SOUTH ZAMBIA CONFERENCE

ADVENTIST YOUTH MINISTRIES DEPARTMENT

PATHFINDER MINISTRY

GUIDE CLASS HONOR BOOKLET

@2022
TABLE CONTENT
GARDENING

SANCTUARY

ECOLOGY

PHYSICAL FITNESS

NUTRITION

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

COMPUTER
1. Prepare soil, fertilize, and plant a vegetable plot of not less than 100 square feet (30.5 square
meters). Grow at least six different vegetables, three from seeds and three from seedlings, through
harvesting.

Preparing the soil

The first step in soil preparation is to select a suitable site for the garden. It should be clear of trees and
relatively level, and it should receive full sunlight. The soil should be at least 30 cm deep.

Once the site is selected, it needs to be plowed and tilled. Plowing can be done with a plow for large (and
medium-sized) plots, or with a spade for very small plots (this is heavy labor though). Plowing loosens the
soil so that the plants will have easy access to the soil to a depth of 30 cm . Tilling can be accomplished
with a disc for large plots or with a garden tiller for smaller plots. The purpose of tilling is to break the soil
into a fine aggregate. The ideal time to till is when a dirt clod can be picked up and easily crumbled in the
hand - it should not be done immediately following a rain.

Fertilizing

It's generally a good idea to test the soil before fertilizing it so that you know what type of fertilizer to apply.
Soil testing kits are available in garden centers. Once you have tested the soil and have selected an
appropriate fertilizer, it can be spread over the garden with a broadcast seeder. You can do this before
tilling or after.

Planting

Planting includes plant selection and placement. In general, taller plants should be planted on the side of
the garden furthest from the Earth's equator. (In the Northern Hemisphere plant them on the north side.
In the Southern Hemisphere plant them on the south side.) This is so they do not shade the smaller plants.
Seed packets will contain data on them telling you how deep, how far apart from one another, and when
to plant them in your geographic area. Seedlings can be bought from a nursery or grown from seeds
indoors before the outdoor growing season begins.

For planted seeds, start by making a furrow with a hoe. The depth of the furrow should equal the desired
depth of the seed. Then walk along and drop seeds in the furrow, burying them as you go. Be sure to
space them as per the instructions on the seed packet. Do not pack the soil tightly over the furrow as you
bury the seeds. A common practice is to place the seeds in the furrows in pairs so that if one does not
come up, there's a chance the other will. If both come up, one of them must be thinned, even if they both
look healthy.

For seedlings, dig a small hole for each plant so that you can bury it to the soil line. Do not remove the
seedling from the container until you are ready to plug it into the hole, and avoid exposing the roots to
direct sunlight. Lightly pack soil around the plant.

Once the seeds and seedling have been planted, water the garden generously. After that, you will need
to make sure the garden is watered deeply and on an irregular basis. If you over-water the garden, the
roots will stay near the surface where they will be susceptible to disease, and where they will do a poor
job of anchoring the plant should a stiff wind arise. Watering deeply and irregularly will cause the plants
send the roots deeply into the ground in search of water and other nutrients. This will also protect them
from disease and strengthen the plant against the wind.

Plant Selection

Popular plants grown from seeds include:

Corn
Squash
Beans
Radish
Watermelon
Carrots
Peas
Cucumber

Popular plants grown from seedlings include:

Tomatoes Eggplant
Peppers

2. List ways to control insects and/or disease in your garden.

Know when and how to apply insecticides and fungicides.
Pest control

When chemical pesticides were first introduced, they were used to the exclusion of all other types of pest
control. This had the unfortunate effect of poisoning the environment. In the 1970's this situation was
recognized, and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques were introduced. Pesticides are still used,
but they are a last resort.

When most people think of pests, they think of insects. In vegetable cultivation, this term should be
expanded to include weeds, microorganisms, and mites. Pest control depends on the early and correct
identification of the pest. The grower can use cultural mechanical, biological, or chemical controls to
reduce the effect of pests. These methods all rely on constant vigilance by the grower.

Cultural Controls include the selection of disease and pest-resistant cultivars. Crop rotation is another
important cultural control, as certain pests feed exclusively on one type of plant. Eliminating the plant from
the environment for a year or two will disrupt that cycle. Another important control mechanism is to mulch,
water, prune, and fertilize the plants correctly. A healthy plant is better able to defend itself from pests.

Mechanical Controls include covering the plants with netting or setting traps for expected (or observed)
pests. Pests can also be removed with vacuums or by hand. Hoeing and cultivating around the plants will
help control weeds. It is also important to remove infected plants from the crop as soon as possible so
that the disease does not spread.

Many insects prefer to feed on the underside of leaves where they will be more difficult for a predator to
find. These pests can be discouraged by laying aluminum foil on the ground, shiny-side-up to reflect
additional sunlight to the underside of the leaves. This confuses the insects and encourages them to feed
elsewhere.

Biological Controls include the introduction of natural predators. For instance, ladybug beetles feast on
aphids, and poultry feed on a number of insect pests. Be careful when introducing predators though, that
you do not introduce a non-native species which has no natural enemies of its own. This can - and has
caused its own form of environmental damage. You can also use commercially available pheromones to
disrupt the mating cycle of many insects.

Chemical Controls can be used when all else fails. Selection of a pesticide and a fungicide will depend
on the particular pest being combated (which his why proper identification is so important). Sprays are
generally more effective than dusts, as nearly all pesticides rely on contact with the pest for their
effectiveness. Read the instructions on the chemical containers carefully before using, especially noting
whether the chemical is safe to use on food plants. Many times a pesticide will warn against its use for a
period of time before harvesting.
3. What is mulch? How and why is it used in the garden?
Mulch is decomposed plant materials that are used as a planting bed, source of nutrients, and protective
top layer that can maintain soil moisture levels and keep heat in.

4. What is hardiness? Which vegetables are considered hardy in your area?

Hardiness determines the extent to which a plant or tree can tolerate cold or heat. Normally this is
measured in cold such as "plant hardiness to 27 degrees." This means that below 27 degrees the plant
will begin to be effected by the cold, starting with freezing of leaves and or fruit.

In North America hardiness is classed by hardiness zone (see below). Seed packets usually have a color
coded map on the back showing these zones - and accordingly, an indication of when the seeds should
be planted.
 Hardiness Zones of North America

5. Do one of the following

a. Test germination for 100 of the same kind of seeds.

Testing germination can be accomplished with a rag-doll test. Note that this is also a requirement for the
Seeds - Advanced honor.

The purpose of a "rag doll" test is to determine the percentage of seeds in a given lot that will successfully
germinate. This information can then used for calculating seeding rates.

A simple way to get an idea of the actual field germination prior to planting is to conduct a “ragdoll” test. A
“ragdoll” consists of a rolled tube of moistened paper containing the seeds to be tested for germination,
placed in plastic bag and stored in a warm place for several days. seedlings are counted as they germinate
and are removed, giving the percentage of actual germination.

To conduct a ragdoll test, moisten a brown paper hand towel and squeeze out as much excess water as
possible. Do not use a "soft" paper towel as are typically found in a home kitchen - seeds can send roots
and tops through these complicating the count. Excess water in the towel will cut off oxygen and ruin the
test.

Spread the paper towel out on a flat surface, count out 100 seeds and place them in a line (diagonally
works well) across the towel. Roll the towel up and place it in a plastic bag. Seal the bag, and place it in a
warm place, such as on the top of a refrigerator. A temperature of 30°C is ideal.

After four days, remove the towel from the plastic bag, unroll it, and count and remove any seeds that
have germinated. Roll the towel back up, return it to the plastic bag, reseal, and return it to the top of the
refrigerator.

After three or four more days, repeat the count. The total number of seeds from both counts will equal the
germination rate, assuming 100 seeds were used. If a different number of seeds were used, you can
calculate the germination rate as follows:

b. Make and use a hotbed or cold frame.

Hotbed

A hotbed is a pile of decaying organic matter warmer than its surroundings due to the heat given off by
the metabolism of the microorganisms in the decomposing pile. Hotbeds are used for composting and
keeping delicate plants warm during the winter.

Cold Frame

In agriculture and gardening, a cold frame is a transparent-roofed

enclosure, built low to the ground, used to protect plants from cold
weather. The transparent top admits sunlight and relies on the
greenhouse effect to reflect back radiant heat that would otherwise
escape at night. Essentially, a cold frame functions as a miniature
greenhouse season extension device.
Cold frames are found in home gardens and in vegetable farming. They create microclimates that provide
several degrees of air and soil temperature insulation, and shelter from wind. In cold-winter
A traditional home made cold
frame regions, these characteristics allow plants to be started earlier in the spring, and to survive longer
into the fall and winter. They are most
often used for growing seedlings that are later transplanted into open ground, and can also be a permanent
home to cold-hardy vegetables grown for autumn and winter harvest.

Cold frame construction is a common home or farm building project, although kits and commercial systems
are available. A traditional plan makes use of old glass windows: a wooden frame is built 30-60 cm ,
and the window placed on top. The roof is often sloped towards the winter sun to capture more light, and
to improve runoff of water, and hinged for easy access. Clear plastic, rigid or sheeting, can be used in
place of glass. An electric heating cable, available for this purpose, can be placed in the soil to provide
additional heat.

c. Prepare any three varieties of vegetables for market.

When preparing vegetables for market, consider the following attributes:

Ripeness
Choose vegetables that are at their optimum ripeness.
Color
Bright colors are more attractive to buyers than dull colors.
Size
Consumers do not like vegetables that are too small or too large.
Shape
Look for vegetables that have a "regular" shape.
Injury
Choose vegetables that are free from injury.
Cleanliness
Wash and trim them before taking them to market.

d. Make and use a storage bin or pit for your vegetables.

A vegetable storage bin is a small cabinet with compartments for vegetables. They are often equipped
with a wire mesh door to allow air to circulate. Some use solid doors to keep the inside of the bin dark
(potatoes will sprout if exposed to light). Some have dark compartments as well as airy compartments to
support different types of vegetables. You can find free plans for a combination bin online at

http://www.woodworkersworkshop.com/cached_files/27838_files/
1. Name the three main parts of the sanctuary and the court yard.

The three main parts of the sanctuary and courtyard were the court, the Holy Place and the Most Holy
Place.

a. Tell what was in each part.

The Court: The Altar of Sacrifice, the Laver

Holy Place: Table of
Showbread, Seven-branched Lampstand, Altar of Incense
Most Holy Place: - Ark of
Covenant, Mercy Seat,
Cherubim, Law of Moses (Deuteronomy 31:26) (http://ww w.biblegateway.com/passage/?
search=Deuteronomy%2031:2 6&version=NIV;), Account of transaction from Shechem
(Patriarchs and Prophets
p.524) (http://www.whiteestate. org/books/pp/pp49.html)

Model of the tabernacle in Timna Park,

Israel
b. Tell what each piece of furniture represents.

Gate ONLY entrance into the courtyard: Jesus is the only way to eternal life John 10:1-3
Altar of Sacrifice: Jesus's sacrifice on the cross as our sin offering Mark 15:25-37
Laver: Cleansing from sin, form of Baptism John 3:5, Titus 3:5
Table of Showbread: Jesus, Bread of Life John 6:35, 48
Seven-branched Lampstand: Jesus, Light of the world (Oil=Holy Spirit) John 8:12, Luke 4:18, Acts
10:38
Altar of Incense: Prayers ascending to Heaven, intercession & merits of Christ Isaiah 61:10, 1
Thessalonians 5:17, Revelation 8:3-4,
Ark of Covenant: The presence of God (10 Commandments) Exodus 25:22, Hebrews 9:4
Mercy Seat: literally "place of cleansing" or place where sin is paid for. Symbolically, Christ's death on
the cross cleanses the sinner in the same way that the Day of Atonement service did -- that service
focused on the the Ark of the Covenant-Cherubim-Mercy Seat and thus looked forward to Jesus' role as
our High Priest. Exodus 37:6, Hebrews 4:14-16 Cherubim: Guardians of God's glory Exodus 25:15-
22, 1 Samuel 4:4, Hebrews 9:5

2. Draw a scale model of the sanctuary, the court yard and theposition of all the furnishings.
(Remember to add N, S, E, W)

In the map below, North is to the left, South is to the right, East is up, and West is at the bottom.

The drawing IS correct. East is to the right so that the the Israelites had to turn their back to the Sun as
the entered the courtyard.
The problem with this drawing is that the gate the only entrance to the tabernacle court was on the East
side. In the picture here it is on the South side.

3. How many coverings were over the sanctuary?

The Sanctuary was covered with four layers as described below.

a. List the type of coverings in the order from inside to outside.

Exodus 26

1. Inner royal liner: Covering was made of red, blue, purple linens.
2. Goat's hair: bleached white.
3. Ram's skin: dyed red.
4. Badger's skin: plain and brown. Note that this passage is translated as "badger's skin" in the
New King James Version of the Bible. As the Hebrew term in unclear, it has many other translations,
including "durable leather" (NIV), "fine leather" (CEV), "seal's skin" (ASV), or "goatskins" (ESV).

b. Tell what each covering represented.

1. Inner royal liner represents Jesus. Red represents Christ's sacrifice. Blue represents His
obedience. Purple represents royalty. Gold represents divinity.
2. Woven goat's hair represents Jesus's perfection and purity.
3. The ram's skin dyed red represents the blood of Jesus.
4. The badger's skin represents Jesus covering His divinity with humanity.

4. The following colors were used in the sanctuary and in the priests clothing. Tell what each color
represented.

a. Red: Christ's blood (Hebrews 9:11,12)

b. Blue: Obedience (Numbers 15:38,39)
c. Purple: Royalty (Mark 15:16-18)

d. White: Righteousness, Purity (Revelation 19:8)

e. Gold: Divinity in Heaven (Job 22:25)

 f. Silver: Longing Desire - the Hebrew word for yearn (kāsap) shares a root with the Hebrew word
for silver (kesap).

g. Brass: Divinity on Earth (Philippians 2:5-8 (http://www.biblegateway

.com/passage/?search=Philippian s%202:5-8;&version=31;)

5. Discuss and memorize 1 John 1:9, Daniel 8:14, and Exodus25:8.

And let them make me a sanctuary; that I may dwell among them.

6. The priests were from which of the 12 tribes? Why?

They were from the tribe of Levi. They had refused to bow down and worship the golden calf. It may be
interesting to show here that there were actually 13 tribes of Israel. You will find various tribe lists in
scripture showing various statistical numbers such as how many soldiers from each tribe. At the time of
the building of the tabernacles the Tribe of Joseph had been divided into the 2 tribes ones Ephraim and
Manasseh. The Levites did not provide soldiers to the army or have a portion of the land of Israel, they
did have responsibilities for various towns scattered throughout Israel. When the Israelites were camped
around the wilderness Tabernacle careful details were given where each of the 12 other tribes were to
camp; which 3 on the north, which 3 on the South, east and West. The Levites camped close to and
around the Tabernacle. The Levites were made up of 4 main family groups each responsible wore various
duties. Looking after the poles, golden items, cloth etc. One family were the Guards and camped at the
gate entrance. It is also interesting to note that Jesus had 12 disciples. Jesus representing our High Priest
and the 12 others making a group of 13.

Exodus 32:25-29 (NIV)

Moses saw that the people were running wild and that Aaron had let them get out of control
and so become a laughingstock to their enemies. So he stood at the entrance to the camp
and said, “Whoever is for the LORD, come to me.” And all the Levites rallied to him.

Then he said to them, “This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: ‘Each man strap a
sword to his side. Go back and forth through the camp from one end to the other, each killing
his brother and friend and neighbor.’” The Levites did as Moses commanded, and that day
about three thousand of the people died. Then Moses said, “You have been set apart to the
LORD today, for you were against your own sons and brothers, and he has blessed you this
day.”

7. Describe the robe of

a. The common priest.

The priests wore linen breeches as an undergarment. The garments were woven of one piece, spotless,
and without any blemish. All the common priests wore a plain, white linen robe and turban. They always
removed their sandals before entering the Sanctuary. (Exodus 28 and 39)
(http://www.biblegateway.com/pa ssage/?search=Exodus%2028;)

b. The high priest.

Like all priests, the high priest wore of the blue robe hung tinkling little golden bells and bright
linen breeches as an undergarment. pomegranates.
The garments were woven of one
The ephod, was worn outside the blue robe - a shorter
piece, spotless, without any blemish.
garment of gold, blue, purple and scarlet, and fine twined
Over the undergarment, he wore an
linen. The ephod was fastened at the shoulders with two
embroidered linen coat, again woven
onyx stones, on each were engraved the names of six of
of one piece of fabric. The coat was
the tribes of Israel. On the ephod the High Priest wore a
tied with an embroidered girdle. Over
breastplate made of two pieces of fabric fastened
this the High Priest wore a one-piece
together. In the breastplate, next to the heart of the High
sleeveless solid blue robe. On the hem
Priest, were two onyx stones called
the Urim and the Thummim, through
which God made known His will.

On the outside of the breastplate

were
12 precious stones. They were

Jewish High Priest wearing the

sacred vestments. The ephod is
depicted here in yellow.
arranged as four rows of three. Their sequence, from left to right and from top to bottom were: sardis
(brownish red), topaz (yellow to yellowish red), carbuncle (red), emerald (clear green), sapphire (deep
blue), diamond (sparkling clear), jacinth (bright yellow), agate (delicate blue), amethyst (violet), beryl
(green-yellow), onyx (bright yellow), jasper (red, brown, or yellow).

He wore a mitre (a crown) on his head. Fastened to the forefront of it with a ribbon of blue, was a plate of
pure gold on which was engraved the inscription 'HOLINESS TO THE LORD' (Exodus 28 and 39) (htt
p://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2028;)

8. Read and discuss The Great Controversy page 488 and Hebrews 4:14-16.
The Great Controversy
"The subject of the sanctuary and the investigative judgment should be clearly understood by the
people of God. All need a knowledge for themselves of the position and work of their great High
Priest. Otherwise it will be impossible for them to exercise the faith which is essential at this time
or to occupy the position which God designs them to fill. Every individual has a soul to save or to
lose. Each has a case pending at the bar of God. Each must meet the great Judge face to face.
How important, then that every mind contemplate often the solemn scene when the judgment shall
sit and the books shall be opened, when, with Daniel, every individual must stand in his lot, at the
end of days.
All who have received the light upon these subjects are to bear testimony of the great truths which
God has committed to them. The sanctuary in heaven is the very center of Christ's work in behalf
of men. It concerns every soul living upon the earth. It opens to view the plan of redemption, bringing
us down to the very close of time and revealing the triumphant issue of the contest between
righteousness and sin. It is of the utmost importance that all should thoroughly investigate these
subjects and be able to give an answer to everyone that asketh them a reason of the hope that is
in them."

Hebrews 4:14-16 (NIV)

14
Therefore, since we have a great high priest who has gone through the heavens,Jesus the
15
Son of God, let us hold firmly to the faith we profess. For we do not have a high priest who
is unable to sympathize with our weaknesses, but we have one who has been tempted in
every way, just as we are—yet was without sin.
16
Let us then approach the throne of grace with confidence, so that we may receive mercy and
find grace to help us in our time of need."

9. What kinds of animals were brought daily to the courtyard?

A young bull, rams, heifers, lambs, goats, and pigeons or doves were brought to the sanctuary daily. All
were ceremonially clean, without spot or blemish (John 1:29)

10. Write a paragraph or tell how you see Christ represented in the sanctuary and its services.
Christ represented the sanctuary with many things. For example the animals being sacrificed represents
Jesus coming to die for us. The message of the sanctuary was a message of salvation God used its
services to proclaim the gospel (Heb.4:2). The earthly sanctuary services were a symbol of for the then
present time. Through the symbol and ritual God purposed by means of this gospel-parable to focus the
faith of Israel upon the sacrifice and priestly ministry of the world Redeemer, the "Lamb of God" who would
take away the sin of the world.

Sanctuary illustrated three phases of Christ's ministry: 1) The substitutionary sacrifice 2) The priestly
mediation 3) The final judgment

Sanctuary

Outreach Ministries Skill Level 1

Original Honor 2004

1. Name the three main parts of the sanctuary and the court yard.

The court, the Holy Place and the Most Holy Place.

a. Tell what was in each part.

• The Court: The Altar of Sacrifice, the Laver

• Holy Place: Table of Shewbread, Seven-branched Lampstand, Altar of Incense

• Most Holy Place: - Ark of Covenant, Mercy Seat, Cherubim

b. Tell what each piece of furniture represents.

• Altar of Sacrifice: Jesus's sacrifice

• Laver: Cleansing from sin, form of Baptism

• Table of Shewbread: Jesus, Bread of Life

• Seven-branched Lampstand: Jesus, Light of the world (Oil=Holy Spirit)

• Altar of Incense: Prayers ascending to Heaven, intercession & merits of Christ

• Ark of Covenant: The presence of God (10 Commandments - Christ the end of the law)

• Mercy Seat: Meeting Place

 • Cherubim: God's attributes

2. Draw a scale model of the sanctuary, the court yard and the position of all the furnishings. (Remember
to add N, S, E, W)

3. How many coverings were over the sanctuary?

Four (4)

a. List the type of coverings in the order from inside to outside.

1. Inner royal liner: Covering was made of red, blue, purple linens. Angels were embroidered in gold throughout
the fabric

2. Goat's hair: bleached white

3. Ram's skin: dyed red

4. Badger's skin: plain and brown

b. Tell what each covering represented.

1. Inner royal liner represents Jesus. Red represents Christ's life. Blue represents His obedience. Purple represents
royalty. Gold represents purity.

2. Woven goat's hair represents Jesus' perfection and purity.

3. The ram's skin dyed red represents the blood of Jesus.

4. The badger's skin represents Jesus covered His divinity with humanity.

4. The following colors were used in the sanctuary and in the priests clothing. Tell what each color
represented.

a. Red: Christ's blood (Hebrews 9:11,12)

b. Blue: Obedience (Numbers 15:38,39)

c. Purple: Royalty (Matthew 27:28,29)

d. White: Righteousness, Purity (Revelation 19:8)

e. Black: Sin (1 John 1:5)

f. Gold: Divinity in Heaven (Job 22:25)

g. Silver: Longing Desire (John 4:34)

h. Brass: Divinity on Earth (Philippians 2:5-8 - Fully God, and Fully Man - Amalgamated)

5. Discuss and memorize 1 John 1:9, Daniel 8:14, and Exodus 25:8.

1 John 1:9: "If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all
unrighteousness."
Daniel 8:14: "And he said unto me, Unto two thousand and three hundred days; then shalt the sanctuary be
cleansed."

Exodus 25:8: "And let them make me a sanctuary; that I may dwell among them."

6. The priests were from which of the 12 tribes? Why?

They were from the tribe of Levi. They had refused to bow down and worship the golden calf.

7. Describe the robe of:

a. The common priest.

Wore linen breeches as an undergarments. The garments were woven of one piece, spotless, without any blemish.
All the regular priests wore a plain, white linen robe and turban. And always removed their sandals before entering
the Sanctuary. (Exodus 28 and 39)

b. The high priest.

First, like all priests he wore linen breeches as an undergarments. The garments were woven of one piece, spotless,
without any blemish. Next to the undergarment, he wore an embroidered linen coat, again woven of one piece of
fabric. The coat was decorated with embroidery. The coat was tied with an embroidered girdle. Over this the High
Priest wore a one-piece sleeveless solid blue robe. On the hem of the blue robe hung tinkling little golden bells and
bright pomegranates.

The ephod, was worn outside the blue robe - a shorter garment of gold, blue, purple and scarlet, and fine twined
linen. The ephod was fastened at the shoulders with two onyx stones, on each were engraved the names of the six
of the tribes of Israel. On the ephod the High Priest wore a breastplate made of two pieces of fabric fastened together.
In the breastplate, next to the heart of the High Priest, were two onyx stones called the Urim and the Thummim,
through which God made know His will.

On the outside of the breastplate were 12 precious stones. They were arranged in one row under another in four
rows of three. Their sequence, from left to right and from top to bottom were: sardis (brownish red), topaz (yellow to
yellowish red), carbuncle (red), emerald (clear green), sapphire (deep blue), diamond (sparkling clear), jacinth (bright
yellow), agate (delicate blue), amethyst (violet), beryl (green-yellow), onyx (bright yellow), jasper (red, brown, or
yellow).

On his head, a mitre or crown, fastened to the forefront of it with a ribbon of blue, was a plate of pure gold on which
was engraved the inscription 'HOLINESS TO THE LORD' (Exodus 28 and 39)

8. Read and discuss The Great Controversy page 488 and Hebrews 4:14-16.

The Great Controversy: "The subject of the sanctuary and the investigative judgment should be clearly understood
by the people of God. All need knowledge for themselves of the position and work of their great High Priest.
Otherwise it will be impossible for them to exercise the faith which is essential at this time or to occupy the position
which God designs them to fill. Every individual has a soul to save or to lose. Each has a case pending at the bar of
God. Each must meet the great Judge face to face. How important, then that every mind contemplate often the
solemn scene when the judgment shall sit and the books shall be opened, when, with Daniel, every individual must
stand in his lot, at the end of days.

All who have received the light upon these subjects are to bear testimony of the great truths which God has
committed to them. The sanctuary in heaven is the very center of Christ's work in behalf of men. It concerns every
soul living upon the earth. It opens to view the plan of redemption, bringing us down to the very close of time and
revealing the triumphant issue of the contest between righteousness and sin. It is of the utmost importance that all
should thoroughly investigate these subjects and be able to give an answer to everyone that asked them a reason
of the hope that is in them."
Hebrews 4:14-16: "14.Therefore, since we have a great high priest who has gone through the heavens, Jesus the
Son of God, let us hold firmly to the faith we profess. 15.For we do not have a high priest who is unable to sympathize
with our weaknesses, but we have one who has been tempted in every way, just as we are—yet was without sin.
16.Let us then approach the throne of grace with confidence, so that we may receive mercy and find grace to help
us in our time of need."

9. What kinds of animals were brought daily to the courtyard?

Young Bull, rams, heifers, lambs, goats, pigeon/dove. All were ceremonially clean. Gentleness, without spot or
blemish (John 1:29)

10. Write a paragraph or tell how you see Christ represented in the sanctuary and its services.
1. Construct a diagram of a fresh-water pond ecosystem with pasted-on animal cut outs.

Inhabitants

What kinds of life can live in a fresh-water pond ecosystem? Consider these:
Can you think of others?

Habitats

There are four distinct habitats in a fresh-water pond ecosystem:

Surface film

The surface film is the top six inches of water on the pond's surface. This habitat is where many types of life
exist, including mosquito larvae, air-breathing animals, and insects that can "walk" on the surface by exploiting
its surface tension. Life on the surface is not limited to the animal kingdom however. You may also find floating
plants and algae there.

Open water

fish, turtles, plankton, phytoplankton, crustaceans

Bottom

Animals that live in the mud on the bottom of a pond include crayfish, dragonfly nymphs, rotifers, and bacteria.
These animals feed on dead organic matter that makes its way to the bottom. Shore

On the shore of a pond you will find many plants. Some of these plants grow on the bank, others grow in the
water, and still others grow in both places. Some plants will have roots under the water, but stems, leaves, and
flowers above the surface. Others will grow completely under the water.
http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1992/5/92.05.07.x.html
 2. Pick one mammal, bird, reptile, and amphibian from yourhome environment, and for each construct
a diagram of its ecological pyramid.

An Ecological Pyramid (or Trophic pyramid) is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or
productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem. Biomass pyramids show the abundance or biomass of
organisms at each trophic level, while productivity pyramids show the production or turn-over in biomass. Ecological
Pyramids begin with producers on the bottom and proceed through the various trophic levels, the highest of which
is on top.

3. Know the meaning of the following terms

a. Ecology

The science of the relationships between organisms and their environments.

b. Community

Refers to the organisms (plants and animals) in an ecosystem

c. Food chain

Describes the feeding relationships between species in an ecological community. They graphically represent
the transfer of material and energy from one species to another within an ecosystem. Organisms are
connected to the organisms they consume by arrows representing the direction of biomass transfer.

d. Commensalism

Describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is neither harmed
nor helped.
e. Ecological succession

A fundamental concept in ecology, refers to more-or-less predictable and orderly changes in the composition
or structure of an ecological community. f. Plankton

Plankton are any drifting organism that inhabits the water column of oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh
water. They are widely considered to be some of the most important organisms on Earth, due to the food supply
they provide to most aquatic life. g. Conservation

The science of analyzing and protecting Earth's biological diversity. Conservation biology draws from the
biological, physical and social sciences, economics, and the practice of natural-resource management.

h. Climax community

The term climax community is a largely obsolete ecological term for a biological community of plants and
animals which, through the process of ecological succession the development of vegetation in an area over
time - has reached a steady state. Support among ecologists for the climax theory declined, because they
found the theory with its many coined terms difficult to apply, because they were dissatisfied how it compared
to observed individual organisms, and because better theories developed. Despite the overall abandonment
of climax theory, during the 1990s use of climax concepts again became more popular among some
theoretical ecologists. Many authors and natureenthusiasts continue to use the term "climax" in a diluted form
to refer to what might otherwise be called mature or old-growth communities.

i. Eutrophication

Eutrophication refers to an increase in the primary productivity of any ecosystem. It is caused by the increase
of chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus. It may occur on land or in water. In
aquatic environments, enhanced growth of choking aquatic vegetation or phytoplankton (that is, an algal bloom)
disrupts normal functioning of the ecosystem, causing a variety of problems. j. Biome

A biome is a major class of ecologically similar communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms, often
referred to as ecosystems. Biomes are defined based on factors such as plant structures (such as trees,
shrubs, and grasses), leaf types (such as broadleaf and needleleaf), plant spacing (forest, woodland,
savanna), and other factors like climate. Unlike ecozones, biomes are not defined by genetinoc, taxonomic,
or historical similarities. Biomes are often identified with particular patterns of ecological succession and
climax vegetation.

4. Make detailed field observations and a careful library bookstudy of the habitat of some small animal
in your own environment. Write a report of about 700 words, one-half from your field observations and one-
half from your book study.

The choice of an animal to study is totally up to you. You may wish to choose one that you see a lot (which will
provide ample opportunities for study), or you may choose a rare species (which may be more interesting). Make a
list of species that interest you, then go to the library and find several books on each. Then look them over briefly to
help narrow your choice. Finally, make field observations. Look over the Animal Tracking honor to help you find
indicators of the species you are studying. Find out what the animal likes to eat and look for signs of its dinner. If you
cannot find any sign of the creature you wish to study, you may wish to select a different one.

For your field study, take a camera, notepad, and pencil. Take copious notes of everything you see. When you are
finished with your observations, start organizing your notes and combine them with the information you gathered
from the library books to write your report.

5. Define an ecosystem and state what the basic biological andphysical factors are that keep it a
balanced system.

Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms in an area functioning
together with all the non-living physical factors of the environment.

Ecological balance has been defined as "A stable balance in the numbers of each species in an ecosystem." A
healthy ecology is one that is in balance.

Biological Factors

Biological factors influence ecosystem viability; these factors are considered as either intraspecific and interspecific
relations.

Intraspecific relations are those which are established between individuals of the same species, forming a population.
They are relations of co-operation or competition, with division of the territory, and sometimes organization in
hierarchical societies.

Interspecific relations—interactions between different species—are numerous, and usually described according to
their beneficial, detrimental or neutral effect (for example, mutualism (relation ++) or competition (relation --). The
most significant relation is the relation of predation (to eat or to be eaten), which leads to the essential concepts in
ecology of food chains (for example, the grass is consumed by the herbivore, itself consumed by a carnivore, itself
consumed by a carnivore of larger size). A high predator to prey ratio can have a negative influence on both the
predator and prey populations in that low availability of food and high death rate prior to sexual maturity can decrease
(or prevent the increase of) populations of each, respectively. Selective hunting of species by humans which leads
to population decline is one example of a high predator to prey ratio in action. Other interspecific relations include
parasitism, infectious disease and competition for limiting resources, which can occur when two species share the
same ecological niche.

Physical Factors

Physical factors are geological, geographical, hydrological and climatological parameters. Specific physical factors
include:

Water, which is at the same time an essential element to life and a milieu

Air, which provides oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide to living species and allows the dissemination of pollen
and spores
 Soil, at the same time source of nutriment and physical support

Soil pH, salinity, nitrogen and phosphorus content, ability to retain water, and density are all influential

Temperature, which should not exceed certain extremes, even if tolerance to heat is significant for some species

Light, which provides energy to the ecosystem through photosynthesis

Natural disasters (volcanoes, floods, etc.) can also be considered physical factors

6. Investigate the disposal of trash in your community. How much is disposed per family per day? per week?
per year? How better can it be taken care of?

Contact your local waste management authority to gather data for this requirement.

Collection methods vary widely between different countries and regions, and it would be impossible to describe them
all. For example, in Australia most urban domestic households have a 240 liter bin that is emptied weekly by the
local council. In Europe and a few other places around the world, a few communities use a proprietary collection
system known as Envac, which conveys refuse via underground conduits using a vacuum system. Roosevelt Island
has had this system since 1975. In Canadian urban centers curbside collection is the most common method of
disposal, whereby the city collects waste and/or recyclables and/or organics on a scheduled basis. In rural areas
people usually dispose of their waste at transfer stations. Waste collected is then transported to a regional landfill.

Many areas, especially those in less developed countries, do not have a formal waste-collection system in place.

Disposal methods also vary widely. In Australia, the most common method of disposal of solid waste is in landfill
sites, as it is a large country with a low-density population. By contrast, in Japan it is more common for waste to be
incinerated, because the country is smaller and land is scarce.

7. Check the daily paper for one month for the nearest large city for the air pollution level or air quality and
plot on graph paper the results for the month. Find out what caused the peaks on your graph.

There are numerous weather sites on the Internet that post the Air Quality Index, (AQI). One such site is
http://www.wunderground.com/

Another resource is the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (EPA), which plots the AQI for the United States and
Canada at http://airnow.gov/

The EPA calculates the AQI for five major air pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act: ground-level ozone, particle
pollution (also known as particulate matter), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.

Ozone

In the Earth's lower atmosphere, near ground level, ozone is formed when pollutants emitted by cars, power
plants, industrial boilers, refineries, chemical plants, and other sources react chemically in the presence of
sunlight. Ozone at ground level is a harmful air pollutant.
Particle pollution

There are both natural and human sources of atmospheric particulates. The biggest natural sources are dust,
volcanoes, and forest fires. Sea spray is also a large source of particles though most of these fall back to the
ocean close to where they were emitted. The biggest human sources of particles are combustion sources,
mainly the burning of fossil fuel in internal combustion engines in automobiles and power plants, and wind
blown dust from construction sites and other land areas where the water or vegetation has been removed.
Some of these particles are emitted directly to the atmosphere (primary emissions) and some are emitted as
gases and form particles in the atmosphere (secondary emissions).

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It is the product
of the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing compounds, notably in internal-combustion engines. It
has significant fuel value, burning in air with a characteristic blue flame, producing carbon dioxide. Despite
its serious toxicity, CO is extremely useful and underpins much modern technology, being a precursor to a
myriad of useful — even life-saving — products. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one
oxygen atom. It is a gas at room temperature.

Sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum
contain various amounts of sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation
of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO 2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain.

Nitrogen dioxide

Nitrogen dioxide is toxic by inhalation. Symptoms of poisoning tend to appear several hours after one has
inhaled a low but potentially fatal dose. Also, low concentrations (4 ppm) will anesthetize the nose, thus
creating a potential for overexposure. Long-term exposure to NO2 at concentrations above 40–100 µg/m³
causes adverse health effects. The most important source of NO 2 is internal combustion engines, which emit
nitrogen oxides near people. A major industrial source is pulp mills.

8. List ten ways in which you might actively work to improve the environment in which you live. Put four of
these into practice.

Here are a few.

1. Reduce the amount of resources you consume.

2. Reuse things you might otherwise throw away.

3. Recycle as many things as you can.

4. Reduce the amount of junk mail by getting your name off mailing lists.

5. Compost your yard waste and kitchen scraps.

 6. Clean up a stream bank.

7. Adopt a highway, park, or alley.

8. Plant a tree.

9. Grow a garden.

10. Manage your lawn naturally (no fertilizer, pesticides, or weed killers).

11. Choose native species over non-native ones for your landscaping needs.

12. Use drought-resistant plants to reduce or eliminate watering.

13. Walk instead of driving short distances.

14. Ride a bicycle instead of driving moderate distances.

15. Use Mass Transit if it is available to you.

16. Combine trips so that when you must drive, you drive less.

17. Drive a fuel-efficient vehicle.

18. Slow down - don't speed, start slowly, and coast to stop lights. Driving gently saves a lot of gas.

19. Write letters to your elected representatives about environmental issues.

20. Wear a sweater in the winter and turn down the thermostat.

21. Eat organic foods which place a lighter burden on the environment.

22. Go solar or use wind power.

23. Take short showers instead of long ones or baths.

24. Insulate your water heater.

25. Install weather stripping on doors.

9. Find a Spirit of Prophecy quotation and a Bible text pertinent to ecology, and be able to explain their
relevance and application to our day.

Spirit of Prophecy

This text is one possibility:

 Through the influence of Jezebel and her impious priests, the people were taught that the idol gods that had
been set up were deities, ruling by their mystic power the elements of earth, fire, and water. All the bounties
of heaven--the running brooks, the streams of living water, the gentle dew, the showers of rain which
refreshed the earth and caused the fields to bring forth abundantly--were ascribed to the favor of Baal and
Ashtoreth, instead of to the Giver of every good and perfect gift. The people forgot that the hills and valleys,
the streams and fountains, were in the hand of the living God, that He controlled the sun, the clouds of heaven,
and all the powers of nature. - Conflict and Courage, page 198 (http://e
gwdatabase.whiteestate.org/nxt/gateway.dll/egw-comp/section00000.htm/book00568.htm/
chapter00767.htm)

Another excellent text is chapter 2 of Patriarchs and Prophets, which describes how Adam was given dominion over
the newly created Earth.

Bible
Psalm 8 asserts that God has put man in charge of the Earth:

You have made him to have dominion over the works of Your hands;
You have put all things under his feet,

All sheep and oxen—

Even the beasts of the field,

The birds of the air,

And the fish of the sea
That pass through the paths of the seas. - NKJV
If He has put Man in charge of these things, then Man is responsible for their well-being.
1. List ten benefits of being physically fit.

1. You will have more energy

2. Effective weight control

3. Less likely to suffer from constipation

4. Improved brain function and concentration

5. Less depression

6. Better self-image & self-confidence

7. Better sleep

8. Greater bone strength

9. Fewer 'aches and pains' and other physical complaints

10. Improved ability to handle stress

11. More leisure opportunities available to you

12. Easier pregnancy and childbirth

2. Know how the following help to achieve a balance for your body

a. Exercise

Exercise, especially aerobic exercise, improves the function of the heart and lungs. It also improves the
oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. These are all important for avoiding heart disease and clogged
arteries (which can cause early death). Exercise also consumes calories, which helps control weight.
When exercise and diet are in balance, the calories taken in equal the calories expended, and weight is
maintained.

Exercise also alters the chemical balance in your body, producing mood-lifting endorphins which make a
person feel happier.
Our bodies were designed for regular activity, but sadly, people in modern times are mostly sedentary.
Exercise is a great way to restore the body's natural need for activity, making it function the way it was
intended to by our Creator.

b. Proper eating

A good diet improves your physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual well-being. If you take in more calories
each day than you expend, you will gain weight. This is true whether you are under-weight, overweight,
or at a healthy weight. Conversely, if you take in fewer calories than you expend, you will lose weight, and
again, this is true regardless of how much you currently weigh.

Proper eating means that your vitamin and mineral intake is sufficient to prevent disease, that your caloric
intake is equal to your caloric needs, and that the types of food you eat are well balanced. It means that
the amount of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat in your diet is also balanced.

If your diet is not well-balanced, your health will suffer. For instance, if your diet does not provide you with
enough calcium, your body will "steal" calcium from your bones (calcium is needed in order for your
muscles to function). This will weaken your bones which will make them more fragile and susceptible to
fractures. If your diet does not provide you with sufficient vitamins, you will get a disease - indeed, that is
the very definition of vitamin. Any nutrient whose lack causes a disease is a vitamin. It is also possible to
take too many vitamins and get vitamin poisoning. So it is important that your vitamin intake is also
balanced.

If your diet contains too much fat, it will build up under your skin and in your arteries. This is bad for your
heart, as it constricts the passage through which the heart must pump your blood. In other words, it makes
your heart have to work harder to achieve the same results.

c. Emotional stability

Emotional stability helps us to positively deal with stress in our lives. Exercise and diet both play an
important part in emotional stability. Too much (or too little) food can contribute to irritability. Regular
exercise is a great outlet for stress, and sticking with a regular exercise program tends to help people stick
with other things as well, enabling them to solve difficult problems at work or in school.

3. Define the following exercises

a. Isometric

Isometric exercise is a form of physical exercise in which the muscles flex and hold a stationary position.
No movement of a load takes place, and the exercises require little in the way of equipment. An example
of an isometric exercise is placing the palms of the hands against each other and pushing. Isometric
exercises are primarily used in physiotherapy and injury rehabilitation because the intensity can be rapidly
and precisely adjusted, which makes them very safe. They are now rarely used outside this context. b.
Isotonic

Isotonic exercise is a form of strength training in which each effort is performed against a specific opposing
force. Exercises are isotonic if a body part is moving against the force. Exercises are isometric if a body
part is holding still against the force. Resistance exercise is used to develop the strength and size of
skeletal muscles. Properly performed, resistance training can provide significant functional benefits and
improvement in overall health and well-being, though it does very little for the cardiovascular system. The
classic example is weight lifting.

c. Isokinetic

Isokinetic exercise is similar to isotonic exercise, except that motion is resisted through an entire circuit.
In weight lifting, resistance is present only when lifting - gravity lowers the weights. In isotonic training, the
downward motion is also resisted.

d. Anaerobic

Anaerobic exercise requires very little oxygen uptake. An example would be sprinting, as a sprinter can
run the 100 yard dash while holding his breath. Short bursts of exercise fall into this category. e. Aerobic

Aerobic exercise is the most beneficial of all the types listed here, as it requires the body to use large
amounts of oxygen over an extended period of time. This improves cardiovascular health. Examples
include jogging, swimming, skating, and many other activities.

4. Know the meaning of the principles involved in the following exercise program

a. Warm up

There are two purposes for warming up before exercising. The first is that it stretches and warms
the muscles, decreasing the likelihood of an injury. The second is that it gradually increases the
heart rate in preparation for the workout. Warming up can be as easy as doing leg stretches for a
few minutes. Slowly warming up can help people do even more aerobic exercise than if they had
not warmed up at all.

b. Aerobic exercises

This is the main part of an exercise program, and the part from which most of the benefits of exercise
are derived. Any exercise that increases oxygen intake and increases the heart rate past the target
rate and is performed for at least 20 minutes can be considered aerobic.
c. Cool down

The cool down phase should last for about five minutes after the aerobic phase. It allows the heart
to gradually slow down. If you were jogging, walk around for five minutes. If you were swimming,
walk around in the shallow end of the pool. If you were bicycling, get off the bike and walk it around
for five minutes. Most heart attacks that happen in conjunction with an exercise program occur after
the aerobic phase. Allowing the heart to gradually slow protects it and lessens the chance of an
incident.

d. Calisthenics

This portion of the program should last ten minutes. It builds up muscle strength which decreases
the chance of injury during future aerobic activities.

5. Know how to determine your heart rate at rest and after exercise.

First you'll need to find your pulse. You can do this by placing a finger on your wrist just below the thumb
joint, or by placing your hand over your heart. If you have just exercised, you can often hear your heart
beat, and feel it as well. If you cannot, then you'll need to take your pulse the same way as when you are
at rest. The only problem with determining your heart rate after exercise is that what you really want to do
is determine what it was when you were exercising, and when you stop exercising, the heart slows. It
takes a few seconds to find your pulse, and then at least 15 seconds to measure it, and in that time, the
heart can slow significantly. Therefore, you should add 10% to whatever number you measure.

If you have a stethoscope, you can hear your heart even when you are rested. You can also find your
pulse by placing a finger on the neck below the jaw, but this is not recommended as placing pressure
there can alter your heart rate.

Once you find your pulse, count the heartbeats over a 15 second interval. Then multiply by four. You can
also count the heartbeats over a 20 second period and multiply by 3, or over a 30 second period and
multiply by 2. Do not use a period shorter than 15 seconds though, as any errors are also multiplied, and
it is better to multiply them by a small number than by a large one. For instance, if you count 7 pulses over
6 seconds when you should have counted 8, you will miscalculate your heart rate by 10 beats.

6. Know how to determine the minimum rate at which your heart should be beating to obtain
the best aerobic conditioning effect.

Men

Use the following formula for men:

In words, you subtract half your age from 205 and then multiply by 80%. Let's run through this for an 18-
year-old man.

First take half of 18 which is 9. Subtracting that from 205 gives us 196. Multiplying 196 by 80 and dividing
by one hundred (to get 80%) gives us 156.8 which we can round to 157.

Women

Use the following formula for women:

In words, you subtract your age from 220 and then multiply by 80%. Let's run through this for an 18 yearold
woman.

First subtract 18 from 220 which gives us 202. Multiplying 202 by 80 and dividing by one hundred (to get
80%) gives us 161.6 which we can round to 162.

7. Using the four steps given in requirement 4, do a regular exercise program at least four times a
week for three months. For each exercise period, maintain the minimum heart rate determined in
requirement 6 for a period of at least 20 minutes.

Keep a chart of the following

a. Type of warm-up exercises performed b. Type of aerobic exercises performed c. How long
aerobic exercises were performed d. Type of calisthenics performed

If you are over the age of 35, you should have a medical examination (including a stress test) before
starting any exercise program.

The warm-up should last for two or three minutes, and should be something easy like stretches.

Choose an exercise that you enjoy, as this will make it a lot easier to stick with it. Any activity that raises
your heart rate above the rate determined in requirement 6 for at least 20 minutes will do. Suggestions
include cross-country skiing, swimming, running, and jogging. You can also skate or ride a bicycle, but be
careful that you are exercising the whole time and not just "coasting". It is also possible to get your heart
rate up by walking, but you will have to walk vigorously, and it may take a little while to get your heart rate
up to the minimum. Don't start counting the 20 minutes until the heart rate reaches the target.
1. Draw the food pyramid guide. List the number of servings required from each group per day. Why is it
important to eat a balanced diet?
The food pyramid guide is updated and published by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). They
replaced the food pyramid with "MyPlate" in 2011. The food pyramid is no longer promulgated by the U.S.
government. If you wish to continue teaching the food pyramid concept, you could use the Loma Linda University
Vegetarian Food Pyramid instead. Both are shown below:

Loma Linda University Vegetarian Food Pyramid

2011 Version of the USDA nutrition guide

Important facts always eat a balanced diet

2. Explain the difference between the following

The prefix lacto means milk, and can be found in words such as lactose (a chemical found in milk).

The prefix ovo means egg, and can be found in words such as oval (which means egg-shaped).

These prefixes are used to describe the exceptions to a vegetarian diet as follows:

a. Lacto-ovo vegetarian

A lacto-ovo vegetarian is a person who eats no animal products (such as meat) except for milk (and milk products
such as cheese, ice cream, and yogurt), and eggs.

b. Ovo vegetarian

An ovo vegetarian is a person who eats no animal products (no meat and no milk) except for eggs.
Vegan vegetarian

A vegan is a vegetarian who eats no animal products at all.

3. Plan a two-day menu, containing a balanced lacto-ovo vegetarian diet utilizing the food pyramid guide.
To do this using the current version of the USDA food pyramid, you must first go to ChooseMyPlate.gov
(http://choosemyplate.gov) and enter the Pathfinder's profile (age, sex, and physical activity). This will tell you how
much of each food category the Pathfinder should eat.

The values in the table below are for children who are physically active for 60 minutes or more per day. Use the
USDA website for adults and less active children.

USDA Food Pyramid

Food Group Grains Vegetables Fruits Milk Meat & Beans

10 year-old Male 7 oz 3 cups 2 cups 3 cups 6 ounces

10 year-old Female 6 oz 2.5 cups 2 cups 3 cups

5.5 ounces

11 year-old Male 7 oz 3 cups 2 cups 3 cups 6 ounces

11 year-old Female 6 oz 2.5 cups 2 cups 3 cups

5.5 ounces

12 year-old Male 8 oz 3 cups 2 cups 3 cups 6.5 ounces

12 year-old Female 7 oz 3 cups 2 cups 3 cups 6

ounces

13 year-old Male 9 oz 3.5 cups 2 cups 3 cups 6.5

ounces

13 year-old Female 7 oz 3 cups 2 cups 3 cups 6

ounces

14 year-old Male 10 oz 3.5 cups 2.5 cups 3 cups 7

ounces

14 year-old Female 8 oz 3 cups 2 cups 3 cups 6.5

ounces

15 year-old Male 10 oz 5 cups 2.5 cups 3 cups 7 ounces 15

year-old Female 8 oz 3 cups 2 cups 3 cups 6.5 ounces

4. What is another name for Vitamin B1 and B2?

Vitamin B1 is also known as thiamine. Beriberi is disease cause by a vitamin B1 deficiency.
Vitamin B2 is also known as riboflavin. It is required for red blood cell formation.

5. List at least three significant food sources of the following nutrients

a. Vitamin C: Citrus fruits (lime, lemon, orange, grapefruit), tomatoes, and potatoes are good common
sources of vitamin C. Other foods that are good sources of vitamin C include papaya, broccoli, brussels sprouts,
black currants, strawberries, cauliflower, spinach, cantaloupe, and kiwifruit. Also, cranberries and red peppers
are good sources of the vitamin.

b. Vitamin A: Milk and eggs are both animal sources of vitamin A. Carrots and spinach are both good plant
sources of vitamin A.

c. Vitamin B1: Good sources of vitamin B1 include whole grains (wheat, oats, rice, etc.), apricots, pineapples,
legumes, turnip greens, and pistachio nuts.
d. Vitamin B2: Milk, cheese, leafy green vegetables, liver, yeast, almonds and mature soybeans are good
sources of Vitamin B2, but exposure to light will destroy the riboflavin in these natural sources.

e. Iron: Good sources of dietary iron include meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, leaf vegetables, tofu,
chickpeas, blackeyed pea, strawberries and farina.
f. Calcium: Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well known source of calcium. However, some
individuals are allergic to dairy and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-
intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. This
includes nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame), beans; whole wheat; collard greens; okra; rutabaga;
broccoli; and fortified products such as orange juice and bread.

6. Why is it important to drink plenty of water every day? How much water should you drink every day?
It is important to drink plenty of water so that you do not get dehydrated. Your body needs water to help eliminate
waste and to keep the cells in the body hydrated.

Here are some ways to increase your water intake:

Drink a glass of water when you first get up in the morning, in the evening when you get home, and again
before you go to bed at night.

Keep a bottle of water beside your desk at work. Drink often throughout the day.

Drink before, during, and after any physical activity, such as walking, hiking, or biking.

Carry water with you when you travel. Drink often when flying, as the cabin air is very dry.

If your water doesn’t taste good, add a lemon or lime slice to improve the flavor. You can filter your water and
keep a pitcher in the fridge. Or, buy bottled water if the improved taste helps you drink more.

You should drink water whenever you are thirsty. A persistent myth is that a person needs to drink 8 eight ounce
glasses of water every day. While following this rule will cause no harm, it is completely unsupported by scientific
evidence [1] [2]. A person should replace the same amount of water he or she loses in a day. Water is lost through
urination, bowel elimination, sweating, and breathing. Remember that drinking is not the only way to replace lost
water: food contains a lot of water, and your body can absorb water through the skin. Again, the general rule is to
drink water whenever you are thirsty or whenever you want some.

7. Name three common diseases that can be controlled by diet.

Diabetes: The most important forms of diabetes are due to decreased or the complete absence of the production
of insulin (type 1 diabetes), or decreased sensitivity of body tissues to insulin (type 2 diabetes, the more common
form). The former requires insulin injections for survival; the latter is generally managed with diet, weight reduction
and exercise in about 20% of cases, though the majority require these strategies plus oral medication (insulin is
used if the tablets are ineffective).

Cardiovascular Disease: Attempts to prevent cardiovascular disease take the form of modifying risk factors. Some,
such as gender, age, and family history, cannot be modified. Smoking cessation (or abstinence) is one of the most
effective and easily modifiable changes. Also important is a low-fat, low-calorie diet, which helps one to maintain
a healthy body mass index (BMI) and preventing obesity. Regular cardiovascular exercise (aerobic exercise)
complements the healthful eating habits. Sometimes, the combination of diet and exercise will improve lipoprotein
(cholesterol) levels; if not, a physician may prescribe "cholesterol-lowering" drugs, such as the statins. Treatment
of cardiovascular disease depends on the specific form of the disease in each patient, but effective treatment
always includes preventative lifestyle changes discussed above. Medications, such as blood pressure reducing
medications, aspirin and other treatments may be involved.

Cancer: The consensus on diet and cancer is that obesity increases the risk of developing cancer. Particular dietary
practices often explain differences in cancer incidence in different countries (e.g. gastric cancer is more common
in Japan, while colon cancer is more common in the United States). Studies have shown that immigrants develop
the risk of their new country, suggesting a link between diet and cancer rather than a genetic basis.

8. What is the difference between whole wheat flour and white flour, and which one has the higher
nutritive value?
The two biggest differences between white flour and whole wheat are the processing and the nutritional value.
Whole wheat flour has the higher nutritive value.

Flour is made from wheat berries. The wheat berry is made up of the bran, the germ and the endosperm. All parts
are filled with nutrients and are used in whole wheat flour.

White flour on the other hand, uses only the endosperm - the starchy inner layer. There are a total of 30 nutrients
present in whole wheat flour that are missing in white flour. The nutritional difference is immense and has
measurable impact on our health.

The fiber content of whole wheat bread has several health benefits.
Fiber helps the digestive system. It also creates a 'full' sensation and thus can help with weight control. Research
has been conducted by Harvard and other organizations that shows men and women who eat high-fiber foods are
less likely to have heart attacks and strokes as compared to those who don't.

There is also an increased risk of diabetes in children who eat refined white flour - a risk that has been proven by
the increase in cases of childhood diabetes.

9. What does RDA stand for? What does it mean?

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient that is considered sufficient
to meet the requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group. The RDAs
are established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the (US) National Academy of Sciences.

10. Why is it important not to take excessive amounts of some vitamins and minerals?

Fat-soluble vitamins may be stored in the body and can cause toxicity when taken in excess. Water-soluble vitamins
are not stored in the body, with the exception of Vitamin B12, which is stored in the liver.

Some of the most common causes of vitamin poisoning are vitamins A, B 3 and B6. Conversely, certain vitamins do
not produce toxicity in excess levels: vitamin C has been used in clinical trials in dosages over 100,000 mg — over
1000 times the daily recommended intake — without ill effects.

Excess doses of mineral supplements can also lead to poisoning. Either or both of vitamin poisoning and mineral
supplement poisoning can occur due to excessive intake of multivitamin supplements.

1. Write 200 words or give a three-minute oral report about the history of computers.
1936

The first programmable computer is the Z1 originally created by Germany's Konrad Zuse in his
parents living room in 1936 to 1938 is considered to be the first electrical binary programmable
computer. The first digital computer, the ABC started being developed by Professor John Vincent
Atanasoff and graduate student Cliff Berry in 1937.

1943

Then followed the ENIAC, then the EDSAC as the first stored program electronic computer.

1954

Toshiba introduces its first computer, the TAC digital computer.

1958

NEC builds its first computer, the NEAC 1101

1960

Digital Equipment Corporation released its first of many PDP computers, the PDP-1

1966

Hewlett Packard released its first general computer, the HP - 2115

1974

XEROX ALTO is considered to be the first workstation.

1975

Ed Roberts coined the term personal computer when he introduced the Altair 8800,
although the first personal computer is considered to be the Kenback-1. 1981

IBM introduced the IBM PC.

1983

Compaq released its first computer and the first 100% IBM compatible computer, the Compaq
Portable

1984

IBM PCD later released the IBM portable.

1985

Dell introduced its first computer, the Turbo PC

1994

IBM introduces the IBM thinkPad 775CD, the first notebook with an integrated CD-ROM. The World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded.

1995

Java is introduced.

1998

Google is founded

2001

Windows XP & Mac OS X are released. Palm, Inc. introduced the Kyocera 6035, the first
smartphone in the United States.

2010

iPad is released (first commercially successful tablet computer).

2. Define the following terms

Hardware

Hardware is any physical portion of a computing device, such as memory, motherboard etc
//These are tangible parts of the computer system//

Software

Software is a term describing a set of instructions that control the operation of a computer. Software can
be easily changed and updated. Once it has been created, it can be reproduced very cheaply. This is
because software is not something that can be touched or held in a person's hand. The media on which
the software is written can be touched, but the media does not generally look any different after the
software is written to it. Software can be stored on many types of media, and can in fact be distributed
without the use of a storage medium (other than its final storage destination on a computer's hard drive).
Floppy Disk

A floppy disk is a removable storage media for computers. It consists of a plastic disk coated with a
magnetic material encased in a plastic sheath. Data can be stored on them by changing the magnetic
properties of very tiny areas on the disk. The data can be read back by detecting these magnetic fields.

Floppy disks are no longer in widespread use, having been replaced by writable CD ROMs, flash drives,
and computer networks. In their heyday, they were used for distributing software, exchanging data
between computers, data storage, and for data archival.

Hard drive

A hard drive is a nonvolatile data storage device. It works by the same principals as a floppy disc, except
that it is much faster, has much greater storage capacity, and is usually not removable from the computer.
Most hard drives consist of several aluminum platters stacked on a spindle. The platters (or disks) are
coated with a material whose magnetic properties are easily detected (for reading) and changed (for
writing). The computer's operating system is usually stored on the hard drive as are most of the other
programs the computer runs. Data stored on a hard drive will not be destroyed if the computer is turned
off.

Mainframe

A mainframe is a large, powerful computer shared by many users. It is generally located someplace in a
building separate from where its users are. The users of a mainframe connect to it through a terminal
consisting of a keyboard and a monitor. A mainframe can be connected to many terminals - and therefore
many users at a time. The terminals are connected to the mainframe by a network. Some terminals are
also equipped with a mouse and speakers. Full access to a mainframe is usually reserved for the system
administrator who is responsible for installing software, performing maintenance, and creating user
accounts. Regular mainframe users generally do not have privileges to install new software or alter files
belonging to other users.

Desktop Computer

A desktop computer is a small computer system that is dedicated to a small number of users. This type of
computer is often found in homes and offices and is capable of running stand-alone (that is, in the absence
of another computer such as a mainframe). Desktop computers do not take up a lot of space, but they are
not easy to move from one location to another (like a laptop).

Laptop Computer

A laptop computer is a small, portable computer. They are generally not as powerful as desktop computers
selling for the same amount. Laptops come in a "clamshell" design, such that the video display can be
folded down over the keyboard when the computer is not in use, or when it is transported. The circuitry is
located beneath the keyboard. Laptops are designed to maximize battery life and minimize size and
weight.

ROM

ROM is an acronym that stands for Read Only Memory. This is a form of computer memory whose
contents cannot be altered except when it is manufactured. It is typically used to store a computer's boot
program. The boot program is the first program to execute when a computer is turned on, and it typically
loads an operating system into main (writable) memory from some other storage media (such as a
harddrive, cd rom drive, or network).

RAM

RAM is an acronym that stands for Random Access Memory.

"Random access" means that the contents of the memory can be
accessed in any random order. The term was originally coined to
differentiate it from serial memory (such as data stored on a
magnetic tape). The contents of a serial memory could only be
accessed sequentially. RAM is a volatile memory, which means
that when the power is turned off, the information stored there is
lost.

RAM can be accessed very quickly by the computer. Its contents

can be both read and written. Most programs on a computer are
loaded into and executed from RAM. RAM is also used as "scratch
space" where the computer stores the results of calculations.

Alphanumeric

The set of all letters and numbers. An alphanumeric value is any Different RAM types. From top

string made up of only letters and numbers. For instance, "a12bgj", to bottom: DIP, SIPP, SIMM 30

"1234", and "ABCD" are all alphanumeric, whereas "aB$4" is not pin, SIMM 72 pin, DIMM (168-

(it contains the '$' symbol which is neither a letter nor a number). pin), DDR DIMM (184-pin).

CPU

CPU is an acronym that stands for "Central Processing Unit." This

is the "brain" behind a computer, and is where all the arithmetic, logic, and program flow is
performed.

Circuit Board

A circuit board is a stiff sheet of material upon which various components of a circuit are
soldered. It supplies the connections between the components as well as a platform on which
they are mounted.

Cursor

The cursor is a visual indicator on a computer display. It shows where on the display the next
keyboard entry will be made. In a graphical system, the cursor may be moved around the
screen with a mouse. In a text system, the cursor may be moved around using the arrow keys
on the keyboard.

Port

A port is an external connection on a computer. It provides a connection to an external device

such as a mouse, keyboard, printer, external modem, camera, or other device.

Program

A program is a series of computer instructions that when executed performs a predetermined

task.

DOS or OS

OS stands for "Operating System" and DOS stands for "Disk Operating System." An operating
system is a program that coordinates the rest of the computer. It allows other programs to run
and generally provides an easy mechanism for other programs to access various hardware
devices on the computer. A Disk operating system is an operating system that is loaded from
a hard drive or floppy drive.

Rom

A CD Rom is a type of computer storage medium. "CD ROM" stands for "Compact Disc, Read
Only Memory". These devices were originally developed for storing music, but were pressed
into service for storing all kinds of computer data after their initial introduction. A typical CD
Rom can store approximately 650 megabytes of data. The data on a CD Rom is read from the
disc by a laser beam in a CD Rom drive.

3. What are the proper handling and storage techniques for disks?

Disks should be stored away from devices that create magnetic fields such as speakers and
video monitors. They should be kept free from dust and moisture, and should not be bent or
folded. Care should be taken to not scratch compact discs.

4. Describe the function of and point out the following components of a personal
computer

Keyboard

A computer keyboard is a peripheral modelled after the typewriter keyboard. Keyboards are
designed for the input of text and characters, and also to control the operation of the computer.
Physically, computer keyboards are an arrangement of rectangular or near-rectangular
buttons, or "keys". Keyboards typically have characters engraved or printed on the keys; in
most cases, each press of a key corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce
some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously, or in sequence;
other keys do not produce any symbol, but instead affect the operation of the computer, or the
keyboard itself.

Roughly 50% of all keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters). Other
keys can produce actions when pressed, and other actions are available by
simultaneously pressing more than one action key.
Monitor

A computer display, monitor or screen is a computer peripheral device capable of showing still
or moving images generated by a computer.

System Unit or Central Processing Unit

The system unit is the part of a computer that contains the microprocessor,
memory, and hardrive. It is the "main" component of a desktop computer system or a
mainframe. All other devices (such as the monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.) plug
Typical into it. It is sometimes also called the "Central Processing Unit," although that
term is computer

also used to describe the microprocessor. monitor

Printer

A computer printer is a device which records computer output to paper. Printers come in many
forms as described in a later section.

Disk Drive

A disk drive is a device which stores data onto a platter (the disc) which has been coated with
a magnetically sensitive material. Data on a disk drive can be stored for long periods of time
even when the device is powered off. There are two types of disk drives: hard drives and
floppy drives.

5. Know the difference between and uses for the following printers

Letter Quality

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A letter-quality printer was a form of computer impact printer that was able to print with the
quality typically expected from a business typewriter such as an IBM Selectric.

Over time, several different technologies were used including automating ordinary typebar
typewriter mechanisms (such as the Friden Flexowriter), automating IBM Selectric
mechanisms (such as the IBM 2741 terminal), and, finally, the daisy wheel printer. The
Selectric-based and daisy wheel printers offered the additional advantage that the typeface
was readily changeable by the user to accommodate varying needs.
Because of its low cost, the daisy wheel printer became the most successful of the three types.
Most letter quality printers were available either as complete computer terminals with
keyboards or as print-only devices.

Nowadays, printers using non-impact printing (for example laser printers, inkjet printers, and
other similar means) have replaced traditional letter-quality printers in most applications.

Dot Matrix

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer refers to a type of computer printer with a print
head that runs back and forth on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth
ribbon against the paper, much like a typewriter. Unlike a typewriter or daisy wheel printer,
letters are drawn out of a dot matrix, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be
produced. Because the printing involves mechanical pressure, these printers can create
carbon copies and carbonless copies.

Each dot is produced by a tiny metal rod, also called a "wire" or "pin", which uses the power
of a tiny electromagnet or solenoid to drive it forward, either directly or through small levers.

In the 1970s and 1980s, dot matrix impact printers were generally considered the best
combination of expense and versatility, and until the 1990s they were by far the most common
form of printer used with personal computers.

Laser

A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that produces high quality printing, and
is able to produce both text and graphics.

An electric charge is first projected onto a revolving drum. The drum has a surface of a special
plastic or garnet. Electronics drive a system that writes light onto the drum with a laser. The
light causes the electrostatic charge to leak from the exposed parts of the drum. The surface
of the drum passes through a bath of very fine particles of dry plastic powder, or toner. The
charged parts of the drum electrostatically attract the particles of powder. The drum then
deposits the powder on a piece of paper. The paper passes through a fuser, which, with heat
and pressure, bonds the plastic powder to the paper.

Laser printers are the workhorse printer of the business world. They are capable of producing
very high quality prints very cheaply. Although most laser printers only work in black and white,
some models can also produce color prints. Because of their speed and economy, laser
printers have largely replaced all other types of printers except ink jet and thermal printers.

Plotter

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Plotters print their output by moving a pen across the surface of a piece of paper. This means
that plotters are restricted to line art, rather than raster graphics as with other printers. They
can draw complex line art, including text, but do so very slowly because of the mechanical
movement of the pens. (Plotters are incapable of creating a solid region of color; but can hatch
an area by drawing a number of close, regular lines.)

Plotters are used primarily in technical drawing and CAD applications, where they have the
advantage of working on very large paper sizes while maintaining high resolution. Another use
has been found by replacing the pen with a cutter, and in this form plotters can be found in
many garment and sign shops.

Ink Jet

Most current inkjets work by having a print cartridge with a series of tiny electrically-heated
chambers. To produce an image, the printer runs a pulse of current through the heating
elements. A steam explosion in the chamber forms a bubble, which propels a droplet of ink
onto the paper (hence Canon's tradename for its inkjets, Bubblejet). When the bubble
condenses, surplus ink is sucked back up from the printing surface. The ink's surface tension
pumps another charge of ink into the chamber through a narrow channel attached to an ink
reservoir.

Compared to earlier consumer-oriented printers, ink jets have a number of advantages. They
are quieter in operation than impact dot matrix or daisywheel printers. They can print finer,
smoother details through higher printhead resolution, and many ink jets with photorealistic-
quality color printing are widely available.

The disadvantages of inkjets include flimsy print heads (prone to clogging) and expensive ink
cartridges (sometimes costing US$30 – $40 or more). This typically leads value-minded
consumers to consider laser printers for medium-to-high volume printer applications.

A common business model for inkjet printers involves selling the actual printer at or even below
production cost, while dramatically marking up the price of the (proprietary) ink cartridges.
Thermal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A thermal printer (or direct thermal printer) produces a printed image by selectively heating
coated paper when the paper passes over the thermal print head. The coating turns black in
the areas where it is heated, producing an image. Two-color direct thermal printers are
capable of printing both black and an additional color (often red), by applying heat at two
different temperatures.

Thermal printers are often faster and quieter than dot matrix printers. They are also more
economical than other types of printers since their only consumable is the paper itself.
Possible applications of thermal printers include filling station pumps, information kiosks, and
cash register systems. Thermal printers are useful anywhere low cost is more important than
high quality.

6. Show or describe how to protect a computer system from dust, dirt, static electricity,
power surges and outages, or other potentially dangerous factors that could hamper
or hurt a computer system.

Dirt and Dust

One way to protect a computer from dust and dirt is to locate it in an area where there is little
dust or no dirt at all. A computer should be elevated off the floor. It can be stored on a desk,
or even on top of a block of wood - getting it even an inch or two off the floor will prevent it
from accumulating much dust.

Static Electricity

Computer circuitry can be damaged by static electricity. One generally doesn't have to worry
about that too much as long as the cover of the computer is on. However, when installing a
new card in a PC, adding an internal hard drive, or performing any maintenance that requires
one to remove the cover, care must be taken to discharge static electricity. This can best be
done by wearing an anti-static wrist strap while handling components. One end of the strap is
worn around the wrist, and the other is connected to the same electrical ground that the
computer is connected to. However, not all computer users own an anti-static strap. In those
cases, other precautions can be taken to avoid static discharge into the electronic
components. One way this his can be done is by touching the metal frame of the computer
before touching any of the sensitive electronic components inside.
When installing new components into a computer, the component should be left in its
protective packaging until it is ready to be inserted into the computer. Touch the package first,
then remove the component. If not wearing a wrist strap, touch the computer's frame next,
and then install the component.

Power Surges and Outages

Computers should be protected from power surges by plugging them into a surge protector.
These can be purchased at computer stores, office supply stores, or even hardware stores. A
surge protector will not protect a computer from a power outage though. For that, an
uninterruptible power supply (or UPS) can be used. An UPS is a device that will continue to
supply electrical power to the computer for a short while after the power fails. Some UPS's
can supply power for hours, while others can supply power for only a few minutes - long
enough to shut the computer down to prevent loss of data. A good UPS can tell the computer
when it has lost its primary source of power and instruct the computer to shut itself down when
backup power is nearly spent.

Other Dangers

Be careful about eating or drinking around a computer. It is easy to drop food crumbs into a
computer keyboard, and more than one computer has been destroyed by a spilled drink. Don't
set a drink down next to a computer, or worse yet, on a shelf or desk above the computer. It
is best to keep these things away from the computer, but if that cannot be avoided, they should
be placed in a position such that a spill is unlikely to reach the computer.

Computers should be protected from other forms of liquid as well - if the roof begins to leak,
unplug the computer and move it to a dry area.

Do not drop a computer. Some of the components are easily damaged by the shock, especially
those components with moving parts such as disk drives. A sharp jolt to a computer may also
dislodge components, bend connectors, or in severe cases, break solder joints.

Operate a computer in a cool environment. Excessive heat can damage a computer or cause
it to lose stability. Programs can misbehave, and memories and other devices can fail in high
temperature environments.

When transporting a computer, pack it appropriately. Laptops should be carried in special bags
made for that purpose. Desktop systems should be boxed in their original packaging when
possible. If transporting a monitor by car, place the screen against the back of the seat. The
front of the screen is the heaviest side of the monitor, so placing it against the back of the seat
will make it less likely to slide around, as well as protect the screen from other objects that
might fly around (such as a keyboard!) during a sudden stop.

7. Name at least four input devices for computers

8. What does it mean to back up a disk or a file? Why is it important?

Backing up a disk or a file means making another copy of it. Although computers are highly
reliable machines, they are not perfect. Floppy discs can be lost or damaged. All hard drives
will eventually fail. When this happens, it can be difficult, expensive, and even impossible to
recover the data that was stored on them. For this reason, all important data should be backup
up. This can be accomplished by copying it to another computer, burning the data onto a CD
Rom, copying it to a floppy drive, a second hard drive, or a flash drive. In some cases, a file
can be backed up by emailing it to oneself so that the data is stored on an email server,
although in this case, care must be taken that the data really is stored on a different computer.

9. What is computer preventative maintenance? Why is it important?

Guard Against Malicious Software

There are many things a computer user can do to keep the computer running smoothly. The
most important is to prevent the computer from getting infected with a virus, a worm, or
spyware. Many places on the internet will entice the user to download malicious software, so
computer users should be especially careful. An infected computer system can get so bogged
down with junk programs that it is virtually inoperable. Sometimes the only way to "cure" it is
by performing a complete reinstall of all the programs and the operating system. Anti-virus
and firewall software can be an effective means to protect a computer from malicious software.
Security Updates

Software vendors often issue security updates to the software they provide. Often, a
vulnerability in a program is discovered, and the software vendor fixes the problem an issues
an update. These updates should be applied as soon as possible (or better - automatically)
because there are other people in the world who are watching for these updates with evil
intent. As soon as the security update is announced, these individuals will attempt to develop
a program to exploit the vulnerability. These programs, once they have breached a computer,
usually put the computer to work looking for other vulnerable computers, and thus, the
infection spreads. Do not believe that because you are an anonymous person, your computer
will not be affected. These programs do not care who you are - they are only concerned that
your computer is vulnerable. Sometimes these programs only attempt to spread themselves
around. Other times, they can install themselves invisibly, log the user's keystrokes, and
forward them to the author of the malicious program. In these cases, the program is looking
for sensitive information about you: bank account numbers, social security numbers, etc. Keep
your computer software secured and up to date!

Defragment the Hard Drive

Another thing a computer user can do to tune the computer's performance is to defragment
the hard drive. This operation puts all the data from each file sequentially on the hard drive,
so it can be accessed more quickly. A computer can store data from single file in locations
physically scattered all over the drive. The data is still presented to the computer as if it were
stored sequentially - it just takes it a lot longer to collect all that information.

Dust Bunnies Inside

A computer should be dusted any time it is opened. Dust can be blown out using a can of
compressed air. Care should be taken when this operation is performed - the dust can easily
fly back into the maintainers face and get into the eyes. Be careful that all fans are operating
properly after they are cleaned. Cooling fans often fail immediately after they are cleaned. One
should also check under the cooling fan to make sure the fins of the heat sink are clean. If the
heatsink is plugged up with dirt and grime the processor will overheat.

10. Successfully boot, load (install), and use a prepared software program for use
in a computer system. (No computer games.)

There are many programs that can be used to meet this requirement. Some programs can be
purchased at a store, and others can be downloaded for free (legally!) from the Internet. Some
excellent programs that can be downloaded for free include OpenOffice (http://openoffice.org)
(an Office suite with a word processor, spread sheet, presentation program, and drawing
package), Firefox (http://getfirefox.com) (a web browser), Thunderbird
(http://getthunderbird.com) (an email program), and The Gimp (http://gimp.org) (a
photo/image editing program). All of these programs are of excellent quality and compare very
favorably to their commercial counterparts. Best of all, they are FREE.

11. Tell several ways an individual or family could use a personal computer other
than for games.

Tracking finances, staying in contact with other family members, record keeping, making
documents, producing web pages, connecting to the Internet, researching a school (or work)
assignment, getting directions, finding lost friends, downloading pathfinder honors
requirements and answers, and many, many more!
1. What is the difference between ecology and environmental conservation?

Ecology

Is defined as "the study of how organisms interact with each other and their physical
environment."

Environmental conservation

Is defined as "the rational use of the environment to provide the highest sustainable
quality of living for humanity."

2. Write a 500-word essay on how the increase in human population is threatening

our existence on earth.

The most important threat to our existence on earth today is that of global warming. The human
activity that has the greatest effect on warming is the release of greenhouse gases such as
C02. For your research into this issue, see the following Wikipedia articles:

Global warming Greenhouse effect Kyoto Protocol Carbon offset

Other factors include Overpopulation; Deforestation; and overuse of the land especially
through Tourism and outdoor recreation such as camping and hiking.

Can you think of others?

3. What does the term “death” of a lake or river mean? Is there a lake or river in your
area or country which is classified as “dead”?

The death of a lake or river is said to occur when it becomes so polluted that it can no longer
support life (such as fish, turtles, crustaceans, etc.). The most famous dead river is probably
the Cuyahoga River in Ohio which actually caught on fire many times, helping to spur the
environmental movement in the late 1960s.
Fires plagued the Cuyahoga beginning in 1936 when a spark from a blow torch ignited floating
debris and oils. Fires erupted on the river several more times before June 22, 1969, when a
river fire captured the attention of Time magazine, which described the Cuyahoga as the river
that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays."

This event helped spur an avalanche of pollution control activities resulting in the Clean Water
Act, Great

Lakes Water Quality Agreement, and the creation of the federal and state Environmental
Protection Agency. As a result, large point sources of pollution on the Cuyahoga have received
significant attention from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency in recent decades.

Water quality has improved and, in recognition of this improvement, the Cuyahoga River was
designated as one of 14 American Heritage Rivers in 1998. Pollution remains, however,
including nonpoint source problems, Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs), and stagnation due
to water impounded by dams. For this reason, the Environmental Protection Agency classified
portions of the Cuyahoga River Watershed as one of 43 Great Lakes Areas of Concern.

4. Carry out a stream investigation of a small stream flowing through or near your home
town. Check for the following

(1) Abundance of (2) Water visually (3) Stream banks (4) Small amounts small
fish present clear and fresh covered with of green algae in

smelling vegetation down to water (light

green water's edge. in color)
(5) Some aquatic (6) Turtles present (7) Crayfish under (8) Sandbars plants
present, in the stream stones in the covered with such as cattails, stream
growing weeds arrow-leaf, or indicating relatively pickerel weed.
stable water level

b. Signs of Stream Deterioration and Death

(1) Large masses (2) Scoured banks (3) Putrid smell of (4) Detergent foam of
blue-green algae from high water the water present present (dark level during
storms

out of mud and with silt insects or fish sewage sand bars along present
 (9) Presence of oil (10) No (11) Stores or small on the
surface of salamanders or factories dumping the water
frogs under rocks their wastes into along stream bank
the stream

5. If your stream is showing some of the above signs of death, do something about
cleaning it up. Contact the closest government agency to ask what you and/or your
group can do to help improve the stream. Organize a group of young people to help in
cleaning the trash along your stream. If possible, get businesses to help in your
campaign.

In the United States, environmental protection is managed by the government at all levels:
local, state, and federal. It will be much easier to contact local or state officials rather than
federal officials. Check the phone directory under "Environmental Protection" or search the
Internet to find contact information for the agency in your area. If you are having difficulty
finding the government body responsible for this in your area, try contacting a local paddling
club, The American Canoe Association (http://www.americancanoe.org/stewar
dship/stewardship.lasso), or American Whitewater (http://www.americanwhitewater.org/).
These associations have a vested interest in clean rivers and streams (that's their playground!)
and often organize river clean-up projects. They will be able to get you on a project, put you
in touch with the most responsive government body, and recommend local businesses that
are responsive to environmental conservation.

6. Make a visit to the city or county trash dump to see how this waste is handled.
Find out the following: a. How many tons of trash are dumped daily? Yearly? b. What
attempts are made to recycle any of this trash? c. Is any of the trash burned or is all of
it buried? d. What is the cost per person per year for handling the trash? e. What
happens to junked autos in your area?
Once you have contacted the local government, they will be able to tell you how to get in touch
with the solid waste management authority (if you don't know already). It could be that the
government body you have been working with is the same one responsible for solid waste
management. If this is the case, you previous efforts with them will pay another dividend - they
will be eager to arrange a visit. You may also opt to contact the dump facility yourself and
make arrangements for your visit.

7. Make a visit to the nearest sewage plant. Draw and label a detailed diagram of
what happens to the liquid and solid wastes from the time they come into the plant until
they leave. In what form do they leave? Is any further use made of this waste?

Again, you have an opportunity to use the contact you established with the local government.
In most municipalities, the department responsible for the sewage plant is the same as the
one responsible for the water plant. Make arrangement for both visits (see requirement 8) at
the same time. Make sure to bring paper, pencil, and clipboards, and let the plant manager
know ahead of time what questions you will be asking so that they can prepare.

8. Visit the nearest water purification plant. Construct a flow diagram of the steps
in water purification from the time the water enters the plant until it leaves for
distribution to homes and stores. Through reading and discussion with water works
officials, determine whether water resources in the future are going to be enough to
meet the demand.

See the answers to requirement 7 for more information.

9. Read and write a book report on an environment issues book such as Rachel
Carson's Silent Spring.

Silent Spring (https://www.amazon.com/Silent-Spring-Rachel-

Carson/dp/0618249060/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie =UTF8&s=books&qid=1202522048&sr=8-1) is a
book written by Rachel Carson and published by Houghton Mifflin in September 1962. The
book is widely credited with helping launch the environmental movement in the West.

When Silent Spring was published, Rachel Carson was already a well-known writer on natural
history, but had not previously been a social critic. The book was widely read (especially after
its selection by the Book-of-the-Month Club and an endorsement by Supreme Court Justice
William O. Douglas), spending several weeks on the New York Times best-seller list, and
inspired widespread public concerns with pesticides and pollution of the environment. Silent
Spring facilitated the ban of the pesticide DDT in 1972 in the United States.

The book documented detrimental effects of pesticides on the environment, particularly on

birds. Carson said that DDT had been found to cause thinner egg shells and result in
reproductive problems and death. She also accused the chemical industry of spreading
disinformation, and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically.

The book stated that uncontrolled pesticide use led to the deaths of not only animals,
especially birds, but also humans. Its title was meant to evoke a spring season in which no
bird songs could be heard, because they had all died from pesticides. Its title was inspired by
a poem by John Keats, "La Belle Dame sans Merci", which contained the lines "The sedge is
wither'd from the lake, And no birds sing."

10. What are rare and endangered species? Determine what efforts are being put forth
to protect such species in your area. What can you do to help? Write a 300-500-word
paper on your ideas.

See the Endangered Animals honor for information on this requiremet

 1. Have the following honors: Camp Craft and Camping Skills IIII
Answers to the Camp Craft, Camping Skills I, Camping Skills II, Camping Skills III, honor can
be found in the Recreation chapter of this Wikibook.

2. Earn four of the following honors. From the list below restudy any previously
earned honor so you can give a knowledgeable answer to the requirements.

3. Have the First Aid Honor.

Instructions and tips for earning the First Aid, Standard honor can be found in the Health and
Science chapter.

4. Know what to do to overcome fear when lost. Know at least four ways to signal
for help if lost in the wilderness.

Overcoming fear when lost

Most people are overcome by fear when they are in a situation and they do not know what to
do. If you know what to do ahead of time, you can concentrate on doing it rather than on your
fear. Here are a few things that you could do when lost:

The best advice about being lost, is - DON'T! And the best way to keep from getting lost is to
stay on the path.
If you suddenly realize that you do not know where you are, then here are some things to do:

1. Don't panic. You can't think clearly when you panic, so take a deep breath and relax.

2. Pray. You may not know where you are, but God does, so talk to Him.

3. Stay where you are. It is a lot easier for someone to find you if you stay put.

4. Listen for the sounds of other campers, traffic, waterfalls, rivers, airplanes or anything
that might help you find your way back.

5. Look around - maybe you'll recognize something that can guide you back to
civilization.

6. If you have a whistle, blow on it. If you don't have a whistle, yell loudly. Someone in
your party might hear you. Repeat this every 15 minutes or so and be sure to listen after
each sounding. (three of anything is universally recognized as a call for help, so three
whistle blasts, or three shouts)

7. If you have a map and compass, try to locate your position by looking for hills valleys
or streams.

8. You can try to relocate the trail, but you do not want to get any further away from your
last known location. Mark your location with something - a backpack, hat, or a large rock
- but make sure it's something unmistakable. Then venture 10 meters out, and circle
your marker, all the while looking about to see if you recognize the trail or a landmark,
and always keeping your marker in view. If you do not see anything you recognize, widen
the circle by another 10 meters and repeat. Continue circling your marker at ever wider
intervals, but stop when continuing would cause you to lose sight of the marker.

9. Climb a tree or hillside. A higher vantage point might reveal a landmark you missed
from a lower elevation.

10. If it's an hour or less until sunset, prepare to spend a comfortable evening.
Make a shelter, and light a fire. Things will look better in the morning, and your fire may
attract a rescuer.

Signaling for help

Call for help with a cell phone

These days, this is probably the most effective method of signaling for help. If you find yourself
in trouble and need help, the cell phone is probably the first thing you will think of, and rightfully
so. Voice communication is a very effective method of communicating with others. If you are
in an area with a weak signal and voice communication is spotty, don't forget about text
messaging. Texting can be successful even when voice communications fail because the
phone will continue sending the message until it gets through.

Blow a whistle

You can blow a whistle much louder than you can yell. Furthermore, you can blow on a whistle
repeatedly over a long period of time without getting a sore throat.

Make a distress signal

Make a distress signal on the ground by piling rocks, branches, or other debris to form large
letters spelling "S.O.S." This is the universally recognized signal for help. Try to use materials
that contrast with the surrounding environment. In winter, you may be able to stomp an SOS
into the snow. Make the letters read from east to west (or west to east) so that the shadows
catch the letters better.

Light three fires

You may also light three fires to signal for help. Build them either in a line or in a triangle, and
get them good and hot. When you see a rescue plane during daylight hours, add green plant
matter to the flames. This should cause thick smoke. Be careful to not extinguish the fire by
doing this.

Signaling mirror The emergency signaling mirror is approximately 3 by 5 inches and consists
of an aluminized reflecting glass mirror, a back cover glass, and a sighting device. It is used
to attract the attention of passing aircraft or ships by reflection, either in sunlight or in hazy
weather. The reflections of this shatterproof mirror can be seen at a distance of 30 miles at an
altitude of 10,000 feet. Though less effective, and with possible shorter range, mirror flashes
can also be seen on cloudy days with limited visibility. To use the mirror, proceed as follows:

1. Punch a cross-hole in its center.

2. Hold the mirror about 3 inches in front of your face and sight through the cross at the
ship or aircraft. The spot of light shining through the hole onto your face will be seen in
the crosshole.
 3. While keeping a sight on the ship or aircraft, adjust the mirror until the spot of light on
your face disappears in the hole. The bright spot, seen through the sight, will then be
aimed directly at the search ship or aircraft.

5. Know at least four secular activities and four Sabbath activities to use in an out door
setting if you have a rainy day.

Secular Activities

Sit everyone in a circle. Go around the circle and have each person add one word to a
story.

Keep going around the circle until the story falls apart (it won't take long).

Play board games.

Collect and purify

rainwater. Work on the
Weather honor.

Play I Spy. Whoever is "it" chooses something, notes its color, and says "I spy with my little
eye something red." (Assuming the noted color was red). Then have each person take turns
guessing what it was.

20 Questions. It chooses an item and will answer up to 20 yes/no questions about what
it is until someone guesses it. Charades

Sabbath Activities

Play a game of Bible trivia.

Read a story from the Bible and have others mime the parts as you read. Encourage them
to be as expressive as they can.

Sing.

Have notepads and pencils available and draw sketches. You can sketch:

Trees and rocks

Other campers
 Bible stories

Make a Bible rebus.

Work on an honor from the Nature series.

Build a fire in the rain (see Camping Skills IV). Talk about Elijah's experience on Mount
Carmel.

Read Genesis 6-8 (Noah).

Put on your ponchos and go for a hike (unless there's lightning). Stay off ridges.
Bible Charades

6. Do the following in an outdoor setting

a. Plan, organize, and do the teaching of one nature honor to a group of youth.

Ideally, the nature honor you teach should draw the resources available in the chosen outdoor
setting. For this reason, you may need to visit the site to see what kinds of flora and fauna are
available for a nature study ahead of time. While some nature honors are not dependent on
the presence of natural resources (such as the Weather honor), others (such as the Ferns
honor or the Edible Wild Plants honor) will benefit greatly from their presence. Don't just hope
for the best - prepare! Consult the Nature chapter of this book for more information.

b. Assist in teaching camping skills required in any camping honor and/orAY Class
requirements to a group of youth.

The first four AY Classes require that the Pathfinder earn Camping Skills I (Friend), Camping
Skills II (Companion), Camping Skills III (Explorer), or Camping Skills IV (Ranger). The
Voyager and Guide classes can optionally earn the Pioneering, Winter Camping,
Backpacking, or Wilderness Living honors, or this honor (Outdoor Leadership).

c. Determine where the nearest hospital is located.

Traditional methods

You can get an atlas or a map of the area, familiarize yourself with the nearby towns and cities.
Then consult the business listings in a phone book looking under hospital until you find which
one is closest to your site.
Using Google Maps

One way to do this is by using the "Find businesses" feature of Google Maps
(http://maps.google.com). Enter "hospital" in the "What" box (which appears first), and the
location or address of your outdoor setting in the "Where" box (which appears second).

Using MapQuest

You can use the "get directions" feature at Mapquest.com (http://mapquest.com). Under the
"starting location", enter the address of the outdoor setting. Under the "Ending Location" enter
"hospital" in the "place name" box, and the same city or town as the starting location - even if
there is no hospital in that town, it will return the nearest hospital to you. It will display a list of
hospitals and veterinary clinics, ordered by distance (nearest first). Check that the facility you
choose is indeed a hospital.

d. Determine where the nearest assistance from the police or a park ranger can be
obtained.

If your outdoor setting is under the jurisdiction of a park ranger organization, they would be
your primary source of help if there is an emergency. Otherwise, you should use the same
techniques outlined for finding a hospital to find the nearest police station.

7. Through the Bible and/or the writings of Ellen G. White study and learn how the
outdoors influenced the following Bible characters

a. Moses

Moses lead the Israelites out of Egypt and lived in the desert for 40 years. During the whole
of this time, he was their leader. Moses demonstrated both patience and wisdom. He cared
for the people he led, and was constantly trying to help them both physically and spiritually.

b. David

During the time of King Saul's reign, Saul was determined to kill David. As a result, David fled
to the wilderness where he was joined by a band of men. David demonstrated patience,
cunning, and forgiveness. He was willing to let the Lord place him on the throne in His own
time rather than taking matters into his own hands.
c. Elijah

Like David, Elijah fled to the wilderness to escape the wrath of the king. He lived by the brook
Cherith for two years during a time of drought. The Lord provided his food, and his water was
supplied by the brook. When the brook dried up, Elijah was sent to Zaraphath, and was present
when the Lord performed a miracle for a widow and her son living there. Elijah lived with this
widow until the drought ended. d. Joshua

When Moses died, Joshua took over as the leader of the Israelites. Joshua showed wisdom
and patience as Moses did, and was faithful to Moses' legacy.

e. Jesus

Jesus' ministry began with a trip to the wilderness where he was tempted by Satan (Matthew
4). First, Satan suggested that Jesus use His power to satisfy his physical hunger; this was a
temptation to use His divine power to satisfy His own needs. Second, he suggested that Jesus
leap from a high place, so that the angels would catch him; this was a temptation to use His
divine power to glorify Himself. Third, he told Jesus that if He would worship him, he would
release his claim on the world; this was the temptation to admit that Satan's charges were
correct, and that God's law was unfair.

Jesus overcame the temptations, quoting scripture to refute Satan on each point. Jesus used
the time He spent in the wilderness to commune with His Father, and to lay out His mission.
We too can use time spent in the wilderness to do the same.

Try using this "door foldable" to teach this honor: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ymk6Di-

WUM8

8. Know what considerations should be given in an outdoor setting with a group of

youth in the following areas
a. Camping safety

Knife Safety

Keep your blades sharp. A dull knife is difficult to push through wood, requiring additional
force. When the wood finally gives, the blade keeps going.

Always push the blade away from you, and constantly consider where the blade will go.

Keep your fingers clear of the blade at all times.

When splitting wood with a knife, do not hammer on the back of the blade. This weakens
the attachment to the handle and deforms the blade.

Close a pocket knife when it's not in use or when you are carrying it.

Keep all blades away from heat. Heat will remove the temper, softening the blade. A soft
blade will not hold an edge, making it nearly impossible to keep it sharp.

Axe Safety

Before chopping any wood, take a gentle practice swing to check that the axe will not
catch on anything (such as an overhead branch).

Consider what will happen if you miss whatever you are chopping at - will you accidentally
hit a finger? A foot? A bystander? Leave plenty of margin for error.

Make sure the axe head is firmly attached to the axe handle. If it is loose, you may tighten
it by wetting the handle, by driving a hardwood wedge into the handle through the eye of
the blade, or by rapping the axe handle vertically on a hard surface.

Keep bystanders away by one arms length plus two axe-lengths.

When handing someone an axe, present the handle to them rather than the blade.

Walk with the blade facing away from you.

Sheathe the axe when it is not in use.

Always maintain firm footing when using or carrying an axe.

Stop when you are tired and rest. Tired people are more prone to accidents and mistakes.
Poisonous Plants

Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac all cause a rash when oils from the plant come into
contact with the skin. The contact does not have to be direct – it can be transferred from the
plant to another item, and then to the skin. Tools, pets, and clothing can all transfer the oil
from the plant to the skin. The best defense against this rash is to be able to recognize these
plants, stay alert, and avoid contact. If you do come into contact with any of them, the first
thing you should do is immediately wash the affected area with soap and water. This will, in
many cases, prevent the rash from developing. If contact went undetected and a rash does
develop, apply Calamine lotion or a cortizone cream to the affected area. If the rash develops
on the face or genitals, seek medical attention.

b. Fire safety

Locate the fire in a safe place. It should be clear for 10 feet (3 meters) all around.

Do not light a fire beneath overhanging branches.

Do not use accelerants, such as lighter fluid, gasoline, kerosene, etc. Learn to light a fire
without these.

Put the fire out completely before leaving it. If it's too hot to put your hands in the ashes,
it's not sufficiently out. Douse it down with water, turn the coals with a shovel, and be sure
to extinguish every coal and ember.
 Do not build a fire on top of flammable material such as grass or leaves.

Cut away the sod (keep it moist so it stays alive, and replace it before your leave), and
clear away the duff and litter.

Keep fire extinguishing supplies handy and near the fire. A bucket of water or sand, or a
fire extinguisher are recommended.

Do not remove burning sticks from a fire.

Watch for embers that escape the fire pit and extinguish them immediately.

Wear proper footwear around a fire.

Be aware that paper, cardboard, and leaves create floating embers that rise out of the fire
pit and may land dozens of yards away.

Do not light a fire when conditions are adverse (high winds, or drought conditions).

c. Sanitation

If camping at a facility that has toilets, use them. If camping in the wilderness, you will have to
either build a latrine or use cat holes. Do "your business" at least 60 meters away from any
source of water (such as a spring, river, or lake), and at least 30 meters away from your
camp. Dig a shallow hole 7-10cm deep and go there. Then bury it (and any toilet paper).
At this depth, there is a lot of bacteria in the soil to quickly compost your waste. Digging deeper
will make it take longer.

Just because you are camping does not mean you are at liberty to skip personal hygiene.
Wash your hands before you eat and after you answer "nature's call." Brush your teeth before
you go to bed and after breakfast. Wash your face and clean your fingernails.

Keep your kitchen clean too, and wash your dishes as soon as you finish eating. Dishes should
be washed with hot, soapy, potable water. A few drops of bleach should be added to your
rinse water. It's a good idea to heat dish washing water while preparing meals so that it is
ready to use as soon as there are dirty dishes to wash. Be sure the water is not hot enough
to scald anyone's hands. Cold water and boiling water can be mixed half-and-half for a
comfortable washing temperature.
d. Swimming safety rules

Never swim alone. Always swim with a buddy.

Do not swim unless there are adults present.

Do not dive into water until you know that it is deep enough and free from debris

On beaches, rivers, and lakes, wear protective footwear. This will guard against broken
glass, sharp rocks, etc.

Never pretend to be drowning

If swimming in an area monitored by a life guard, stay in the life guard's view.

Do not chew gum or eat food while swimming.

Stay clear of diving boards. A diver may not see you.

Do not engage in horseplay, jump on, or dunk another swimmer.

Do not run in a pool area.

Pool areas should be fenced in to keep toddlers out. Keep the gate closed!

Obey the rules established for the swimming area.

Only swim in areas where swimming is allowed.

If caught in a riptide, swim parallel to shore. Riptides are narrow, so you should be able
to swim out of the current by swimming across it.

Do not swim out farther than you can swim out. Remember that you are more tired when
you get out there than when you started, so be conservative. Do not overestimate your
abilities.

Do not swim during stormy weather.

Do not rely on inflatable toys as life preservers. If you try to cross a large body of water
on an air mattress and it springs a leak, you could be in serious trouble. Never go farther
out on one of these than you can swim back.

References:
 girlpower.gov (http://www.girlpower.gov/girlarea/summer/watersafety.htm)
kidshealth.org (http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/watch/out/water.html)

e. Rules for conduct

Treat everyone with respect.

Do not go off alone.

Let your counselor know where you are going, who you will be with, and when you will be
back. Never leave without permission.

Always go in threes.

Do not light fire unless an adult is present.

Practice fire safety.

Practice, axe, hatchet, and knife safety.

Wear a PFD (Personal Flotation Device) when using a boat of any type.

Always leave an area cleaner than you found it.

Remember that medical assistance is more difficult to get and takes longer to arrive in
wilderness areas (what's the address of some point on a trail?) Because of this, ratchet
up the caution level. Don't take chances.

Keep down the noise level so you do not disturb others.

Make sure you are welcome to return.

Do not take, destroy, or damage facilities, plants, or animals.

Report accidents as soon as

possible. Do not trespass.

f. Proper Sabbath observance

As an outdoor leader, you need to remember that the people you are leading will have different
ways of observing the Sabbath. Most Adventist children of Pathfinder age will observe it as
they have been taught by their parents, and it is important that you not undermine the parents'
teaching in this regard. "Liberal" parents will not mind if you lead their children in conservative
Sabbath observance, but "conservative" parents are likely to get very upset if engage in
activities they are forbidden to do at home. Because of this, you are encouraged to adopt a
conservative approach to Sabbath observance when you are leading them. You should do
this even if none of the children in your care come from conservative homes, because if a new
one joins you who is conservative, you will put that child at a serious disadvantage when you
suddenly have to change the "rules". The Sabbath will then become a burden both to the new
child and to the others who have been in the club for a while.

Likewise, you should be careful about telling children from liberal families that their observance
of the Sabbath is inadequate or flawed. Rather, you should tell them "the club does not
observe the Sabbath that way" without making a judgment on the way the child has been
taught at home.

Properly observed, the Sabbath is not to be a burden.

"Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy." Here, "holy" means "set aside for a special
purpose." The Sabbath is set aside as a day for us to learn more about God and to ponder
His Creation. Just as a park is a place set aside for special activities, the Sabbath is "a park
in time." We do not build homes, offices, or factories in parks, nor do we engage in everyday
tasks on the Sabbath. We put aside our homework, housework, and our livelihood-work and
take a break from it. This is a gift from God.

The Sabbath is a memorial to the creative power of God, so that really makes it a perfect day
to acquaint ourselves and others with God's Creation.

9. List at least six ways you can keep the out-of-doors beautiful for others
to enjoy.
 10. Know at least ten qualities of a good youth leader.

A good youth leader will be:

1. Patient

2. Loving

3. Well-prepared

4. Flexible

5. Punctual

6. Responsible

7. Mature

8. Organized

9. Merciful

10. Fair

11. Decisive

12. Enthusiastic

13. Passionate

14. Compassionate

15. Committed

16. Persuasive

17. Courageous

18. Selfless