Examples:
1. He said to me, “Do you know me?”
He asked me if I knew him.
2. She said to him, “what are you doing now?”
She asked him what he was doing them.
1. Direction speech Sir/Madam/ Your Honour

Indirect Speech ‘respectifully’
2. Dear / Darline / My beloved
‘lovingly’ ‘affectionately’
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
He said to me, “Go away.”
He ordered me to go away.

NARRATION
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH
1. ‘said to’ ordered / requested / forbade / suggested
2. Conjunction ‘to’
3. ‘To’ V1
4. Tense, pronoun
Examples:
1. She said to me, “Do not come here”
She forbade me to come there.
Or
She ordered me not to come there.
2. He said, “call the first witness now.”
He ordered them to call the first witness them.
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
She said, “Alas I am undone.”
She exclaimed with sorrow that she was undone.
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH
𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨
1. (a) Said + Alas ! → exclaimed with sorrow.
Said + Hurray ! → exclaimed with joy
Said + Fi ! / Ugh ! → exclaimed with despise/disgust.
Said + Wow ! → exclaimed with joy.
Said + Oh ! → exclaimed with surprise / regret.
2. Conjunction ‘that’
3. Tense, pronoun
Examples :
1. She said, “Hurray ! we have won this match.”

She exclaimed with joy that they had had won that match.
2. She said, “How beautiful is the rain!”
She exclaimed with joy that the rain was very beautiful.
3. He said, “Bravo ! you have done well.”
He applauded him saying that he had done well
4. She said, “What a pleasant surprise!”
She exclaimed that it was a pleasant surprise.

NARRATION
OPTATIVE SENTENCES
He said, “May God bless you.”
He prayed that God might bless me.
OPTATIVE SENTENCES DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH
1. ‘Said’ ‘wished’ ‘prayed’

2. Conjunction ‘that’
3. Tense, pronoun
Examples:
1. She said, “May, God pardon him.”
She prayed that God might pardon him.
2. They said, “long live the king.”
They prayed that the king might live long.

NARRATION
Exercise-1 (d) Kiran said that she would reach Patna
the next morning.
Directions (1-40) : A sentence has been given in
direct/Indirect form. Out of the four alternatives 5. The airline official said, “We are
suggested, select the one which best exresses extremely sorry that the flight has been
the same sentence in Indirect/Direct form. delayed due to heavy floods.”
(a) The airline official announced the
1. The priest said to me, “You have airline is extremely sorry that the flight
committed a cardinal sin.” will be delayed due to heavy floods.
(a) The priest told me that I had (b) The airline official announces they
committed a cardinal sin. are extremely sorry that the flight has
(b) The priest is saying I have committed been delayed due to heavy floods.
a cardinal sin. (c) The airline official announced that
(c) The priest said if I will be committing they were extremely sorry that the flight
a cardinal sin. had been delayed due to heavy floods.
(d) The priest told me I am committing a (d) The airline official announced that we
cardinal sin. are extremely sorry that the flight has
been delayed due to heavy floods.
2. Her mother said, “We must have a party
to celebrate your promotion.” 6. Rita said, “I’m not feeling well.”
(a) Her mother said that they must have a (a) Rita said that she was not feeling
party to celebrate her promotion. well.
(b) Her mother said she had been (b) Rita said she will not be feeling well.
planning a party for celebrating her (c) Rita said she is not feeling well.
promotion. (d) Rita says that I’m not feeling well.
(c) Her mother says that they should
7. Mother said to Kavya, “Turn on the
plan a party to celebrate her promotion.
light.”
(d) Her mother told that they would be
(a) Mother told Kavya to turn on the light.
having a party to celebrate her
(b) Mother asked Kavya if the light was
promotion.
on.
(c) Kavya told mother to turn on the light.
3. My uncle said, “Just my luck! I’ve
(d) Mother requested Kavya to please on
missed the bus again.”
the light.
(a) My uncle exclaimed that he was
unlucky as he had missed the bus again.
8. The little girl asked her mother if she
(b) My uncle said he was lucky as he had could visit her friend’s house.
missed the bus again. (a) The little girl said to her mother, “Why
(c) My uncle exclaimed that he is once can’t I visit my friend’s house?”
again lucky to miss the bus. (b) The little girl said to her mother,
(d) My uncle says that he is unlucky as “Should she visit her friend’s house?”
he has missed the bus again. (c) The little girl said to her mother, “Can
I visit my friend’s house?”
4. Kiran said, “I will reach Patna tomorrow (d) The little girl said to her mother, “I
morning.” could visit my friend’s house.”
(a) Kiran said that she will reach Patna
tomorrow morning. 9. The teacher said to Mohit, “Go to your
(b) Kiran says that she will reach Patna seat and sit quietly”
tomorrow morning. (a) The teacher requested Mohit to go to
(c) Kiran said that I will reach Patna the his seat and sit quietly.
next morning. (b) The teacher instructed Mohit to go to
his seat and sit quietly.

NARRATION
(c) The teacher instructed Mohit that he 13. “I will be twenty five tomorrow”, said
must go to his seat and sit quietly. Vidushi.
(d) The teacher told Mohit to go to your (a) Vidushi is saying that she will be
seat and sit quietly. twenty five by tomorrow.
(b) Vidushi said that she would be twenty
10. Mrs. Sethi said to her students, “Would five the next day.
you like to go outdoors for the yoga (c) Vidushi will say that she would be
class?” twenty five tomorrow.
(a) Mrs Sethi asked her students whether (d) Vidushi had told that me she would
they would like to go outdoors for the be twenty five the next day.
yoga class.
(b) Mrs Sethi asked her students about 14. The interviewer said, “Rajiv, I’m
their liking to go outdoors for the yoga impressed with you."
class. (a) The interviewer says I am impressed
(c) Mrs Sethi told her students that with Rajiv.
would you like to go outdoors for the (b) The interviewer told to Rajiv that he is
yoga class. impressed with him.
(d) Mrs Sethi said to her students will (c) The interviewer told Rajiv that he was
you like to go outdoors for the yoga impressed with him.
class? (d) The interviewer said to Rajiv that he
had been impressed with you.
11. ‘Let’s not go out today. It’s going to be a
hot day,” he said to me.
15. The guide said to the tourists, "This will
(a) He suggested that we shouldn’t be
be the best day of your life."
going out that day as it is going to be a
(a) The guide told the tourists that this
hot day.
would be the best day of their lives.
(b) He is suggesting that they shouldn’t
(b) The guide told the tourists that that
go out today as it was going to be a hot
day.
(c) The guide told the tourists this that
(c) He suggested that we shouldn’t go
out that day as it was going to be a hot
(d) The guide told the tourists that this
day.
will be the best day of their lives.
(d) He had suggested that they shouldn’t
go out today as it was going to be a hot
16. The jeweller said to us, "These diamonds
day.
are polished here."
(a) The jeweller informed us that these
12. Kapil said to his team, “If you don’t
diamonds were polished there.
perform well in this match, you will not
(b) The jeweller informed us that those
get a place in the team.”
diamonds were polished there.
(a) Kapil told to his team if you don’t
(c) The jeweller informed us that those
perform well in this match, you will not
diamonds were polished here.
get a place in the team.
(d) The jeweller informed us that these
(b) Kapil warned his team that if they
diamonds were polished here.
didn’t perform well in that match, they
would not get a place in the team.
17. He said to the doctor, "How soon will I
(c) Kapil warned to his team, if they don’t
be able to walk again?"
perform well in this match, they will not
(a) He asks the doctor how soon would I
be able to walk again.
(d) Kapil said to his team that if you don’t
(b) He asked the doctor how soon would
perform well in that match, you will not
he be able to walk again.
(c) He is asking the doctor how soon
would I be able to walk again.

NARRATION
(d) He asks the doctor how soon will he (b) I told my father that that I wanted to
be able to walk again. build a raft which could hold four people.
(c) I told my father that that I am wanting
18. My father said to me, "Don't talk to your to build a raft which could hold four
mother like that." people.
(a) My father warns me not to talk to my (d) I told my father that I wanted to build
mother like that. a raft which could hold four people.
(b) My father warned me not to talk to my
mother like that. 23. The manager said "Vivek must go
(c) My father warned me not to have tomorrow to meet the client".
talked to my mother like that. (a) The manager said that Vivek must
(d) My father warns me not to have have to go the following day to meet the
talked to my mother like that. client.
(b) The manager said that Vivek will have
19. The old man said to me, "Life has taught to go tomorrow to meet the client.
me some hard lessons." (c) The manager said that Vivek must go
(a) The old man tells me that life has the following day to meet the client.
taught him some hard lessons. (d) The manager said that Vivek must be
(b) The old man told me this that life has going tomorrow to meet the client.
had taught him some hard lessons.
(c) The old man tells me that life is 24. Aunt said to mother, "I will be in Surat on
teaching him some hard lessons. Friday."
(d) The old man told me that life had (a) Aunt told mother that she will be in
taught him some hard lessons. Surat on Friday.
(b) Aunt told mother she would be in
20. The groom said to the bride, "I will take Surat on Friday.
good care of you." (c) Aunt told mother she will be in Surat
(a) The groom promised the bride that he on Friday.
would take good care of her. (d) Aunt told mother that she would be in
(b) The groom has promised the bride Surat on Friday.
that he will be taking good care of her.
(c) The groom had promised the bride 25. My brother said, "I can climb this hill in
that he would have taken good care of less than an hour."
her. (a) My brother claimed that he can climb
(d) The groom promises the bride that he that hill in less than an hour.
would take good care of her. (b) My brother claimed that he could
climb this hill in less than an hour.
21. He said to his partner, "I will not be (c) My brother claimed that he can climb
responsible if the project fails." this hill in less than an hour.
(a) He has told his partner that he will not (d) My brother claimed that he could
be responsible if the project fails. climb that hill in less than an hour.
(b) He told his partner that he would not
be responsible if the project failed. 26. My son said to me, "I will not disappoint
(c) He tells his partner that he would not you."
be responsible if the project fails. (a) My son tells me that he will not
(d) He told his partner that I will not be disappoint me.
responsible if the project failed. (b) My son tells me that he will not be
disappointing me.
22. I said to my father, "I want to build a raft (c) My son told me that he would not
which can hold four people." disappoint me.
(a) I told my father that I am wanting to (d) My son had told me that he would not
build a raft which could hold four people. be disappointing me.

NARRATION
32. My brother said to me, "I was upset, but
27. The officer said, "I am very busy now". now I am fine."
(a) The officer said that he was very busy (a) My brother told me that he was upset,
now. but now he was fine.
(b) The officer said that he is very busy (b) My brother told me that he had been
then. upset, but then he will be fine.
(c) The officer said that he is very busy (c) My brother told me that he had been
now. upset, but then he was fine.
(d) The officer said that he was very busy (d) My brother told me that he has been
then. upset, but then he is fine.
28. "I am proud of you," father said to me. 33. My friend said to me, "For me running is
(a) Father told me that he is proud of me. like therapy."
(b) Father told me that he was proud of (a) My friend told me this that for her
me. running is like therapy.
(c) Father told me this that he was proud (b) My friend told me that for her running
of me. was like therapy.
(d) Father told me that that he is proud of (c) My friend told me that for her having
me. ran was like therapy.
(d) My friend tells me that for her running
29. "The taxi is here," said the watchman. is like therapy.
(a) The watchman said that the taxi is
there. 34. I said to the taxi driver, "You must be
(b) The watchman said that the taxi was crazy to drive so fast."
here. (a) I said to the taxi driver that he has to
(c) The watchman said that the taxi is be crazy to drive so fast.
here. (b) I told the taxi driver that he had to be
(d) The watchman said that the taxi was crazy to drive so fast.
there. (c) I had told the taxi driver that he has to
be crazy to drive so fast.
30. The student said, "I must study hard." (d) I had said to the taxi driver that he
(a) The student said that he had to study has to be crazy to be driving so fast.
hard.
(b) The student says that he had to study 35. The teacher said to me, "Stand here next
hard. to the podium."
(c) The student says that he must study (a) The teacher tells to me to stand there
hard. next to the podium.
(d) The student say that he had to study (b) The teacher told to me to have stood
hard. there next to the podium.
(c) The teacher told me to stand there
31. Preeti said to her friend, "I am like my next to the podium.
mother." (d) The teacher had told to me to have
(a) Preeti told her friend that she was like stood there next to the podium.
her mother.
36. He said to her, "I will meet you here
(b) Preeti told her friend that I was like
tomorrow."
her mother.
(a) He told her this that he will meet her
(c) Preeti tells her friend that she is like
there the following day.
her mother.
(b) He told her that he would meet her
(d) Preeti tells her friend that that she
there the following day.
was like her mother.
(c) He told her that he would meet her
here tomorrow.

NARRATION
(d) He told her that he will meet her there assigned to that part is the answer. If there is
tomorrow. no error, the answer is (E).
37. She said to her friend, "What can I do to 1. My friend being ill sent (A)/ to his boss
help you?" an application (B)/ explaining why could
(a) She asked her friend that what she he (C)/ not go to the office. (D)/ No Error
can do to help her. (E)
(b) She asked her friend what she could
do to help her. 2. When Kavita said (A)/ that she was
(c) She asks her friend what is that she coming to see (B)/ me the next day, I
could do to help her. wondered (C)/ what problems she will
(d) She asks her friend what she can do bring. (D)/ No Error (E)
for helping her.
3. I suggested that Radhika should (A)/ stay
38. Manoj said to his friend, "I am very angry here at night if she (B)/ got late but she
with you." does (C)/ not pay an attention to my
(a) Manoj told his friend that he was very suggestion. (D)/ No Error (E)
angry with him.
(b) Manoj told his friend that he is very 4. The Director knowing of my (A)/ interest
angry with him. in Environmental Science (B)/ asked me
(c) Manoj told his friend that he was very that I would (C)/ like to attend the
angered by him. National Seminar. (D)/ No Error (E)
(d) Manoj told his friend that he is very
angered by him. 5. The Government warned the shop-
keepers if (A)/ they persist in (B)/
39. “Hurry up, get in the bus” the conductor charging high prices, their (C)/ licences
said to us. would be cancealled. (D)/ No Error (E)
(a) The conductor told us to hurry up and
get in the bus.
(b) The conductor tells us to hurry up 6. My instructor told me (A)/ if I (B)/ do the
and get in the bus. lessons regularly, I would (C)/ certainly
(c) The conductor told us to hurry up and obtain good marks. (D)/ No Error (E)
got in the bus.
(d) The conductor tells us to hurry up 7. The teacher being very angry (A)/ with
and got in the bus. the pupils asked them (B)/ why they had
made (C)/ a nosie like this. (D)/ No Error
40. "My train will reach by noon," he (E)
explained.
(a) He explained that his train will reach
by noon. 8. Our teacher said to us (A)/ that we
(b) He explained that his train would should not live (B)/ beyond our means
reach by noon. (C)/ if we don’t want to invite misery. (D)/
(c) He explained that his train will have No Error (E)
reached by noon.
(d) He explained that his train would 9. When the mother saw (A)/ a bull coming
have had reached by noon. towards the children (B)/ she cried out
(C)/ and ask them to run away. (D)/ No
Exercise-2 Error (E)
Directions (1-35): Read each sentence to find
out if there is any error in it. The error, if any,
will be in one part of the sentence. The letter

NARRATION
10. In his famous sonnet, (A)/ Milton says even (C)/ without any apparent reason.
that (B)/ “They also serve (C)/ who only (D)/ No Error (E)
stand and wait. (D)/ No Error (E)
23. I told him (A)/ test for a while (B)/ as he
11. My cousin couldn’t understand (A)/ why has been working (C)/ without break
his teacher said (B)/ that the earth move since morning. (4)/ No Error (E)
(C)/ round the sun. (D)
24. Mritunjay asked the dealer (A)/ and then
12. The other day my sister (A)/ told me (B)/ they will (B)/ continue to play game (C)/
that she will be moving to her (C)/ new by evening. (D)/ No Error (E)
apartment very soon. (D)/ No Error (E)
25. They talked for a while (A)/ and then they
13. The passer-by told us (A)/ where was the will (B)/ continue to play game (C)/ by
marriage hall (B)/ and even (C)/ led us to evening. (D)/ No Error (E)
it. (D)/ No Error (E)
26. She asked me (A)/ if I can (B)/ Live
14. After making me wait (A)/ for two entirely (C)/ on my own. (D)/ No error (E)
agonizing hours the great man (B)/ called
me in and asked me (C)/ what do I want. 27. I told him bluntly (A)/ that he is a lazy
(D)/ No Error (E) fellow (B)/ and that he had done (C)/ his
work very badly. (D)/ No Error (E)
15. Ravi (A)/ told to his friend (B)/ to buy a
car. (C)/ No error (D) 28. One of the security men (A)/ rushed
forward and asked (B)/ me that if I (C)/
16. Immediately after boarding the bus (A)/ has anything objectionable. (D)/ No Error
Ajit asked the conductor (B)/ that if he (E)
knew (C)/ where the museum was. (D)/
No error (E) 29. He was convinced (A)/ that he (B)/ loss
the account (C)/ because of bad luck. (D)/
17. They asked me (A)/ why I have not No Error (E)
(B)/taken their permission (C)/ before
leaving the house. (D)/ No Error (E) 30. He asked the same question (A)/ that
why he was not selected (B)/ and
18. In a fit of anger (A)/ he told his superior everyone responded saying (C)/ that he
(B)/ that he will go on leave (C)/ from the had failed. (4)/ No Error (E)
same day. (D)/ No Error (E)
31. The Prime Minister announced (A)/ that
the taxes will be (B)/ increased from the
19. We asked them (A)/ why did they want to (C)/ beginning of next year. (D)/ No Error
(B)/ enter into a business with which (C)/ (E)
they were less familiar. (D)/ No error (E)
32. In his speech (A)/ the finance minister
20. The question is (A)/ so complicated that stated (B)/ that the new tax law will be
(B)/ it cannot be (C)/ solved immediately. (C)/ applicable from April 1, 2010. (D)/ No
(D)/ No Error (E) Error (E)
21. The villager told us (A)/ where was the 33. Henry asked his wife (A)/ what had she
temple (B)/ and even led (C)/ us to the prepared (B)/ for dinner that night. (C)/
spot. (D)/ No error (E) No Error (D)
22. We fail to understand (A)/ why do most

educated people lose (B)/ their temper

NARRATION
34. I found (A)/ that all my money (B)/ what 38. Father promised that I shall take the
had happened last week when she was children to zoo on Sunday.
on leave. (C)/ No Error (D) (a) that he shall take
(b) that he would take
35. I courteously asked him (A)/ where was (c) that he will take
he going (B)/ but he did nott reply. (C)/ (d) that he should take
No Error (D) (e) No correction is required.
Directions (36-40): Read each sentence to find 39. She said that she must go to Delhi the
out if there is any error in it. The error, if any, following week.
will be in one part of the sentence. The letter (a) must went to Delhi
assigned to that part is the answer. If there is (b) Would go to Delhi
no error, the answer is (E). (c) Would have to go to Delhi
(d) Have to go Delhi.
36. They asked me that whether they were (e) No correction is required.
entitled to their native places.
(a) that they were 40. The visitor told me that he had come
(b) that if they were from Delhi to discuss some of the
(c) whether they were important issues with him.
(d) if that they were (a) he has come from
(e) No correction is required (b) he had come as
(c) he had come as
37. The Minister denied reports that prices (d) he has come from
will rose after the budget. (e) No correction is required
(a) would rise after
(b) will now rise
(c) is rising up
(d) are rising from
(e) No correction is required.
Exercise-1
Answer
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. C
6. A 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. A
11. C 12. B 13. B 14. C 15. B
16. B 17. B 18. A 19. D 20. A
21. B 22. B 23. C 24. B 25. D
26. C 27. D 28. B 29. D 30. A
31. D 32. C 33. B 34. B 35. C
36. B 37. B 38. A 39. A 40. B
Exercise-2
Answer
1. C 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. B
6. C 7. D 8. E 9. D 10. B
11. C 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. B
16. C 17. B 18. C 19. B 20. E

NARRATION
21. B 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. B
26. B 27. B 28. C 29. C 30. B
31. B 32. C 33. B 34. C 35. B
36. C 37. A 38. B 39. C 40. E


Ch.06 Narration

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Ch.06 Narration

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NARRATION

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Narration Direct Indirect Speech

ASSERTIVE SENTENCES DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

1. He says, “I work hard”

He says that he works hard.

2. He says to me, “You work hard.”

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3. He says to me, “She works hard.”

He tells me that she works hard.

Changes in Reporting verb

Direct Speech Indirect speech

 Past Tense “alternate changes”

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Simple Present Simple Past Past Perfect

Present Continuous Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Is, am, are + V4 was, were + V4 had been + V4

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CHANGE IN TIME AND PLACE

1. Reporting verb Present future Reported speech Tense

But ; Tense change

He says, “I come here”.

2. Reporting verb Past Tense Reported speech change

Subject, object, pronoun, tense, other changes change

Ex. She said, “I cannot help you at this time.”

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3. universal truth/Idiom phrase/habitual action/historical fact

He said, “The Sun is a star”

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

(1) ‘Said to’ asked, questioned, enquired, interrogated

(4) Tense, pronoun

1. Direction speech Sir/Madam/ Your Honour

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IMPERATIVE SENTENCES DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

1. ‘said to’ ordered / requested / forbade / suggested

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

1. She said, “Hurray ! we have won this match.”

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OPTATIVE SENTENCES DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

1. ‘Said’ ‘wished’ ‘prayed’

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22. We fail to understand (A)/ why do most

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