Electromagnetic Waves

𝒅𝝓𝐁 𝒅
∮ 𝑬 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −
⃗ . 𝒅𝒍 =− ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ]
⃗⃗ . 𝒅𝑺
[∮ 𝑩
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
1. Displacement current. It is that current (iv) Modified Ampere's circuital law :
which comes into existence (in addition
𝒅𝝓𝐄
of conduction current) whenever the ∮ 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ == 𝝁𝟎 [𝑰𝑪 + 𝜺𝟎
⃗⃗ . 𝒅𝒍 ]
electric field and hence the electric flux 𝒅𝒕
changes with time. It is equal to ε0
times the rate of change of electric flux
4. Source of an electromagnetic wave. An
through a given surface.
accelerating charge produces
𝒅𝝓𝐄 𝒅𝑬 electromagnetic waves. An electric
𝑰𝑫 = 𝜺𝟎 𝒅𝒕
= 𝜺𝟎 𝑨 𝒅𝒇
charge oscillating harmonically with
2. Modified Ampere circuital law. It frequency v, generates electromagnetic
states that the line integral of the waves of the same frequency v. An
magnetic field B over a dosed path is electric dipole is a basic source of
equal to μ0 times the sum of conduction electromagnetic waves.
current IC and the displacement current An LC-circuit containing inductance
(ID) threading the closed path. L and capacitance C produces
electromagnetic waves of
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 (𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝑂 ) frequency,

𝒅𝝓𝑬 𝟏
= 𝝁𝟎 (𝑰𝑪 + 𝒔𝟎 ) 𝐯 =
𝒅𝒕 𝟐𝛑√𝑳𝑪
The sum of conduction and 5. Mathematical representation of
displacement currents has an important electromagnetic waves. For a plane
property of continuity i.e., the sum electromagnetic wave of frequency v,
remains constant along any closed path. wavelength 𝜆, propagating along x-
axis, the electric and magnetic fields
may be represented as follows :
3. Maxwell's equations. These are as ⃗E = Ey^j = E0 sin(kx − ωt)j^
follows:
x
(i) Gauss law of electrostatics: = E0 sin [2π ( − vt)]^j
λ
𝒒 x t
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
⃗ . 𝒅𝑺
𝑬
𝜺𝟎 = E0 sin [2π ( − )]^j
λ T
(ii) Gauss law of magnetism: Ex = Ez = 0
⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝑩 𝒅𝑺 = 𝟎 and ⃗B = Bz k̂ = B0 sin (kx - ωt) k̂
𝑥
(iii) Faraday's law of = 𝐵0 sin [2𝜋 ( − 𝑣𝑡)] 𝑘 ^
𝜆
electromagnetic induction:
𝑥 𝑡
= 𝐵0 sin [2𝜋 ( − )] 𝑘 ^
𝜆 𝑇
Bx = By = 0

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Here E0 and B0 are the amplitudes of the 𝟏 𝑩𝟐
𝒖 = 𝒖𝑬 + 𝒖𝑩 = [𝜺𝟎 𝑬𝟐𝟎 + 𝟎 ]
electric and magnetic fields respectively. 𝟐 𝝁
Propagation constant,
𝟐𝝅 𝝎 7. Intensity of an electromagnetic
𝒌= = .
𝝀 𝒄 wave. The energy' crossing per unit area
per unit time in a direction perpendicular
6. Basic properties of to the direction of propagation of the
electromagnetic waves. These are wave is called intensity of the wave.
Energy/ time Power
(i) The e.m. waves are produced by Intensity = =
Area Area
accelerated charges and do not require
any medium for their propagation. For an e.m. wave of average energy density
u,
(ii) The oscillations of ⃗Eand ⃗Bfields are
I = uc
perpendicular to each other as well as
to the direction of propagation of the 1 2
Also, I = 2 ε0 E02 c = ε0 Erms c
wave. So the e.m. waves are transverse
1 1 2
in nature. and I = 2µ β02 c = µ Brms c
0 0

(iii) The oscillations of ⃗E and ⃗B fields are in

same phase.
(iv) All electromagnetic waves travel in
free space with same speed c given by
𝟏
𝐜= ≃ 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 ms−𝟏
√𝛍𝟎 𝛆𝟎
In a material medium of refractive index
n, the speed of an electromagnetic
wave is given by
𝟏 𝒄 𝒄
𝒗= = =
√𝝁𝜺 √𝝁𝒓 𝜺𝒓 𝒏
(v) The ratio of the amplitudes of electric
and magnetic fields is
𝑬𝟎 𝟏
=𝒄=
𝑩𝟎 √𝝁𝟎 𝜺𝟎
(vi) The electromagnetic waves carry
energy as they travel through space and
this energy is shared equally by the
electric and magnetic fields. The
average energy of an electromagnetic
wave is

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