Electromagnetic Induction
The negative sign shows that induced
1. Magnetic flux. The number of
magnetic lines of force crossing a
surface normally is called magnetic flux
linked with the surface. If the normal
drawn to the surface area A makes
angle θ with the field B ⃗ , then the
magnetic flux is
ϕ = BA cos θ = ⃗B. ⃗A
Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. Its
dimensions are [ML2A-1T-2].
2. SI unit of magnetic flux is weber
(Wb). It is the flux produced when a
uniform magnetic field of 1 T crosses
normally an area of 1 m2. The CGS unit
of magnetic flux is maxwell.
1 weber = 108 maxwell
3. Faraday's laws of electromagnetic
induction.
First law. Whenever the magnetic flux
linked with a closed circuit changes, an
emf is induced in it which lasts only so
long as the change in flux is taking
place.
Second law. The magnitude of induced
emf is equal to the rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with the closed
dϕ
circuit. Mathematically, |ε| =
dt
4. Mathematical form of the laws of
electromagnetic induction. For a coil
of one turn, induced emf is given by.
dϕ ϕ2 − ϕ1
ε=− =−
dt t having N turns is
dϕ
For a coil of N turns, ε = −N df =
ϕ2 −ϕ1
−N t
. When the solenoid is wound over a soft
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emf opposes the change in flux. It is in
accordance with Lenz’s law.
5. Motional emf. The emf induced
across the ends of a conductor due to
its motion in a magnetic field is called
motional emf. It is produced due to the
magnetic Lorentz force acting on the
free electrons of the conductor. If a
conductor of length I moves with
velocity v in a magnetic field B
perpendicular to both its length and
the direction of the magnetic field,
then the emf induced across its ends is
given by ε = Blv
ε Blv
Induced current, I = R = R
Force necessary to move the conductor,
B2 l2 v
F= R
Power dissipated as Joule heating loss,
B2 𝑙 2 v2
P = Fv = R
6. Relation between induced charge
and change in magnetic flux. The
induced charge flowing through a
circuit depends on the net change in
magnetic flux linked with circuit and is
independent of the time interval of the
flux change.
∆ϕ Net change in magnetic flux
∆q - R
= Resistance
7. Self-inductance of a long solenoid.
The selfinductance of a long solenoid of
length l, area of cross-section A and
μ N2 A N
L= 0 l = μ0n2lA, where n = l
iron core of relative permeability μr, L =
1
 μr μ0 n2lA The value of self inductance
depends on the number of turns in the
solenoid, its area of cross-section and
the relative permeability of its core
material.

8. Mutual-inductance or coefficient
of mutual induction (M). If a current I
flowing through one coil generates flux
ϕ in the neighbouring coil, then sϕ = MI
dϕ dI
Induced emf, ε = - dt = -M dt
Thus mutual-inductance of two coils may
be defined as the induced emf set up in
one coil when the current in the
neighbouring coil changes at the unit
rate.

9. Mutual inductance of two long

solenoids. The mutual inductance of
two long co-axial solenoids wound over
one another is
μ N N A
M = 0 1l 2 = μ0 n1 n2 Al = μ0n1n2 πr12 l
where n1, n2 are the number of turns per
unit length of the solenoids, l is their
common length and A = πr12 = cross-
sectional area of the inner solenoid.

10. Henry. It is SI unit for both self and

mutual-inductances. Inductance is one
henry if an induced emf of 1 volt is set
up when the current changes at the
rate of 1 ampere per second.
1 henry (H) = 1 VsA-1 = 1 Wb A-1.

11. Coefficient of coupling. It gives a

measure of the manner in which two
coils are coupled together. If L1 and L2
are the self-inductances of the two
coils and M is the mutual inductance,
then the coefficient of coupling
M
K = √L
1 L2
The value of K lies between 0 and 1.

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