Aparna Final Thesis PDF

DISSERTATION REPORT
on
“Voltage Stability Assessment of Power System
with Increasing Energy Wind Penetration”
Submitted To
G H Raisoni University, Amravati

In partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
Submitted By
Ms. Aparna K Girnale
Under The Guidance of
Ms. Vaishali Chavhan
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
POWER SYSTEM & ENGINEERING
G.H. RAISONI UNIVERSITY AMRAVATI- 444701 (M.S.)

2021-2022
DECLARATION
I certify that
a. The work contained in the thesis is original and has been done by myself
under the general supervision of my supervisor.
b. I have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in writing the thesis.
c. I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of
Conduct of the Institute.
d. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, and text) from other
sources, I have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the thesis
and giving their details in the references.
e. Whenever I have quoted written materials from other sources, I have put them
under quotation marks and given due credit to the sources by citing them and
giving required details in the references.
f. The thesis has been subjected to plagiarism check using professional software
and found to be within the limits specified by the University.
g. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any degree or
diploma.
Place: Amravati
Date:
Ms. Aparna K. Girnale
Enrollment No: -200203509004

M.Tech 2nd Year
Program: Electrical Power System
Department of Electrical Engineering
G H RAISONI UNIVERSITY
AMRAVATI - 444701 (M.S.)
School of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled
Voltage Stability Assessment of Power System With
Increasing Energy Wind Penetration
Submitted To
is a bonafide work and it is submitted to the G H Raisoni University,
Amravati
by
For the partial fulfillment of the requirement in the degree of Master of

Technology in Electrical Power System, during the academic year 2020 -21.
Dr./Mr. Ms. Vaishali Chavhan

External Examiner Project Guide
Prof. C. M. Bobade Dean,

Head of the Department School of Engineering & Technology
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude to my Project

Guide, Vaishali Chavhan, Department of Electrical Engineering, G H Raisoni
University, Amravati for her guidance and encouragement. She gladly accepted all
the pains in going through my work again and again and gave me opportunity to
learn essential research skills. This thesis would not have been possible without
her insightful and critical suggestions, her active participation in constructing
right models and a very supportive attitude. I will always remain grateful to her
for giving right direction to my research study.
I express my sincere thanks to the Hon. Vice Chancellor, Dean Student
Welfare, Dean Academics, Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering for
providing the necessary facilities for carrying out the research work and for
providing me with their timely suggestions.
I express my sincere thanks to all the staff members of G H Raisoni
University and my classmates who have provided their valuable time, support and
cooperation during the research work.
Last but not least, I would like to acknowledge the support of my parents
and my siblings for their continuing support and encouragement.

ABSTRACT
With the increasing penetration levels of wind power generation in power

systems around the world, it is imperative to understand the impact of wind
generators on power system dynamics and stability. Wind generators have
distinct characteristics compared to synchronous generators used in
conventional power systems, such as the intermittency and limited predictability
of wind resources, and utilisation of asynchronous power generators and power
electronic converters, which partially or fully decouple the mechanical and
electromagnetic dynamics. Due to these distinct characteristics, wind generators
can affect stability of existing networks in relation to voltage stability,
frequency stability and rotor angle stability. Through a critical review of
existing literature related to these areas, it was identified that there are
significant research gaps related to voltage stability in wind rich networks,
which is the focus of the work presented in this thesis.
Keyword—Voltage Stability, IEEE14 bus, DFIG,Fault detection, fault location,

microgrid protection.
i
CONTENT
Chapter Title Page
No No.
Title Page
Declaration
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Abstract i
Content ii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background 2
1.3. Problem Statement 3
1.4 Motivation 3
1.5. Objective 4
1.6. Thesis Outline 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
3 THEORETICAL STUDY 11
3.1 Background 11
3.2 Wind Energy Conversion System 11
13
3.3. Voltage Stability of Microgrid
4 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 16
4.1 Block Diagram 16
4.2 Stability of a Microgrid 19
4.2.1 Wind Turbine 20
4.2.2 Wind Turbine Capacity 22
4.2.3 Wind Profile 23
ii
4.3 Stability Impact of Wind Power Penetration 24
4.3.1 Wind Energy Penetration 27
4.3.2 Wind Power Capacity Penetration 27
4.3.3 Maximum Share of Wind Power 27
4.4 Mathematics behind Wind Power 28
4.5 Synchronous Generator 29
4.6 DFIG based wind Generator 31
5 SYSTEM REQUIREMENT 35
6 MATLAB SIMULATION MODEL AND 40
RESULTS
6.1 Matlab Simulation model of Healthy 40
condition
6.1.1 IEEE 14 Bus system 40
6.2 Matlab Simulation Model of Faulty Condition 44
6.2.1 IEEE 14 BUS under Faulty Condition 45
6.3 Matlab Simulation Model Of Mitigated 46
Condition using Statcom
6.4 Simulation Results for Healthy condition 47
6.5 Simulation Results for Faulty condition 49
6.6 Simulation Results for Mitigated condition 52
7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 57
8 REFERENCES 58
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. Title Page
No. No.
3.2 Wind Energy Conversion System 12
3.3 Microgrid Voltage Stability 14
4.1 Block Diagram of Voltage Stability Assessment 16
4.1.1 IEEE-14 Bus Network Diagram 18
4.2.2 Shows Development Of Wind Turbine Dimensions 22
4.2.3 Variations of Winds Speed with Heights, Surfaces and 23
Times of a Day
4.4 Schematic diagram of Wind Power System 28
4.5 DFIG based Wind Generator 32
6.1 MATLAB Simulink Model of Healthy Conditions 40
6.1.1 MATLAB Simulation of IEEE-14 Bus Subsystem 41
6.2 MATLAB Simulation Model of Faulty Condition 44
6.2.1 MATLAB Simulink model of IEEE-14 Bus syste Under 45
faulty condition.
6.3 MATLAB Simulink Model of Mitigated Condition using 46
Statcom
6.4.1 Three Phase Voltage of IEEE-14 Bus System Under 47
Healthy Condition
6.4.2 Wind Penetration results for Healthy Condition 48
6.5.1 Three phase voltage per unit of system when LLLG fault 49
Occurred between 0 to 5 sec.
6.5.2 Wind Penetration Level results for Faulty Condition 50
6.5.3 GENSET results for faulty conditions 51
6.6.1 Three Phase Voltage per unit of System when Statcom is 52
used
6.6.2 Wind Penetration level results for Mitigated condition 53
6.6.3 GENSET results for Mitigated condition 54
6.6.4 Turbine Power Characteristics 55
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page

No. No.
6.1.1 IEEE-14 Bus system Matlab Simulation Transmission 42
Line data
6.1.2 IEEE-14 Bus System bus bar and Generator data for 43
Matlab Simulink Model
v
Voltage stability assessment of power system with increasing energy wind penetration
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTIO
1.1. Introduction
A major portion of world electricity is still generated from fossil fuels due to
the low unit price of power generation. Renewable energy policies and
governments initiatives such as carbon tax are being placed and endorsed to
promote environmentally friendly energy resources including wind power. Such
initiatives have assisted in the increase of the penetration of these renewable
resources in the power sector requiring an urgent understanding of their impact on
the power system stability, especially at their higher penetration level.
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into electricity or mechanical energy
using wind turbines. The power in the wind is extracted by allowing it to blow past
moving blades that exert torque on a rotor. The amount of power transferred is
dependent on the rotor size and the wind speed.
1.1.1 Wind Energy Penetration
For any given period, the ratio of the amount of energy delivered to the
power grid from wind generation to the total amount of energy delivered to the grid
from all sources during that period. For example, if during a specified period, 1000
megawatt-hours (MWh) of electricity was delivered to the grid of which 200 MWh
was obtained from wind energy generators, the wind energy penetration for that
period is 20%.
Europe‘s wind power resources are enormous and could easily cover a larger
share of the electricity demand. This is already the case in a few regions, notably
Germany, Denmark and parts of Spain. The key issue is how to develop the future
power system so that wind power can be integrated efficiently and economically.
Since integration efforts, such as costs and decision making, are related directly to
the penetration level of wind power, it is essential to have a commonly defined
term. Wind energy penetration can be defined in a number of ways.
GHRU Amravati Page 1
1.2 Background
Environmental concerns, exhaustive nature of the fossil fuels and increasing
energy needs have encouraged the search for alternative energy resources for
electricity generation. Recent advancement in the renewable energy technologies,
coupled with the reduction in their unit energy generation cost, has opened
opportunities for the renewable energy resources for their integration in power
networks. More importantly, in contrast to the conventional energy sources which
are concentrated in limited geographical areas in the whole world, the renewable
energy resources exist virtually everywhere [1]. Wind power is the most promising
of the renewable resources from technical and economic perspective. People have
harnessed wind energy from the ancient ages for their usages such as pumping
water, grinding grains, cutting wood at sawmills, etc. Since the 20th century, wind
power has found a new application in electric power generation from small wind
plants suitable for farms and residences to larger utility-scale wind farms connected
to the electricity grids [2].Power system stability Power system stability is the
property of a power system that enables it to maintain the state of operating
equilibrium under normal condition and to regain an acceptable equilibrium state
following network disturbances [9]. Such disturbances in power network may be
small in the form of gradual load changes, the operation of the controllers, etc., and
large in the form of the loss of a large generator or load, and a short circuit on a
power line, etc. [10]. Power system stability may be classified as rotor angle
stability and voltage stability [9-10]. Rotor angle stability refers to the synchronism
in synchronous machines in the power system, whereas, the voltage stability refers
to the ability of the power system to maintain acceptable voltages at all its buses.
The rotor angle stability can be subcategories as small signal stability and transient
stability. The small signal stability is the power system‘s ability to maintain
synchronism following the occurrence of small disturbances. In contrary, the
transient stability refers to its ability to maintain synchronism following severe
transient disturbances [9]. The power system stability is the main concern for the
secure and reliable operation of the power system. The growth in interconnections,
addition of new renewable technologies and their operation in stressed conditions
have raised concerns for the power system instability even higher than before [10].
High penetration from wind farms could influence the dynamic behaviour of the

whole p. More importantly, as the world is moving towards increasing renewable

penetration including the wind energy, their effect in the power system stability is
still not very well explored and perceived. In this context, this thesis attempts to
address the rotor angle stability concerns, mostly focusing on the small signal
stability, with the variable speed wind farm integration. This thesis has been
extended to the distribution level to address the voltage stability impact of the
DFIG-based wind farm integration to observe steady state and transient voltage
responses. In the end, the small signal stability of a microgrid network is studied
with a variation in the parameters of its renewable energy resources as well as those
of the other network components.
1.3 Problem Statement

The global renewable energy penetration level is growing rapidly due to
reasons such as the environmental concerns to develop clean energy, concerns for
energy security and need for reduced energy prices.It is estimated that renewables,
including hydro-power provide 23.7% of the global electricity.In conventional
power systems, electrical power is generated using synchronous generators, driven
by thermal turbines. However, with the increased wind power generation levels in
the power systems, the traditional generation patterns are seen to be constantly
changing. One major difference in wind power generation compared to
conventional generation, is the intermittency and limited predictability. Wind
power generation utilizes asynchronous generators and/or power electronic
converters. Wind power generators are usually located in the locations where wind
resources are available and such sites are usually located far away from the load
centers. In addition, the utilization of power electronic converters and/or small
power generators for wind generators will significantly affect the system inertial
response. Due to these distinctly different characteristics of wind power generation,
it is imperative to investigate the impact of these generators on power system
dynamics and stability.
1.4 Motivation
Technology has enabled wind energy to be utilized for utility scale electricity
production. The environmental benefits and cost reduction in the wind technologies
have placed wind power as a competitive resource to the conventional energy
resources for the electricity production. Penetration of wind power in the electricity
networks has increased significantly and will continue to grow for the above
mentioned reasons. In this scenario, the network stability issues need to be
addressed to accommodate the higher penetration of wind power as well as the
stable power system operations during the steady state condition and following
network disturbances so as to guarantee the reliability and power quality to the end
users. This thesis investigates the small signal stability and voltage stability issues
of the electricity networks under increased power penetrations from wind power.
Additionally, this thesis attempts to establish a better understanding of the
interactions of the wind power penetration with the power system components such
as the conventional synchronous generator, static var compensator (SVC), static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC), high voltage direct current (HVDC) link,
large motor loads and battery energy storages (BESs).
1.5 Objective
 To study the impact of different penetration levels of wind power on the small
signal stability of the power system.
 To observe the effect of other network components on the high wind power
penetration from the stability power of view.
 To study the impact of the wind power penetration on the voltage stability of
a weak distribution network.
 To study the impact of a variation in the parameters and penetration level

of renewable resources, including the converter-based energy resources to
resemble wind farms, on the small signal stability of a microgrid.

1.6 Thesis Outline

 In Chapter 1 we discussed the introduction of our project topic, Background,
motivation, objective, thesis outline.
 In chapter 2 we discussed the literature review of our project topic.
 In chapter 4 we discussed the methodology which is used in the proposed

system .
 In chapter 5 we discussed the hardware and software requirement which is used

in the proposed system.
 In chapter 6 we discussed the result , Advantages & Disadvantages
 In chapter 7 we discussed the conclusion and the future scope.
 In chapter 8 we discussed the references.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
1] R.Siva Subramanyam Reddy α & Dr.T.Gowri Manohar [2012]“This paper

gives a summary of voltage stability analysis, importance of voltage stability &
voltage instability in power system, and various reasons for voltage instability,
methods of preventing voltage instability, characteristics of reactive power
compensating devices (shunt & Series) and also explains the importance of FACTS
controllers in power system environment enhancing voltage stability which intern
enhance the power system stability‖.
2] Xinyu Liang , Hua Chai * and Jayashri Ravishankar [2010]―This

paper presents a systematic review of the state-of-the-art literature on voltage
stability analyses of renewable-dominant power systems from various perspectives.
Useful information, including analysis methods, voltage stability indices, and case
studies involving simulation verification, is summarized and compared to
demonstrate how each analytical method and voltage stability index can be applied
to DG-penetrated networks. The advantages and limitations of different
mathematical methods and VSIs are also discussed in the respective subsections.
The background, motivation, aims, and the current literature review are briefly
illustrated in Section 1. The commonly used voltage stability analysis methods are
reviewed and classified in the second section. In Section 3, other VSIs used for
specific power systems are reviewed and compared. We describe how the voltage
stability analysis methods and the voltage stability analysis indices, including both
the static and dynamic methods, have been applied to different simulation models
in Section 4. The discussions in this paper led to the following inference: static
voltage stability analysis is the core of voltage stability analysis. Firstly, because it
focuses on the analysis of the algorithm, it can accurately quantify the voltage
stability of the system. Additionally, this type of analysis method can calculate the
distance between each node‘s voltage and the voltage collapse point relatively
accurately, so it can be used to improve and optimize the power system‘s stability.
Therefore, the static analysis method is still the mainstream direction for voltage
stability analysis.

3] S. Subbu Lakshmi [2018]“ ―Thus using Efficient Tools such Power

System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT), the penetration of wind energy of about 20% is
achieved and the Neural Network is trained. The trained network identifies the
voltage stability points of the system under various wind velocities and gives the
information about the maximum loading point of the system. Dynamic
Performance of any renewable energy methodology shall be investigated in future
without any complication using this efficient technique‖.
4] Shuo Yang1, Weisheng Wang1, Chun Liu1, Yuehui Huang1, Chi Li1,
Jing Wang2 [2017]“ In this paper, on the basis of the reactive capacity analysis of
the DFIG-WTG, the steady state voltage stability of the WPCS is studied by
employing both the PV curve method and model analysis method. The main
conclusions cover the followings:
5] Awan Uji Krismanto1 Irrine Budi Sulistiawati1 F Yudi Limpraptono1

Ardyono Priyadi2 Herlambang Setiadi3* Muhammad Abdillah [2020]“ ―Impacts
of wind power integration on power system voltage stability were investigated in
this paper. Enhancement of static voltage stability was experienced in proportion
with the increase of wind power. As wind power injection increased, higher voltage
profiles were monitored. Moreover, system loadability and votlage-margin
enhanced with the increased of wind power injection, indicating more flexibility to
maintain voltage profiles and improvements of static voltage stability performance
under higher maximum loading conditions. Additional power injection from wind
power plant also contributes to improve dynamic stability performance when power
system experienced a sudden change of stable operating point. Less inertia features
of wind power plant and implementation of fast control action of power electronic
devices provides a faster response to regain an equilibrium point or reach a novel
stable operating point after being subjected to disturbance. The enhancement of
dynamic voltage performance of power system is reflected by more damped
voltage response and faster settling time to reach a stable steady state voltage
condition.
6] Sagar Dharel1 , Rabindra Maharjan2, [2021]“* The study demonstrated the

voltage stability limit of wind penetration of INPS. The wind power penetration
capacity at locations with high power potential was determined for different kind of

wind turbines in existing INPS system. Further study on the impact of the wind
turbines on the frequency stability and control coordination of active and reactive
power for stability enhancement can be done.
7] Mostafa H Mostafa, Mostafa A Elshahed and Magdy M Elmarsfawy[2017]“.

The voltage instability phenomena occur in both transmission systems and
distribution systems. The weakening of voltage stability level will limit the growth
of load served by distribution companies. Voltage instability in power distribution
systems could lead to voltage collapse and thus power blackouts. The integration of
distributed generation (DG) in the distribution system has increased to high
penetration levels. The ultimate goal of this paper is studying the impact of DG
units under varied penetration level on some issues, such as voltage stability,
voltage profile, power flow and PV curves for each bus. This paper analyzes and
discusses the performance of static voltage stability of 15 buses a practical
distribution system in the Kumamoto area in Japan by using Fast Voltage Stability
Index FVSI and varying the load ability with varied DG penetrations. In this paper,
two types of DG sources are used in distribution systems wind turbine and
photovoltaic
8] Anupam Kumar Roy, Ulhas Shiurkar, V. A. Kulkarni, B. Raja

Guru. [2011]“ A renewable energy source (RES) is a technology that produces
energy while having as little impact on the environment as possible. In spite of this,
many standards, regulations and requirements have been put in place to ensure the
power system\'s smooth operation. For grid stability, this research compared and
contrasted various recent criteria and standards for the integration of renewable
energy sources (RESs). Some of the problems addressed in this study include
reactive current injection, reactive current absorption, VRT, frequency and voltage
fluctuation, and power quality. These criteria are also addressed using cutting-edge
compliance technologies and control techniques. To provide a complete picture and
to propose that laws take into account the techno-economic circumstances, the
harmonization of the integration requirements is also addressed. Because of their
high grid integration, renewable energy sources (RESs) require more oversight,
regulation, and standardization than traditional power plants do. Standards and
requirements for system operators vary widely, making it difficult to implement a
uniform standard across the industry. RESs equipment manufacturers and

developers may be hit with additional costs as a result. As a result, harmonizing

these standards on a global scale would enable manufacturers to create RESs
equipment aimed at the market. However, in the event of an unbalanced grid, the
RES connected to it would suffer, necessitating additional research. Overvoltage on
the RES dc side and sag and swell in grid-connected PV may alter the rate of
reactive power flow in the system, affecting the power factor, are the most likely
issues. Unbalanced grid voltages and harmonic distortions, which can cause series
and parallel resonance, affect power efficiency, overheating, and overcurrent and,
are (a) a negative impact on equipment such as power electronic devices, (b)
oscillations in dc-link and power signals, (c) harmonic distortions and unbalanced
voltages on the grid and (d) loss of synchronization (e) islanding for grid-connected
solar to create safe and dependable utility grids with excellent power quality here
are some recommendations for further improving integration requirements,
compliance technologies and controllers RPP penetration on a large scale will have
an impact on the power system\'s security, stability, and dependability. For a robust
and stable integration of RESs, more research and revision of current regulations
are required.
9] Bukola B.AdetokunaChristopher M.MuriithibJoseph O.Ojoc. [2016]“ This

paper presents the voltage stability assessment of power systems with increasing
wind energy penetration. The effects of increasing Doubly-Fed Induction
Generator-based Wind Energy Conversion System (DFIG-WECS) penetration in
the power system have been investigated in this work. Active Power-Voltage (PV)
analysis was employed to determine the voltage stability limits in terms of the
maximum loadability limit within which stable operation of the grid can be
guaranteed as the wind energy penetration increases. The analyses in this work
were carried out both for normal and contingency operations of the grid. IEEE 14-
bus test system was used as the study case. Simulations were carried out using
DigSilent PowerFactory software and results analyses were done using MATLAB.
Furthermore, the effects of integrating DFIG-WECS on the loading of essential
power system equipment are investigated. The results show that the maximum
loadability limit of the study system increases with increasing DFIG-WECS power
penetration up to 100%. However, the overloading effects on critical transmission
lines presents a definitive limit to the allowable practical penetration level, which is
determined to be 28.06%. This limit can be improved to 29.88%, 46.3% and
52.23% by Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) application on Line 9–

14, upgrading Line 9–14 to double circuit, and upgrading both Line 9–14 and Line
13–14 to double circuit respectively.
10] Mahiraj Singh Rawat;et.al. [2019]“ The integration of renewable energy

resources such as wind, solar, biofuels etc. have been increased in recent years due
to environmental, social and several technical benefits over fossil fuel based power
generation. Wind energy is the most promising and mature technology among the
non-hydro renewable energy resources. This paper uses some of the voltage
stability analysis methods such as QV curves and voltage collapse prediction index
(VCPI) to provide important information about proximity of the test system with
high wind energy penetration to voltage instability. Test results based on the IEEE
9 bus system are presented.

CHAPTER 3
THEOROTICAL
STUDY
3.1 Background
1) The constant reactive power control of the SCBs and the constant unique
power factor control of the DFIG-WTG can‘t maintain the voltage level of the
whole WPCS when the wind power is increasing. Especially when the operating
point is near the voltage stability limit, the regulation of SCBs can easily lead a
sharp variation of the generator terminal bus voltage which is disadvantageous for
the security operation of the WTGs. The constant voltage control of the SVCs and
DFIG-WTGs can keep the bus voltage smooth and extend the SSVS limit.
2) The static state voltage instability mode of the WPCS is closely related to
the operating features and control strategies of different reactive power sources.
The constant reactive power control of the SCBs always leads to the localized
mode, and the constant voltage control of the SVCs and DFIG-WTGs leads to the
non-localized mode.
3.2 Wind energy conversion system

A conventional power system is controllable for power output; however, a
wind-based power system depends on the availability of variable wind from nature.
However, with the technological improvement and economic competitiveness, the
wind power is an important energy source today. These superiorities exist over
other the renewable sources, making the wind power a clear choice for the utility
scale power production. A wind energy conversion system converts the wind‘s
kinetic energy into the electric energy or other energy forms. Being
environmentally friendly and the abovementioned benefits over the other resources,
the wind power has shown a considerable growth in the past decade [11]. The
technological advancement has improved the reliability and the capacity of the
wind turbines in addition to the reduction in the unit cost of power production [12].
A basic wind energy conversion system consists of a wind turbine, an electric

generator, power lines and loads as shown in the Fig. 3.2 Based on the turbine spin,
the wind turbines can be categorized into two types; horizontal wind turbines and

vertical wind turbines. A horizontal wind turbine is the most common style of wind
turbine in which the turbine spins on the horizontal axis, whereas in the vertical
wind turbine the main .
Figure 3.2 Wind Energy Conversion System
rotor shaft is placed vertically. The grid-connected wind farms are mainly of
the horizontal wind turbine type [12]. These wind turbines can further be classified
as fixed and variable speed types. In the fixed speed wind turbines, a rotor is
coupled with the generator, and the stator winding is directly connected to the grid.
The examples of the fixed speed wind turbines are found in the squirrel cage
induction generator (SCIG) and wound rotor induction generator coupled wind
farms. The fixed speed turbines have a simple construction and are comparatively
cheaper; however, they are incapable of tracking fluctuating wind speed. On the
contrary, the variable speed wind turbines can operate at variable speeds at
fluctuating winds so as to maximize the energy capture for the wind source. In spite
of that, they require a complex power electronics converter and are expensive as
compared to the fixed speed wind turbines [13]. In the variable speed wind
turbines, the DFIG-based generator, permanent magnet synchronous generator and
wound rotor synchronous generator are used. Among them, the variable speed wind
technology using the DFIG-based generator is the popular wind technology today.
For this thesis, variable speed wind turbine technology based on the DFIG-based

generator is considered for the stability analysis.
3.3. Voltage Stability of Microgrid
Microgrids are managed autonomously, and act as either consumers or

generators from both grid and market perspectives. Microgrids can isolate
themselves from the main power network in case of a fault or large disturbance.
The disconnection or reconnection is done through a single point of connection to
the utility known as the point of common coupling (PCC). A microgrid must meet
the established interface and interoperation requirements at the PCC, such as the
one defined in the IEEE Standard 1547 for connecting inverters.
A microgrid integrated with the main grid presents several challenges in

terms of electric grid operation and system reliability maintenance. Voltage
stability in a microgrid can be defined as its ability to retain the buses/feeders‘
voltage level within an acceptable range during normal operating conditions as well
as after any contingency event. Voltage instability is initially a local phenomenon
and starts with an imbalance of reactive power. A sudden change in loads or a
sudden change in load flow capacity like tripping of a transmission line are the two
major causes of voltage instability. Keeping the voltage stable is one of the crucial
aspects of microgrid operation and control, as the relatively low voltage levels,
uncompensated loads, and current-limited inverter operation in microgrids put the
network at risk for voltage instability and collapse. In a system with voltage
instability, there is at least one bus or feeder in the system for which the voltage
magnitude (V) decreases with the increment of the reactive power injection (Q) at
the same bus or feeder, i.e., dV/dQ is negative. In other words, a microgrid
integrated system is voltage unstable if V-Q sensitivity is negative for at least one
bus/feeder. Microgrid voltage stability phenomenon is broadly classified based on
disturbances in the system; however, it can be further classified based on various
other factors: whether the microgrid operates grid-connected or islanded; whether
the study is about the DC-link voltage stability or it is about the system voltage
stability; whether the system response to a small disturbance is examined or its
response to large disturbance; and all other factors that affect the microgrid voltage
stability such as the Q-V droop sensitivity, the inverter dynamics, load dynamics,
and dynamics of other components, e.g., under load transformers tap changers.

Figure 3.2 shows some of these classifications and the corresponding factors.
Figure 3.3 Microgrid Voltage Stability
Microgrids are managed autonomously, and act as either consumers or

generators from both grid and market perspectives. Microgrids can isolate
themselves from the main power network in case of a fault or large disturbance.
The disconnection or reconnection is done through a single point of connection to
the utility known as the point of common coupling (PCC). A microgrid must meet
the established interface and interoperation requirements at the PCC, such as the
one defined in the IEEE Standard 1547 for connecting inverters. A microgrid
integrated with the main grid presents several challenges in terms of electric grid
operation and system reliability maintenance. Voltage stability in a microgrid can
be defined as its ability to retain the buses/feeders‘ voltage level within an
acceptable range during normal operating conditions as well as after any
contingency event.

Voltage instability is initially a local phenomenon and starts with an

imbalance of reactive power. A sudden change in loads or a sudden change in load
flow capacity like tripping of a transmission line are the two major causes of
voltage instability. Keeping the voltage stable is one of the crucial aspects of
microgrid operation and control, as the relatively low voltage levels,
uncompensated loads, and current-limited inverter operation in microgrids put the
network at risk for voltage instability and collapse. In a system with voltage
instability, there is at least one bus or feeder in the system for which the voltage
magnitude (V) decreases with the increment of the reactive power injection (Q) at
the same bus or feeder, i.e., dV/dQ is negative. In other words, a microgrid
integrated system is voltage unstable if V-Q sensitivity is negative for at least one
bus/feeder. Microgrid voltage stability phenomenon is broadly classified based on
disturbances in the system; however, it can be further classified based on various
other factors: whether the microgrid operates grid-connected or islanded; whether
the study is about the DC-link voltage stability or it is about the system voltage
stability; whether the system response to a small disturbance is examined or its
response to large disturbance; and all other factors that affect the microgrid voltage
stability such as the Q-V droop sensitivity, the inverter dynamics, load dynamics,
and dynamics of other components, e.g., under load transformers tap changers.
Figure 3.3 shows some of these classifications and the corresponding factors.

CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
4.1 Block Diagram
Figure 4.1 Block Diagram Of voltage stability assessment
 Generation
Electric power produced by the parallel connected three phase
alternators/generators is called Generating Station (i.e. power plant).
The ordinary Power plant capacity and generating voltage may

be 11kV, 11.5 kV 12kV or 13kV. But economically, it is good to step up the
produced voltage from (11kV, 11.5kV Or 12 kV) to 132kV, 220kV or 500kV or
more (in some countries, up to 1500kV) by Step up transformer.
Generation is the part of power system where we convert some form of

energy into electrical energy. This is the source of energy in the power system. It
keeps running all the time. It generates power at different voltage and power levels
depending upon the type of station and the generators used. The maximum number
of generators generate the power at voltage level around 11kV-20kV.

The increased voltage level leads to greater size of generator required and
hence the cost involved.
Presently the generating stations we employ mainly over the world are :-
 Thermal Power Plant
 Hydel power plant (Hydro-electric)
 Nuclear power plant
 Diesel power plant
 Gas power plant
 Solar power plant
 Tidal power plant
 Wind power plant.
 Transmission
Transmission systems are the means of transmitting power from a generating
source to various load centers (i.e. where the power is being used). Generating
stations generate electrical power. These generating stations are not necessarily
situated where the majority of the power is being consumed (i.e. the load center).
Since distance is not the only factor that determines the ideal location for a
generating station, the place where the power is generated may be quite far away
from where it is used. Land further from the load center (which is generally a high-
density central location) can be much cheaper per square meter, and governments
may not want such loud and/or polluting stations close to residential areas. Hence
power transmission systems are crucial to the supply of power in electrical
networks.
Overall, electrical supply systems are the network through which consumers
of electricity receive power from a generation source (such as a thermal power
station). Power transmission systems – including short transmission lines, medium

transmission lines, and long transmission lines – transport the power from the
generation source and into a power distribution system. These distribution systems
provide electricity to individual consumer premises.
 IEEE-14 BUS
IEEE bus systems are used by researchers to implement new ideas and
concepts. This Technical Note describes the details of the IEEE 14-bus system [1].
The system consists of loads, capacitor banks, transmission lines, and generators
Figure 4.1.1 IEEE 14-bus Network diagram

 Grid
An electric grid is a network of synchronized power providers and

consumers that are connected by transmission and distribution lines and operated
by one or more control centers. When most people talk about the power "grid,"
they're referring to the transmission system for electricity.
4.2 Stability of a Microgrid
Stability of a microgrid Commitment to move towards environmentally friendly

power generation from most of the developed countries and deregulation in power
utilities have boosted the rapid advancement of distributed generation units in
power sector, enabling dissociation of conventional power networks to form
smaller power grids, referred to as microgrids. Microgrids are clusters of
distributed generators, energy storing devices and electrical loads, and have a
capability of operating in islanded and grid-connected states. The distributed
generators can be conventional inertia-based generators or converter-interfaced
resources like photovoltaic systems and wind turbines. Microgrids can run
permanently in an islanded mode (when a utility feeder does not exist) or for a
limited period (because of a fault or scheduled/unscheduled maintenance in the
grid). Operation and control of island microgrids is more sophisticated due to the
lack of network support from the power grid, and consequently, the frequency and
voltage values of the buses have to be maintained within their specified limits by
its dispatchable distributed generators. The penetration of converter-interfaced
renewable resources has been increasing due to progression in renewable energy
technologies. In contrast to the conventional inertia-based synchronous generators,
such as diesel, gas or hydro-driven ones, that are equipped with suitable excitation
and governors, the converter-based non-inertial distributed generators are managed
by smart control schemes that enable rapid and flexible control of active and
reactive power flows. By increasing the penetration of converter-based distributed
generators or replacing conventional ones with the converter-based ones, the
microgrids start observing lower equivalent system inertia and are therefore
becoming more susceptible to stability issues. Thus, even a minor disturbance, for
example, load switching and a slight deviation in the output power of distributed
generators might cause severe voltage and frequency fluctuations or system
instability. The stability of microgrids depends on their micro-resources, energy

storages, network topologies, and control strategies. Converter-based distributed
generators are efficient, reliable and controlled precisely; however, their
predominance might have a negative influence on the microgrids‘ stability. They
potentially make microgrids more susceptible to power oscillations during faults,
depending on the control strategy of the power converter at the microgrid interface
. On the other hand, synchronous generators support the microgrids in frequency
and voltage stabilization and help to boost stability . With smart power
management strategies, energy storage devices can store or release power to
sustain instantaneous power supply/demand equilibrium, which is equivalent to an
increase in overall inertia in the microgrid .
4.2.1 Wind Turbine
Wind turbines work on a simple principle: instead of using electricity to

make wind—like a fan—wind turbines use wind to make electricity. Wind turns
the propeller-like blades of a turbine around a rotor, which spins a generator,
which creates electricity.
Wind is a form of solar energy caused by a combination of three concurrent events:
1. The sun unevenly heating the atmosphere
2. Irregularities of the earth's surface
3. The rotation of the earth.

Wind flow patterns and speeds vary greatly across the United States and are
modified by bodies of water, vegetation, and differences in terrain. Humans use
this wind flow, or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and
even generating electricity.
The terms "wind energy" and "wind power" both describe the process by
which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. This
mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or
pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.
A wind turbine turns wind energy into electricity using the aerodynamic
force from the rotor blades, which work like an airplane wing or helicopter rotor
blade. When wind flows across the blade, the air pressure on one side of the blade
decreases. The difference in air pressure across the two sides of the blade creates
both lift and drag. The force of the lift is stronger than the drag and this causes the
rotor to spin. The rotor connects to the generator, either directly (if it‘s a direct
drive turbine) or through a shaft and a series of gears (a gearbox) that speed up the
rotation and allow for a physically smaller generator. This translation of
aerodynamic force to rotation of a generator creates electricity.
Types of Wind Turbines
The majority of wind turbines fall into two basic types:
1.Horizontal Axis Turbines
2.Vertical Axis Turbines
Applications of Wind Turbines
1.Land Based Wind
2.Offshore Wind
3.Distributed Wind

4.2.2 Wind Turbine Capacity
Wind industry is flourishing day by day and the sizes and capacities of wind
turbines are also getting bigger. Increasingly large wind turbines are being
designed and developed. The interest and development in the onshore wind
turbines have declined in the recent years and the offshore industry has become
more technological advanced than the onshore wind industry. The average capacity
of currently operational and manufactured offshore wind turbines is around 2.5
MW to 3.5 MW. 8 MW turbines are the largest in operation today. 15 MW
turbines are planned, and 20 MW turbines are considered theoretically possible.
The overall newly manufactured wind turbines have bigger capacities than ever
before [13]. Wind speed is more at higher altitudes and they have a significant
effect on the overall output power of the wind turbine. Taller the wind turbine
experiences higher wind speeds, which in return can yield more power. The Figure
1.4 shows the development of wind turbine‘s rotor diameter and hub height over
the recent years. The Vestas V126 was the tallest wind turbine that was erected in
2017 with a hub height of 166 m. The maximum overall height of the wind
turbines which were installed in 2016 was on a rising trend with measurements up
to 230 m.
Figure 4.2.2. Shows Development of Wind Turbine Dimensions

4.2.3 Wind Profile
Wind is unpredictable in nature and wind speed has a dependency on time

and location. Wind speed varies during the day as well as with the surface
roughness of different sites. Wind profile is a key factor in deciding for the
capacities of the wind turbines to be installed. The terrains that don‘t have a lot of
hindrances like trees, houses or buildings will have less roughness length and can
have higher wind speeds, whereas, urban areas are usually the regions with low
wind speeds.
On seas or oceans, much higher wind speeds are faced compared to wind
speeds on land. On sunny days, wind speed is more as compared to the overcast or
cloudy days. At low altitudes, wind speed variation is more significant on the
oceans than on the land. During day time, wind speeds are generally lower than
during the nights. At lower altitudes, wind speeds are higher in day time than in
nights and at higher altitudes, wind speeds are higher in nights than in the day
time. This different behavior can be counted for the more temperature change near
the surface than the higher altitudes where temperature exchange between different
air layers is not significant.
Figure 4.2.3 Variations of Wind Speeds with Heights, Surfaces & Times of a
day

4.3 Stability impact of wind power penetration
Wind power is one of the leading renewable resources being utilized for
electricity generation all over the world due to its technological and economic
superiority over the rest of the renewable resources . Apart from that, the wind
integration has already given beneficial impacts by cutting off carbon emissions
from electricity production and reducing the operational costs of the power system.
Additionally, the wind power integrated into power networks also adds the
capacity value to the power system. In the technical sense, there is no limitation to
wind integration; however, such integrations should not reduce the reliability, and
must guarantee the stability of the power system. Even though a power system is
designed to withstand a wide range of disturbances, small and large, the dynamic
behavior of such a power system is determined by the behavior and the interaction
of the generators existing there, including the wind generators. Till date, the
majority of the wind farms are based on the constant speed technology due to the
simplicity in its design, low cost, and robustness.
Even so, in recent years, the variable speed wind turbines have gained more
attention due to their ability to capture maximum wind power, the capability of
operating smoothly, and the superiority in their control. More importantly, the
speed of variable speed wind turbines can be controlled to extract more energy as
compared to the fixed speed SCIG. It is imperative to understand how these
technologies impact on the power system stability, especially at the higher
penetration levels so as to enable higher wind integrations. In the wind farm
integrated power system, the frequency and damping of oscillatory modes depend
on the technology of the wind turbine used, the fixed wind turbine or variable
speed wind turbine. The variable speed wind turbines have a higher capability to
improve the stability and power quality of the power system. In addition to that,
such variable speed wind turbines can provide reactive power support and voltage
control when required in the power networks. These types of wind turbines use a
power electronic converter to decouple voltages and frequencies of the generation
with that of the grid. In the construction terms, they are equipped with an induction
generator or a synchronous generator connected through a power converter. Such
types of wind turbines, which use DFIGs, are more popular among the other wind
generators currently employed in the power industries. Various power system
issues, including the small signal stability, need to be considered to integrate more
wind farms into power networks.
The influence on the stability can defer highly at the different penetration
levels. At the small scale of wind power integration, the impact of the wind
generators on the power system stability is minimal. Despite that, as the
penetration level increases, they could influence the dynamic performance of the
power networks, especially at the higher penetration levels. According to, the
increasing level of wind power penetration on the conventional power system may
significantly affect the small signal power system dynamics and operational
characteristics. In reality, the current penetration level of wind power has already
modified power system behavior including the stability .
The increased wind power penetration can increase low frequency

oscillations in the power networks. Depending on the location and the scale of
power generation from the wind farms, the power flow in the network changes
considerably, influencing the damping characteristics of the power system. As the
electromechanical interactions and the behavior of the generators determine the
power system stability, the wind power‘s influence on the power networks is a
vital issue of the modern power system. This stability issue is even more
pronounced due to the interconnection of power systems, and their expansion over
a large geographical area, therefore, maintaining the power system operation
following small disturbances has become a challenging issue for the system
operation. As a result, the network reliability and the security can be challenging to
maintain if the wind power integration and their higher penetrations are not
assessed and appropriately managed . When the wind power is integrated, the
effective inertia of the power system is reduced, which in turn, might jeopardize
the power system stability. The impact on the low frequency oscillatory modes can
be either detrimental or beneficial with the change in the system inertia.
Therefore, it‘s imperative to understand the stability concerns of the wind

penetrations. In real terms, the electromechanical modes of oscillations, their
amplitudes and frequencies are dependent on the total system inertia and
synchronizing power in the power system. At the higher system inertia, the power
system becomes more robust and exhibits more stability under disturbances.

However, the high level of wind power penetration might affect the stability as it
does not contribute to any additional inertia to the power system it is integrating
into. At the high wind penetration, as the effective inertia of the power system is
reduced, the reliability following the disturbances is also impacted. Because of this
issue, the increasing penetration of renewable resources-based generations
including wind power has added challenges to planners and engineers for
maintaining the reliability and security of the power system. Hence, the issues of
the wind integration must be clearly understood and addressed during the planning
and designing stages to avoid any financial and technical implications It is evident
that various power system stability issues, including the small signal stability, need
to be considered to integrate wind power into power networks, and other problems
that require attention are voltage fluctuations, frequency deviations and power
quality . It is, therefore, a vital requirement to understand stability apprehensions
of the power networks with the integration of wind farms. This understanding
would assist power engineers and designers to be ascertained of the issues, and the
implementation of the necessary corrective measures would be easier. Coming to
the small signal stability issue, according to as the wind turbines are not
synchronously connected to the power system, they neither induce new oscillatory
modes nor participate in the existing electromechanical oscillations. However, the
wind penetration affects the power oscillation damping by three
mechanisms. Replacing synchronous generators that are involved in oscillations.
Hence, affecting the electromechanical modes. Wind turbine generator controllers
interacting with the synchronous generators, thereby, partially influencing the
damping torques.
Altering the dispatch of the conventional generation and power flow profile,
thereby, influencing the power system damping. Further to this point, the literature
search demonstrates that several researchers have studied and contributed to the
study of the stability impacts of wind penetrations in the power networks. In, the
dynamic performance of the DFIG-based wind farms and their effect on
electromechanical oscillations have been analyzed. While has studied the
probabilistic small signal stability analysis considering the uncertainty of wind
generation. However, there is no generalization on the view of the researchers
about the impacts of the variable speed wind technologies on the small signal

stability issues.
4.3.1 Wind Energy Penetratio
The percentage of demand covered by wind energy in a certain region, normally

on an annual basis
4.3.2 WIND POWER CAPACITY PENETRATION
Total installed wind power capacity in a certain region is related to the peak load
in this region over a certain time period.
4.3.3 MAXIMUM SHARE OF WIND POWER
Then reference is made to wind power penetration, the first definition will be
used unless specified otherwise. the power balance in a certain region, taking into
account the minimum demand, the maximum wind power generated and the
exchange with neighboring regions or countries. This figure must remain below
100 per cent to ensure the correct power balance in the region; the nearer to 100
percent, the closer the system is to its limits

4.4 Mathematics Behind Wind Power
Figure 4.4 Schematic diagram of a wind power system.
Wind Power A measure of available energy at any location is called the

Wind Power. The power contained in a wind is ―P‖ and power that can be
extracted from the incoming power of wind ―Pa‖ power can be calculated by the
following equations:
…….Equation (1)
P = Power that is contained in the wind (watts)
ρ = Air density – varies by temperature and altitude
A = Rotor swept area (m2 )
v = Wind speed (m/s)
Pa = Power that can be extracted by a wind turbine (watts)
Cp = Power Coefficient due to losses

Power Coefficient (Cp) is the measure of the efficiency of a wind turbine.

Power coefficient is measured and provided by the turbine manufacturers against
various wind speeds. Generally, it contains all the combined losses including
mechanical components losses, aerodynamic and electrical losses. The German
physicist Albert Betz concluded in 1919 that no wind turbine can convert more
than 59.3% of the kinetic energy of the wind which is called the Betz Law. It is
also noted that the Betz limit is actually the theoretical maximum value that no
practical wind turbine can operate. Practically, this value is around 35% to 40% .
Wind Power Density Wind power density (WPD) of an area helps in the
comparison and selection of best suited sites for the wind turbines. Turbines that
are installed at areas having higher WPD usually generate more electrical energy.
WPD is defined as:
……. Equation (2)
WPD = Wind power density (watt / sq. area)
ρ = Air density
v = Wind speed
According to American Wind Energy Association, wind can be classified into

categories, which can be
used as an indication for a potential site for future wind farms.

4.5 Synchronous Generator
Conventionally, the synchronous generators are the main source of energy

generation in the power system. In addition to the active power, it can be operated
for providing reactive power support for controlling voltage. The sixth order model
of the synchronous generator is used for the stability study excepting the
microgrids and assumes the presence of field winding and damper windings. The
following equations represent the synchronous machine model for the stability
analysis .
…….Equation (3)
where 𝛿 is power angle, 𝜔ୠ is frequency base of fundamental frequency 𝜔,

𝑃୫ is mechanical power, ��ୣis electrical power output, M is mechanical starting
time, D is damping coefficient, ��ୢis d-axis synchronous reactance, ��ୢᇱ is d-
axis transient reactance, ��ୢ" is d-axis sub-transient reactance, 𝑥୯ is q-axis
synchronous reactance, 𝑥୯ ᇱ is q-axis transient reactance, 𝑥୯ " is q-axis
sub-transient
଴ ᇱ is d-axis open circuit transient time constant, ��ୢ

reactance, ��ୢ ଴ " is
d-axis open circuit subtransient time constant, 𝑇୯଴ ᇱ is q-axis open

circuit transient

time constant, 𝑇୯଴ " is q-axis open circuit subtransient time constant, 𝑇 is d-
axis additional leakage time constant, ��ୢis d-axis current, 𝑖୯ is q-axis current, 𝑣 ୢ
is field voltage, ��ୢ ᇱ is d-axis transient voltage, ��ୢ" is daxis sub-transient
voltage, 𝑒୯
ᇱ is q-axis transient voltage, and 𝑒୯ " is q-axis sub-transient
voltage. The output power delivered by the synchronous generator is
given
…….Equation (4)
where 𝑟ୱ is armature resistance, ��ୢis d-axis voltage, and 𝑣୯ is q-axis

voltage. The synchronous machine in its capacity of voltage support device can be
controlled to regulate flow of reactive power by controlling the excitation of the
machine. For such operation, the machine is also referred to as a synchronous
condenser. In the over-excited operation, the machine works as a capacitor
producing a leading current whereas in the under-excited operation the same
machine operates as a reactor generating a lagging current. In such scenarios, an
automatic voltage regulator continuously senses the terminal voltage and adjusts
the reactive power output of the condenser to maintain a constant terminal voltage.
4.6 DFIG-based wind generator
A schematic diagram of the DFIG-based wind generator model is shown in

Fig. 3.1. The stator is connected to a balanced three-phase grid, and the rotor side
is fed via a back to back pulse width modulation based voltage source inverter with
a common DC link. The supply side converter controls the power flow between the
DC link and grid whereas the rotor side power converter provides excitation for the
machine. The supply side converter operates at grid frequency, whereas, the rotor-
side converter at a different frequency depending on the blades speed. The
converter is modeled as a current source with the d-axis rotor current and q-axis
rotor current as the state variables, and these state variables are used for the rotor
speed and voltage control . A dynamic model of the DFIG-based.

Figure 4.5 DFIG based Wind generator
a wind generator is made up of the following components: wind speed model,

aerodynamic model, pitch angle control model, mechanical drive model, and DFIG
model. The wind speed model is composed of four parts: basic wind, gust wind,
ramp wind and random wind. An aerodynamic model captures wind energy and
converts to mechanical energy. A mechanical drive model has a low speed shaft,
gear box and high-speed shaft. A pitch angle controller adjusts the pitch angle to
limit the generator's speed to a maximum permitted value. Ref. has studied the
equivalent models of wind farms using aggregated wind turbines to represent the
collective behavior on the power system simulations. In this study, wind turbines
are aggregated as one equivalent wind turbine. Additionally, wind speed is
assumed to be constant during the simulation period of this study. The
performance of wind energy conversion systems depends upon the subsystems
such as wind turbine (aerodynamic), gears, and generator. Several components that
contribute to the dynamic behavior of a DFIG are Turbine aerodynamics Pitch
control that controls the mechanical power delivered to the shaft Shaft
dynamics Generator electrical characteristics Electrical controls: three controllers
are used to provide controls for frequency/active power, voltage/reactive power,
and pitch angle mechanical power.

The mechanical power developed by the wind turbine is given by
…….Equation (5)
where ρ is air density in m3 , r is the radius of the turbine in m, 𝑈 is wind speed in

m/s, 𝐶 (𝜆) is power coefficient, and 𝜆 is tip speed ratio.
The equations of the DFIGURE generator can be written as
…….Equation (6)
where 𝑣଴୰, 𝑣୯୰𝑖 ଴୰, and 𝑖୯୰ are d and q axis rotor voltages and
currents respectively; ��ୖ, ��ୗ and ��ୖ are the rotor resistance, and the stator and
rotor reactance respectively; and 𝑥୫ is the magnetizing reactance. The active and
reactive powers injected into the grid depend on the stator currents and grid side
currents of the converter as given by
…….Equation (7)

…….Equation (8)
whereas on the rotor side, they are
…….Equation (9)
Assuming a lossless converter model and unity power factor on the grid side of the
converter, one gets
…….Equation (10)
Therefore, the powers injected in the grid can be calculated as
…….Equation (11)

CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT
Hardware Requirement
CPU I3 processor
RAM 4GB
OS window 8
ROM 250 GB
CPU I3 processor
A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main

processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions
comprising a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic,
controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the
program. This contrasts with external components such as main memory and I/O
circuitry,[1] and specialized processors such as graphics processing units (GPUs).
RAM
Random-access memory (RAM; /ræm/) is a form of computer memory that

can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and
machine code.[1][2] A random-access memory device allows data items to be read
or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location
of data inside the memory, in contrast with other direct-access data storage media
(such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older magnetic tapes and drum
memory), where the time required to read and write data items varies significantly
depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical
limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement.

ROM
Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used in

computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be
electronically modified after the manufacture of the memory device. Read-only
memory is useful for storing software that is rarely changed during the life of the
system, also known as firmware. Software applications (like video games) for
programmable devices can be distributed as plug-in cartridges containing ROM.
Software Requirement
MATLAB (an abbreviation of "MATRIX LABORATORY") is a proprietary

multi-paradigm programming language and numeric computing environment
developed by MathWorks. MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of
functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and
interfacing with programs written in other languages.
Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numeric computing, an

optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine allowing access to symbolic
computing abilities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain
simulation and model-based design for dynamic and embedded systems.
As of 2020, MATLAB has more than 4 million users worldwide.[22] They

come from various backgrounds of engineering, science, and economics.
MATLAB was invented by mathematician and computer programmer Cleve

Moler.[23] The idea for MATLAB was based on his 1960s PhD thesis.[23] Moler
became a math professor at the University of New Mexico and started developing
MATLAB for his students[23] as a hobby.[24] He developed MATLAB's initial
linear algebra programming in 1967 with his one-time thesis advisor, George
Forsythe.[23] This was followed by Fortran code for linear equations in 1971.[23]
In the beginning (before version 1.0) MATLAB "was not a programming

language; it was a simple interactive matrix calculator. There were no programs,
no toolboxes, no graphics. And no ODEs or FFTs."[25]
The first early version of MATLAB was completed in the late 1970s.[23]

The software was disclosed to the public for the first time in February 1979 at the
Naval Postgraduate School in California.[24] Early versions of MATLAB were
simple matrix calculators with 71 pre-built functions.[26] At the time, MATLAB
was distributed for free[27][28] to universities.[29] Moler would leave copies at
universities he visited and the software developed a strong following in the math
departments of university campuses.[30]:5
In the 1980s, Cleve Moler met John N. Little. They decided to reprogram
MATLAB in C and market it for the IBM desktops that were replacing mainframe
computers at the time.[23] John Little and programmer Steve Bangert re-
programmed MATLAB in C, created the MATLAB programming language, and
developed features for toolboxes.[24]
Features
MATLAB combines a desktop environment tuned for iterative analysis and

design processes with a programming language that expresses matrix and array
mathematics directly. It includes the Live Editor for creating scripts that combine
code, output, and formatted text in an executable notebook. It allows to extend its
functions and developments of all kinds of discipline through a set of
characteristics called toolbox.
Toolbox
 5G Toolbox: Simulate, analyze, and test 5G communications systems
 Aerospace Toolbox: Analyze and visualize aerospace vehicle motion using

reference standards and models
 Antenna Toolbox: Design, analyze, and visualize antenna elements and antenna
arrays
 Audio Toolbox: Design and analyze speech, acoustic, and audio processing
systems
 Communications Toolbox: Design and simulate the physical layer of

communications systems

 Deep Learning Toolbox: Design, train, and analyze deep learning networks
 DSP System Toolbox: Design and simulate streaming signal processing systems
 Financial Toolbox: Analyze financial data and develop financial models
 LTE Toolbox: Simulate, analyze, and test the physical layer of LTE and LTE-
Advanced wireless communications systems
 GPU Coder: Generate CUDA code for NVIDIA GPUs
 MATLAB Compiler: Build standalone executables and web apps from

MATLAB programs
 Radar Toolbox: Design, simulate, and test multifunction radar systems
 RF PCB Toolbox: Perform electromagnetic analysis of printed circuit boards
 Satellite Communications Toolbox: Simulate, analyze, and test satellite

communications systems and links
 SerDes Toolbox: Design SerDes systems and generate IBIS-AMI models for
high-speed digital interconnects
 Signal Integrity Toolbox: Simulate and analyze high-speed serial and parallel
links
 Signal Processing Toolbox: Perform signal processing and analysis
 Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox: Analyze and model data using
statistics and machine learning
 Symbolic Math Toolbox: Perform symbolic math computations
 Wavelet Toolbox: Analyze and synthesize signals and images using wavelets
 In addition to these, you can develop applications for all kinds of industries, with
more than 100 Toolboxes for Matlab and Simulink.[35]

Structures
MATLAB supports structure data types.[40] Since all variables in MATLAB are
arrays, a more adequate name is "structure array", where each element of the array
has the same field names. In addition, MATLAB supports dynamic field names [41]
(field look-ups by name, field manipulations, etc.).
Function
When creating a MATLAB function, the name of the file should match the name
of the first function in the file. Valid function names begin with an alphabetic
character, and can contain letters, numbers, or underscores. Variables and
functions are case sensitive.[42] gbImage = imread('ecg.png'); grayImage =
rgb2gray(rgbImage); % for non-indexed images level = graythresh(grayImage); %
threshold for converting image to binary, binaryImage = im2bw(grayImage, level);
% Extract the individual red, green, and blue color channels. redChannel =
rgbImage(:, :, 1); greenChannel = rgbImage(:, :, 2); blueChannel = rgbImage(:, :,
3); % Make the black parts pure red. redChannel(~binaryImage) = 255;
greenChannel(~binaryImage) = 0; blueChannel(~binaryImage) = 0; % Now
recombine to form the output image. rgbImageOut = cat(3, redChannel,
greenChannel, blueChannel); imshow(rgbImageOut);

CHAPTER 6
MATLAB SIMULATION MODEL AND RESULTS
6.1 MATLAB Simulation Model of Healthy Condition
Figure 6.1: MATLAB Simulink model of Healthy Condition
Figure 6.1 shows the complete matlab simulink model of proposed approach
in which IEEE 14 bus subsystem, subsystem model is design for taking the reading
during different fault condition.
6.1.1IEEE 14 Bus Subsystem
Figure 6.1.1 shows the complete IEEE 14 bus subsystem model. The
transmission line connected in between each bus bar and transmission line
resistance, inductance and capacitance shown in table 1. There are five generators
are connected at bus bar 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 while RL loads are connected at
remaining bus for system. Table 2 shows the bus bar generator and load data for
IEEE 14 bus system.

Figure 6.1.1: MATLAB simulation of IEEE 14 Bus subsystem model

Line impedance (pu)
Line Number From Bus To Bus Resistance(pu)Inductance(pu) MVA Rating
1 1 2 0.01938 0.05917 120
2 1 5 0.05403 0.22304 45
3 2 3 0.04499 0.19797 34
4 2 4 0.05811 0.17432 45
5 2 5 0.05495 0.17388 50
4 3 4 0.04701 0.17103 45
7 4 5 0.01335 0.04211 45
8 4 7 0 0.20912 55
9 4 9 0 0.55418 32
10 5 4 0 0.25202 45
11 4 11 0.09498 0.1989 18
12 4 12 0.12291 0.25581 32
13 4 13 0.04415 0.13027 32
14 7 8 0 0.17415 32
15 7 9 0 0.11001 32
14 9 10 0.03181 0.0845 32
17 9 14 0.12711 0.27038 32
18 10 11 0.08205 0.19207 12
19 12 13 0.22092 0.19988 12
20 13 14 0.17093 0.34802 12
Table 6.1.1 IEEE 14 Bus system MATLAB Simulation transmission line data

Bus bar Bus voltage (pu) Generation (pu) Load

No
Magnitude Phase Real Reactive Real Reactive
(pu) difference power Power power power
(pu) (MW) (MVAR) (MW) (MVAR)
1 1.040 0 114.17 -14.9 0 0

2 1.045 0 40 0 21.7 12.7
3 1.010 0 0 0 94.2 19.1
4 1 0 0 0 47.8 -3.9
5 1 0 0 0 7.4 1.4
6 1 0 0 0 11.2 7.5
7 1 0 0 0 0 0
8 1 0 0 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 0 29.5 14.4
10 1 0 0 0 9 4.8
11 1 0 0 0 3.5 1.8
12 1 0 0 0 4.1 1.4
13 1 0 0 0 13.8 4.8
14 1 0 0 0 14.9 5
Table 6.1.2: IEEE 14 Bus system bus bar and generator data for MATLAB
simulink model

6.2 Matlab Simulation Model Of Faulty Condition
Figure 6.2 Matlab Simulation Model Of Faulty Condition

6.2.1 IEEE 14 BUS Under Faulty Condition
Figure 6.2.1: MATLAB Simulink model of IEEE 14 Bus System under Faulty
Condition

6.3. Matlab Simulation Model Of Mitidated condition using

Statcom
Figure 6.3 Matlab Simulation Model Of mitidated Condition using Statcom

6.4 Simulation Results for Healthy Condition
6.4.1 Three phase voltage measurement
Figure 6.4.1: Three phase voltage of IEEE 14 bus system under Healthy condition
Figure 6.4.1 Shows three phase voltage in per unit measured of system under
normal condition. Upper axis shows the three-phase voltage in per unit which is in
constant magnitude and lower axis shows time between 0 to 0.1sec.

6.4.2 Penetration Results for healthy
Figure 6.4.2: Wind Penetration Results for Healthy Condition
This result shows the Fluctuations in wind turbine in healthy condition .As we can
see time is in between 0 to 5 secs . We can see those fluctualtions because of
natures faults at 3.2 to 3.7 sec.

6.5 Simulation Results for Faulty Condition
Figure 6.6.1: Three phase voltage per unit of system when LLLG
fault occurred between 0 to 5 sec
Figure 6.5.2 Shows three phase voltage per unit measured at microgrid
system when LLLG fault occurred at bus 7 in system. Upper axis shows the three-
phase voltage and y axis shows time.

6.5.2 Penetration level Results for faulty condition
Figure 6.5.2 Wind Penetration level results For Faulty Condition
This result shows after occurance of Fault how it impacts to the Penetration
level .As we can see
changes in penetration level occuring in this because of fault creation at bus 7 in

IEEE 14 bus system.

6.5.3 GENSET results for faulty condition
Figure 6.5.3 GENSET Results for faulty condition
From this figure we are getting results for 3 phase voltage , 3phase current
,direct voltage , Active Power , Reactive Power .

6.6 Simulation Results for Mitigated Condition
Figure 6.6.1: Three phase voltage per unit of system when statcom is used
Figure 6.6.1 Shows three phase voltage per unit measured at bus bar 7 of
IEEE 14 bus microgrid system when LLLG fault occurred at bus 7 in system.
Upper axis shows the three-phase voltage whose magnitude is increasing after
using statcom for mitigation.

6.6.2 Penetration level Results for Mitigated condition
Figure 6.6.2 Wind Penetration level results For Mitigated Condition
This result shows after use of statcom how it impacts to the Penetration level
.As we can see changes in penetration level .

6.6.3 GENSET results for Mitigated condition
Figure 6.6.3 GENSET Results for Mitigated condition
From this figure we are getting results for 3 phase voltage , 3phase current ,direct
voltage , Active Power , Reactive Power .

6.6.4 Turbine Power Characteristics
Figure 6.6.4 Turbine Power Characteristics

Advantages
 Use of an indigenous resource without producing greenhouse gasses or other
pollution;
 Wind energy contributes to the power supply diversification,
 Wind energy projects can develop local resources in terms of labor, capital
and materials,
 Wind projects reinforce the cooperation with different donors including
Germany, enhancing local capacities and technological know-how,
 Wind projects attract new capital and can be included in the new approach of
Independent Power Production
 Renewable Energy Is Not Available Round the Clock. ...
 The Efficiency of Renewable Technologies Is Low. ...
 The Initial Cost of Renewable Energy Is High. ...
 Renewable Energy Sites Require A Lot of Space. ...
 Renewable Energy Devices Need Recycling.

Disadvantages
The Electricity Generation Capacity is Still Not Large Enough.
 Renewable Energy Can be Unreliable.
 Low-efficiency Levels.
 Requires a Huge Upfront Capital Outlay.
 Takes a Lot of Space to Install.
 Expensive Storage Costs.
 Not Always a Commercially-viable Option.
 It Still Generates Pollution.

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Conclusion
This thesis investigated the impact of high penetration of wind power on the
low frequency oscillatory modes, and also identified the influences of different
control devices on such oscillations. The capability of such control devices to
enhance the transient stability of wind integrated power systems is also explored in
this thesis. At the distribution network, as the voltage stability is more of an issue,
this thesis investigated the influence of wind power on the voltage stability of a
distribution feeder with a wind farm when integrated at a weak part of the feeder.
Finally, the small signal stability of a microgrid network was examined to enhance
the design of such microgrids hosting a cluster of inertial and non-inertial DGs.
Future scope
Voltage stability of a transmission and sub-transmission system could be an

issue in near future due to the high penetration of wind power, given that the
renewable penetration has significantly increased in the recent years

CHAPTER 8
REFERENCE
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Planning for Voltage Stability Enhancement of Po

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DISSERTATION REPORT

G H Raisoni University, Amravati

Under The Guidance of

Ms. Vaishali Chavhan

POWER SYSTEM & ENGINEERING

G.H. RAISONI UNIVERSITY AMRAVATI- 444701 (M.S.)

Enrollment No: -200203509004

School of Engineering and Technology

Ms. Aparna K. Girnale

For the partial fulfillment of the requirement in the degree of Master of

Dr./Mr. Ms. Vaishali Chavhan

Prof. C. M. Bobade Dean,

I would like to acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude to my Project

Ms. Aparna K. Girnale

With the increasing penetration levels of wind power generation in power

Keyword—Voltage Stability, IEEE14 bus, DFIG,Fault detection, fault location,

Table Title Page

1.1.1 Wind Energy Penetration

GHRU Amravati Page 2

whole p. More importantly, as the world is moving towards increasing renewable

1.3 Problem Statement

 To study the impact of a variation in the parameters and penetration level

GHRU Amravati Page 4

1.6 Thesis Outline

 In chapter 2 we discussed the literature review of our project topic.

 In chapter 4 we discussed the methodology which is used in the proposed

 In chapter 5 we discussed the hardware and software requirement which is used

 In chapter 6 we discussed the result , Advantages & Disadvantages

 In chapter 7 we discussed the conclusion and the future scope.

 In chapter 8 we discussed the references.

GHRU Amravati Page 5

1] R.Siva Subramanyam Reddy α & Dr.T.Gowri Manohar [2012]“This paper

2] Xinyu Liang , Hua Chai * and Jayashri Ravishankar [2010]―This

GHRU Amravati Page 6

3] S. Subbu Lakshmi [2018]“ ―Thus using Efficient Tools such Power

5] Awan Uji Krismanto1 Irrine Budi Sulistiawati1 F Yudi Limpraptono1

6] Sagar Dharel1 , Rabindra Maharjan2, [2021]“* The study demonstrated the

GHRU Amravati Page 7

7] Mostafa H Mostafa, Mostafa A Elshahed and Magdy M Elmarsfawy[2017]“.

8] Anupam Kumar Roy, Ulhas Shiurkar, V. A. Kulkarni, B. Raja

GHRU Amravati Page 8

developers may be hit with additional costs as a result. As a result, harmonizing

9] Bukola B.AdetokunaChristopher M.MuriithibJoseph O.Ojoc. [2016]“ This

52.23% by Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) application on Line 9–

10] Mahiraj Singh Rawat;et.al. [2019]“ The integration of renewable energy

GHRU Amravati Page 10

3.2 Wind energy conversion system

GHRU Amravati Page 11

GHRU Amravati Page 12

Figure 3.2 Wind Energy Conversion System

GHRU Amravati Page 13

generator is considered for the stability analysis.

3.3. Voltage Stability of Microgrid

Microgrids are managed autonomously, and act as either consumers or

A microgrid integrated with the main grid presents several challenges in

GHRU Amravati Page 14

Figure 3.3 Microgrid Voltage Stability

Microgrids are managed autonomously, and act as either consumers or