1.

Solution
The hypotheses H0 and HA are related to a proportion, denoted by p. The null hypothesis H0 states
that the true proportion p is less than or equal to 0.20, while the alternative hypothesis HA states
that the true proportion p is greater than or equal to 0.25.
There are no errors in the hypotheses themselves, but there are some issues with the notation used.
First, the notation used for the sample proportion is incorrect. The symbol used, P̂, is typically used to
denote the sample proportion in a single proportion test, but it is not appropriate for use in a
hypothesis test with two proportions. The correct symbol to use for the sample proportion in this
case is p̂.
Second, the inequality signs used in the hypotheses are not consistent with the alternative
hypothesis. The null hypothesis states that the true proportion is less than or equal to 0.20, which is
denoted by the inequality P̂ ≤ 0.20. However, the alternative hypothesis states that the true
proportion is greater than or equal to 0.25, which should be denoted by the inequality P̂ ≥ 0.25.
To correct these issues, the hypotheses should be written as:
H0: p ≤ 0.20 HA: p ≥ 0.25
Note that the sample proportion p̂ is used instead of P̂, and the inequality signs are consistent with
the alternative hypothesis.

2. Solution
The statement "If p-value is small we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative
hypothesis" is a common misconception about hypothesis testing.
In hypothesis testing, we set up two hypotheses: the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative
hypothesis (Ha). The null hypothesis is the default assumption that there is no significant difference
between two groups or variables, while the alternative hypothesis is the opposite of the null
hypothesis.
The p-value is the probability of obtaining a test statistic as extreme as, or more extreme than, the
observed results, assuming that the null hypothesis is true. If the p-value is less than the significance
level (usually set at 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is evidence to
support the alternative hypothesis. However, we do not "accept" the alternative hypothesis as true,
but rather we fail to reject it.
It is important to note that rejecting the null hypothesis does not necessarily mean that the
alternative hypothesis is true. It simply means that the observed results are unlikely to have occurred
by chance alone, assuming that the null hypothesis is true. Therefore, further research and analysis
are needed to confirm the alternative hypothesis.
In summary, while a small p-value may lead to rejecting the null hypothesis, we do not "accept" the
alternative hypothesis as true, but rather we fail to reject it.

3. Solution
Research Question: Does the use of social media affect the mental health of teenagers in the United
States?

Population Parameter: The population of interest is all teenagers in the United States.

Statistics: The sample statistics that will be used to conduct the inference on the population are the
mean and standard deviation of mental health scores of the sample of teenagers.

Hypotheses:
Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference in the mental health scores of teenagers who
use social media and those who do not use social media.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is a significant difference in the mental health scores of teenagers
who use social media and those who do not use social media.

Data Collection and Hypothesis Test:

To collect the data, a random sample of teenagers will be selected from different regions of the
United States. The sample will be divided into two groups: one group that uses social media and
another group that does not use social media. The mental health scores of both groups will be
measured using a standardized mental health assessment tool.

To carry out the hypothesis test, a two-sample t-test will be conducted to compare the mean mental
health scores of the two groups. The level of significance will be set at 0.05. If the p-value is less than
0.05, we will reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant difference in the
mental health scores of teenagers who use social media and those who do not use social media. If
the p-value is greater than 0.05, we will fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is no
significant difference in the mental health scores of teenagers who use social media and those who
do not use social media.

Conclusion:

Based on the hypothesis test, if the p-value is less than 0.05, we can conclude that there is a
significant difference in the mental health scores of teenagers who use social media and those who
do not use social media. This would suggest that the use of social media has an impact on the mental
health of teenagers in the United States. However, if the p-value is greater than 0.05, we cannot
conclude that there is a significant difference in the mental health scores of the two groups. This
would suggest that the use of social media may not have a significant impact on the mental health of
teenagers in the United States.

4. Solution
To decrease the margin of error and have a more precise confidence interval, we should increase the
sample size. This is because the margin of error is inversely proportional to the square root of the
sample size. In other words, as the sample size increases, the margin of error decreases.

For example, suppose we want to estimate the proportion of students at a university who support a
new policy. We take a random sample of 100 students and find that 60% of them support the policy.
Using a 95% confidence level, we calculate a confidence interval of 50% to 70% with a margin of error
of 10%. If we increase the sample size to 400, the margin of error decreases to 5%, and the
confidence interval becomes 55% to 65%. This means that we can be more confident that the true
proportion of students who support the policy lies within this narrower range.

Another example is in political polling. Suppose we want to estimate the proportion of voters who
support a particular candidate. If we take a random sample of 500 voters and find that 45% of them
support the candidate, we can calculate a confidence interval of 40% to 50% with a margin of error of
5%. If we increase the sample size to 1000, the margin of error decreases to 3%, and the confidence
interval becomes 42% to 48%. This means that we can be more confident that the true proportion of
voters who support the candidate lies within this narrower range.

In summary, increasing the sample size is an effective way to decrease the margin of error and obtain
a more precise confidence interval.