Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHEMISTRY Project RISHI
CHEMISTRY Project RISHI
CHEMISTRY Project RISHI
Submitted by :-
RISHI ANAND SINGH Mr. ANUJ SHRIVASTAV
Teacher sign :-
CERTIFICATE
my project.
Ingredients:
In addition to 20-42% water, toothpastes are derived from a variety of
components, including three main ones: abrasives, fluoride, and detergents.
Abrasives
Abrasives constitute at least 50% of typical toothpaste. These insoluble
particles help remove plaque from the teeth. The removal of plaque prevents
cavities and periodontal disease. Representative abrasives include particles of,
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), various calcium hydrogen phosphates, various
silica and zeolites.
Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used in dentists' offices, also cause
a small amount of enamel erosion which is termed "polishing" action. Some
brands contain powdered white mica which acts as a mild abrasive, and also
adds a cosmetically-pleasing glittery shimmer to the paste. The polishing of
teeth removes stains from tooth surfaces, but has not been shown to improve
dental health over and above the effects of the removal of plaque.
Fluorides
Fluoride in various forms is the most popular active ingredient in toothpaste to
prevent cavities. Fluoride occurs in small amounts in plants, animals,
and some natural water sources. The additional fluoride in toothpaste has
beneficial effects on the formation of dental enamel and bones. Sodium
fluoride (NaF) is the most common source of fluoride but stannous fluoride
(SnF2), and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) are also used.
Other components
Antibacterial agents
Triclosan, an antibacterial agent, is a common toothpaste ingredient in the
UK. Triclosan or zinc chloride prevent gingivitis and, according to the
American Dental Association, helps reduce tartar and bad breath.
Flavorants
Toothpaste comes in a variety of colorings, and flavors intended to encourage
use of the product. Three most common flavorants are peppermint, spearmint,
and wintergreen. Toothpaste flavored with peppermint-anise oil is popular in
the Mediterranean region. These flavors are provided by the respective oils,
e.g. peppermint oil. More exotic flavors include anise, apricot, bubblegum,
cinnamon, fennel, lavender, neem, ginger, vanilla, lemon, orange, and pine.
Types of Toothpastes
Fluoride Toothpaste
They contain Sodium Fluoride (NaF), Stannous Fluoride (SnF2), or
Monofluorophosphate (MFP2). The fluoride content is about 1,000 parts per
million (ppm). They are all effective in preventing dental caries. Children
toothpaste contains 500ppm fluoride and is usually fruit flavored, which is
suitable for children.
Desensitizing Toothpaste
The active ingredients help seal off the microtubules inside the exposed
dentine (such as exposed root surface due to toothbrush abrasion) to reduce
tooth sensitivity. Active ingredients such as Potassium Nitrate are used by
different product manufacturers. There are many different types of
desensitizing toothpastes marketed by different brand names. Their various
functions depend on different active ingredients they contain.
Anti-calculus toothpaste
The manufacturer claims that the calcification of dental plaque could be
retarded by this kind of toothpaste, thus it reduces the rate of calculus
formation. The active ingredient is Pyrophosphate or Zinc Citrate.
Anti-plaque toothpaste
This kind of toothpaste inhibits plaque accumulation, reduces the toxic effects
of the bacterial toxin on the periodontal tissues, thereby reduces the chances
of getting periodontal disease. In the market, different anti- plaque toothpastes
contain different active ingredients. For example Triclosan or Zinc Citrate.
Whitening toothpaste
This kind of toothpaste contains relatively coarse abrasives which function by
abrading the stains on the tooth surface, giving a whitening effect. However,
long term use will result in roughened tooth surfaces, which makes stains
deposit more readily.
History Of Toothpaste
The development of toothpaste began as long ago as 300/500BC in China and
India
The 1960's saw the introduction of fluoride into toothpaste. This development
was followed in the 1980's with the addition of soluble calcium fluoride to
fluoride toothpastes. It is therefore within the last thirty years that toothpastes
contains the two ingredients - calcium and fluoride.
TOOTHPASTE 1: Colgate max white (gel)
Colour: Light blue Solubility: Readily soluble in water
Test for Acid Radicals (Anions) Preliminary tests
Confirmatory Tests
Confirmatory Tests
Confirmatory Tests:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Flame Test: Make a paste Brick red flame was
of the salt with conc. HCl. observed Presence of Calcium ion
Take a part of it at the tip (Ca2+) confirmed.
of a glass rod and show it
to a non luminous flame
Ash Test: To the salt add Pink ash was observed.
few drops of conc HNO Presence of Magnesium
and a few drops of dil. ion (Mg2+) confirmed.
Cobalt nitrate and boil
thoroughly. Dip a filter
paper into the solution and
burn the filter paper to
ashes.
TOOTHPASTE 3: Colgate Total
Colour: Blue and White (Striped)
Solubility: Readily soluble in water
Test for Acid Radicals (Anions)
Preliminary Tests
Confirmatory Tests
Confirmatory Test:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1.Carbonate: To a few White precipitate was Presence of carbonate
ml. of the salt solution add formed. confirmed.
magnesium sulphate
solution.
2. Brown Ring Test: Add A dark brown ring was Presence of Nitrate
come freshly prepared formed at the junction of confirmed.
Ferrous sulphate to the layers.
original solution and pour
a few drops of conc.
Sulphuric acid.
Test for Basic Radicals
(Cations) Group Detection
table:
Confirmatory Tests:
Ash Test: To the salt add Pink ash was observed.
few drops of conc HNO Presence of Magnesium
and a few drops of dil. ion (Mg2+) confirmed.
Cobalt nitrate and boil
thoroughly. Dip a filter
paper into the solution
and burn the filter paper
to ashes.
RESULT
1. www.toothpasteworld.com/facts.php
2. www.parentingtoddlers.com/
toothpaste.history.html
3.www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/toothpastes