BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this is a Bonafide

Record of Biology Project work done by

S.MUKILAN of Class 12 and

Section B2 during the year 2023-2024
in Velammal Bodhi Campus, Anuppanadi,
Madurai .

DATE: ____________

Teacher incharge Principal

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 TABLE OF CONTENTS[TOC]

S.NO DISCRIPTION PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION
2 AIM
3 TYPES OF DISEASES
4 MODE OF TRANSMISSION
5 VIRAL DISEASES
6 BACTERIAL DISEASES
7 PROTOZON DISEASES
8 SOME IMPORTANT DISEASES AND DATE
9 BIBILOGRAPHY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all , I wholeheartedly thank the very supportive

people around me.
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
Biology Teacher Mr.Rajasekaran and Mr.Karuppasamy for
their guidance and support to complete this project on time. I
would like to extend my gratitude to the Principal Sir
Mr.Balamurugan for providing timely support and required
facilities.
I thank our Chairman and Vice- Chairman of Velammal
Bodhi Campus, Anuppanadi, Madurai for providing us
ample facilities to learn many things while doing this
investigatory project and to complete it on time.
Finally, I would like to thank my Parents who extended their
helping hands to finish and finalise this project.
INRODUCTION

A disease is a condition of the body or a part of it in which

functions are disturbed or arranged. Diseases may also be
defined as morphological , physiological , psychological
disturbance in the body or body parts caused by some
external agencies which may be non-parasitic e.g. deficiency
of nutrients or may be parasitic caused by bacteria , fungi
etc. The term disease means DISEASE or discomfort. In short
it can be defined as ‘disease is disorder of body’.

SOURCES OF DISEASES

The reservoirs of human diseases are:

a) Air: It is reservoir of pathogens of many diseases

like, measles, mumps,tuberculosis, diphtheria
etc.

b) Food and Water: These are reservoir of pathogens of

many diseases like, cholera, polio, typhoid,
roundworm, tapeworm etc.

c) Soil: It is a reservoir of pathogen of tetanus diseases.

d) Animals: These are those living organisms which

spread the pathogens from an infected person of
healthy person. These do not suffer from the diseases so
are also called reservoir host.

TYPES OF DISEASES

Diseases are broadly classified into two categories:

A. CONGENITAL DISEASES
Diseases present since birth and are caused due to
defective development of inheritance e.g. congenital
heart diseases, hemophilia, colour blindness etc.

B. ACUIRED DISEASES

Diseases developed after birth. They are further

classified
a) Communicable diseases
b) Non-Communicable diseases
MODES OF TRANSMISSION

The diseases are transmitted from the reservoirs of

infection to the healthy persons the following ways:

1) Direct transmission:

The pathogens are transmitted from an infected person

or healthy person directly without an intermediate
agent. It occurs in following ways-

a) Contact with infected person e.g., small pox

and chicken pox.

b) Contact with soil e.g., tetanus.

2. Indirect transmission:

The pathogens of some diseases are carried through

some intermediate agents. It occurs in following ways:

a) Air borne diseases.

b) By unclean hands and fingers.

3 It spread though the use of infected needles for
injections, blade or razors and other equipment of
barbers.

4 The children of AIDS infected mother get this disease

from mother’s blood.

Symptoms: The important symptoms are

1 Severe brain damage which may lead to loss of

memory, ability to speak and think.

2 Swollen lymph nodes.

3 Decreased count of blood platelets causing

hemorrhage.

4 Sweating at night and weight loss.

5 AIDS patient also become more susceptible to

infections of any body.

A full blown AIDS patient dies within three years and

mortality is 100%.

Prevention: No absolutely satisfactory vaccine is yet

available. So, we can prevent AIDS only preventive
measures like

1 Use of disposable syringes.

2 Using condoms and adopt clean sex habits.

BACTERIAL DISEASES

1.TYPHOID

TYPHOID: Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhoid

bacteria, commonly found in interterm of man. It is
most common communicable diseases. This is common
is age group of 1-15 years. Every year about 2.5 million
people suffer from typhoid. Modes of transmission:
Contaminated food and water and house flies.

Symptoms: It is characterized by

1 )Headache and rise in body temperature.

2) Lesions of intestinal mucosa.
3) Diarrhea which becomes hemorrhagic.
4) Rose coloured rash on the upper abdomen.

Control: Antibiotics can treat the diseases.

Causes: Malaria is caused by the toxins produced in the
human body by the malaria parasite Plasmodium.
Presence of malarial parasite can be checked by blood
test.

Modes of transmission: Plasmodium of transmitted by

female Anopheles mosquito. When this mosquito bites
man to suck blood, it introduces its saliva containing
the malarial parasite into the blood stream of the man.

Symptoms: Malaria attack is preceded by headache,

nausea and muscular pain. Total period of malarial
attack is of 6-10 hour and can be divided into 3 stages:

1 Cold stage- Characterized by chilling and shivering.

2 Hot stage- Characterized by high fever, faster rate of

breathing and heart beat,etc.

3 Sweating stage- It is characterized by lowering down

of temperature to normal.

After the malaria attack, the patient feels weak,

exhausted and anemic. The malaria may secondarily
cause engagement of lever and spleen.

Prevention:

1. Use of insect repellants to prevent mosquito bite.

2. Wire- gauzing of doors, windows, etc. to check the

entry of mosquitoes.
Cause:

1. No definite cause has been arrived at so far.

However, it is found that body has proto-oncogenes.
These are activated by some substances or stimulus,
which convert these into active cancer-causing
oncogenes.

2. Heavy smoking and alcoholism.

3. Chewing of tobacco.

4. Consistent irritation of skin or repeated injury at the

same point. Cancer is a kind of tumorous growth.
Tumours can be classified into two categories:

a) Benign tumour: It remains confined to the place

of origin and does not spread to other body parts. It is
relatively harmless.

b) Malignant tumour: It spreads to other parts of the

body and growth is rapid. This is serious and may
cause death of the patient.

Symptoms:

1. Persistent lump or thickening in tissues, especially in

tongue, breast and uterus.

2. Any irregular bleeding or blood-tinged discharge

from anybody opening.
3. Any sore that does not heal quickly.

4. Change in the form of mole or wart.

5. Persistent hoarseness in voice, cough or difficulty in

swallowing.

Prevention and cure:

1. Cancer check up should be done once a year.

2. Treatment should be taken under medical advice.

3. Avoid smoking, taking alcohol and chewing of

tobacco.

4. Observe regularity in life style to keep body healthy.

3.Filariasis:

Pathogen: Filarial worm (Wuchereria bancrofti)

Mode of transmission: Bites of mosquitoes - AedesA

and Culex.
Symptoms

1. Fever

2. Collection of endothellial cells and metabolites in the

wall of lymph vessels.

3. Swelling takes place in certain parts of the body like

legs, breasts & scrotum.

4. Swelling of legs which appear as legs of elephant, so

this disease is also called elephantiasis.

Prevention and cure

1. Mesh doors and windows in the house to check the

entry of mosquitoes.

2. The water collected in tanks or other articles should

be properly covered.

3. Sprinkling of kerosene in ditches, etc.

4. Drugs may be administered.

· Incidence of Diarrhea diseases is highest in Andhra
and Orissa states.

· Hepatitis is more dangerous than AIDS.

· Macculoch (1827) proposed the name malaria.

· Laveran (1880) discovered malarial parasites in the

blood of a malarial patient.

· Ronald Ross (1897) proved that malarial parasite is

spread by female Anopheles mosquito.

· August 20 is called Malaria Day.

BIBILOGRAPHY

 Help from Teachers

 Help from Internet
 NCERT Textbook
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com.