UNIT TWO

Cell structure and function

1. Which of the following is not a fundamental idea of cell theory?
 All organisms contain prokaryotic cells.
 Cells arise only from previously existing cells.
 Cells are the basic unit of structure for all living organisms.
 All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Cell theory states: all living things are made of cells; cells basic units of structure and organization; cells
arise only from previously existing cells. Most prokaryotic cells do not have specialized internal
structures.
2. A cell's genetic material is contained in the
 plasma membrane  unicellular bacteria
 nucleus  phospholipid bilayer
The nucleus is the organelle that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA. Meiosis occurs
in the nucleus.
3. What did Robert Hooke use to study this organism?
 light microscope
 electron microscope
 cork chamber
 DNA analysis
Robert Hooke used a primitive light microscope to observe
organisms such as this flea, as well as cork, which led him to the
notion of cells.
4. What effect has eukaryotic evolution had on cells?
 more simplified structures  greater adaptability
 eliminated organelles  decreased cell diversity
Eukaryotic cells are larger and have distinct organelles which carry out specific functions. This
has resulted in cell diversity and greater adaptability for organisms
5. What is one significant disadvantage of scanning and transmission electron
microscopes?
 cells cannot absorb electrons  not as powerful as light microscopes
 cells die when prepared for viewing  cannot observe plant cells
Living cells and tissues cannot be observed in scanning and transmission microscopes, since these
techniques involve staining thinly sliced specimens with metal.
6. …. contains polar and nonpolar ends, forming the plasma membrane
 microtubule  transport protein  cytoskeleton  phospholipid bilayer
The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. Phospholipids direct their polar and
nonpolar ends to create a selectively permeable membrane. This also allows the cell to exist in a watery
environment.

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7. What is the function of a selectively permeable membrane?
 provides alternative to phospholipid bilayer
 prevents transport proteins from harming cell
 controls what enters and leaves cell
 blocks all water from entering cell
Selectively permeable membranes allow some substances to enter cell while keeping others out.
This is crucial for cell functioning.
8. What does this depict?
 cytoskeleton
 fluid mosaic model
 impermeable membrane
 genetic material
Phospholipids in the plasma membrane create a fluid
environment in which other molecules can float,
allowing selective permeability. This is known as the
fluid mosaic model.
9. What critical function does cholesterol serve in the body?
 destroys the plasma membrane  binds fatty acid tails to water
 disrupts homeostasis  increases fluidity of plasma membrane
Although avoiding a high-cholesterol diet is recommended, cholesterol plays a critical role in
increasing the fluidity of the plasma membrane. This enables selective permeability, which is
important for maintaining homeostasis
10. What moves needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane?
 transport proteins  polar heads  DNA  water molecules
Transport proteins span the entire plasma membrane, creating tunnels for substances to move
through. This allows selective permeability.
11. The semifluid environment inside the plasma membrane is called
 endoplasmic reticulum  microtubules

 cytoplasm  mitochondria
The cell's chemical processes take place in a semifluid material called the cytoplasm. This material
provides an ideal environment for organelles because of its fluidity.
12. In which cell structure are ribosomes produced?
 microtubules
 nucleolus
 plasma membrane
 golgi apparatus
Ribosome production takes place within the nucleus. Protein synthesis is controlled by ribosomes.

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13. This shows an example of endoplasmic reticulum. What is the significance of its
structure?

 provides a location for DNA production

 helps decrease surface area
 allows selective permeability of cell membrane
 facilitates breakdown of chemical bonds
The pleats and folds of the endoplasmic reticulum provides a large surface area where cellular
functions, such as breaking chemical bonds, can take place.
14. Which of the following is not a function of the Golgi apparatus?
 modifies proteins  organizes where proteins are sent
 produces proteins  packages proteins into vesicles
The Golgi apparatus is a flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
into sacs called vesicles
15. Vesicles that digest worn-out organelles or food particles are called
 lysosomes  centrioles  ribosomes  plasma membranes
Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest waste matter in the cell. They also digest bacteria and viruses
that have entered the cell
16. What describes transport proteins moving molecules across the plasma membrane?
 diffusion  dynamic equilibrium  osmosis  facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion uses transport proteins to move ions and molecules in and out of the cell.
These proteins open and close the membrane.
17. Which of these describes continuous particle movement with no overall change in
concentration?
 selective permeability  facilitated diffusion  dynamic equilibrium  osmosis
Diffusion will occur in a solution until there is no longer any change to the concentration.
Particles continue to move randomly even when this dynamic equilibrium occurs
18. The animal cells below were placed in a hypotonic solution. What happened to the
damaged cell?
 Osmosis was prevented in the cell
 Osmosis caused the cell to shrivel.
 Osmotic pressure caused the cell to rupture.
 The cell was damaged by bacteria.
Since the cells are in a hypotonic solution, water entered by osmosis until the osmotic pressure ruptured the cell.

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19. Which of the following is not true of exocytosis?
 results in hormone secretion  does not require energy input
 allows waste matter to be expelled  occurs at the plasma membrane
20. Why does misting fruits and vegetables with water help them look fresh?
 Vacuoles fill with water due to osmosis.
 Plant cells in a hypotonic solution lose water.
 Plants do not have a rigid cell wall.
 Water cannot move through the cell membrane.
When water is applied to the outside of plant cells, osmosis causes water to enter cell. This puts pressure on the
rigid cell wall, making the produce look healthy
21. Materials can cross the plasma membrane through tunnels created by
 organelles  transport proteins  water molecules  glucose molecules
22. This picture shows a phospholipid bilayer. What
crucial function do the nonpolar tails of the
phospholipids have?
 speed chemical reactions with enzymes
 keep water-soluble substances from passing
easily into the cell
 allow water-soluble substances to pass easily
into the cell
 help encode genetic material
23. Why is the phospholipid bilayer critical to cell function?
 It forms a shell around the cell nucleus.
 Arrangement of phospholipids enables selective permeability.
 Transport proteins are blocked from entering plasma membrane.
 Phospholipids allows water-soluble substances to pass easily into cell.
24. The ___ is a network of fibers that form a framework and anchor organelles.
 endoplasmic reticulum  cytoplasm
 cytoskeleton  golgi apparatus
25. Observe the structure of this mitochondrion. Why is its inner membrane crucial for
cell functioning?
 provides a large surface area
 keeps sunlight from damaging cell
 provides inflexible barrier on cell surface
 promotes photosynthesis

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26. The large compartment shown in the detailed image of this plant cell is a….

 nucleus  vacuole  ribosome  plasma membrane

27. What is the function of the small, disk-shaped thylakoids in this plant cell?

 digest enzymes  assist cell movement

 store food and enzymes  contain chlorophyll for trapping sunlight
28. The picture shows the movement of ink molecules in water. Which of the following
processes has occurred?

 endocytosis  osmosis  diffusion  exocytosis

29. How could you prevent cells from bursting in an extremely hypotonic solution?
 Allow water to increase osmotic pressure.
 Decrease the concentration of solute outside cell.
 Increase the concentration of solute outside the cell.
 Wait for diffusion to reach equilibrium.

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30. This shows a sugar solution with a selectively permeable membrane. What has
occurred?

 water diffused toward higher sugar concentration

 sugar molecules crossed the membrane
 water diffused toward lower sugar concentration
 water did not cross the membrane
31. How do carrier proteins facilitate active transport?
 block the plasma membrane
 move substances against a concentration gradient
 prevent homeostasis
 create an isotonic solution
32. What is a significant difference of endocytosis and exocytosis?
 Exocytosis does not require energy input.
 Endocytosis does not involve waste secretion.
 Endocytosis does not require energy input.
 Exocytosis does not maintain homeostasis.
33. The animal cells below were placed in a hypotonic solution.
What happened to the damaged cell?
 Osmosis was prevented in the cell.
 Osmosis caused the cell to shrivel.
 Osmotic pressure caused the cell to rupture.
 The cell was damaged by bacteria.
Since the cells are in a hypotonic solution, water entered by osmosis until the osmotic pressure ruptured the cell.
34. Which of the following is an incorrect match for a type of microscopy and how it can
be used for biological investigation?
 SEM - investigation of the surface of a cell or tissue.
 TEM - analysis of DNA sequences by directly viewing the arrangement of atoms
within bases.
 TEM and SEM using for observed nonliving cells and tissues
 STM used with live specimens

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35. The nucleoplasm is connected to the cytoplasm through the action of
 nucleoli  chromosomes  nucleopores  endoplasmic reticulum
36. Which of the following is not a function of the Golgi apparatus?
 Synthesizing protein  Packaging protein
 Collecting protein  Sorting protein
37. The three principle fibers of the cytoskeleton are:
 Actin, myosin, and centrioles
 Actin, tubulin, and intermeddling
 Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
 Proteins, phospholipids, and polysaccharides
38. The "9 + 2" of microtubules that allows for eukaryotic cell movement is associated
with which of the following structures?
 flagella  cilia  basal bodies  flagella and cilia
39. Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of
 molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
 molecules from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration.
 gas or water molecules across a membrane
 gas molecules across a membrane
40. When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when
 molecules of sugar stop moving
 water and sugar molecules are moving at the same speed
 the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution.
 there are the same number of water molecules as dissolved sugar molecules.
41. The rate of diffusion is affected by which of the following?
 temperature  steepness of the concentration gradient
 size of molecules  all of them
42. Facilitated diffusion requires
 enzymes  carrier proteins  lipid carriers  carbohydrate carriers
43. Facilitated diffusion occurs
 into the cell only
 out of the cell only
 in either direction depending on the temperature
 in either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule
44. Facilitated diffusion is used to transport
 sugars and amino acids  H2O and O2
 CO2 and H2O  sugars and H2O

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45. Osmosis is best defined as the movement of
 molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
 molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration.
 water molecules across a membrane from an area of low water to an area of higher
concentration.
 water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
46. Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?
 small polar molecules  small nonpolar molecules
 large polar molecules  large nonpolar molecules
47. A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium will
 expand  burst  shrink  have no change in shape
48. When a membrane that is permeable to both a solute and water separates water
with a high osmolarity from water with a low osmolarity
 the water will only move through the membrane in one direction while the solute will
move through the membrane in the other
 the solute will pass through the membrane in both directions until equilibrium is
reached on both sides of the membrane for the solute
 both the water and the solute will pass through the membrane in both directions until
equilibrium is reached on both sides of the membrane for both water and the solute.
 the motion of the molecules of both the solute and water will cease when equilibrium
is reached
49. When a membrane that is only permeable to water separates water with a high
osmolarity from water with a low osmolarity
 the water will diffuse through the membrane until there is an equal volume of solute
on both sides
 the water will diffuse through the membrane until there is an equal volume of water on
both sides
 the water will diffuse through the membrane until there is an equal concentration of
solute on both sides
 the water will diffuse through the membrane until there is an equal concentration of
solute and water on both sides
50. Water is more concentrated in
 the solution on the side of the membrane with the least solute
 the solution on the side of the membrane with the most solute
 the solution on the one side of the membrane that has reached equilibrium
 the solution on either side of the membrane that has reached equilibrium

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51. What is the source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump?
 breakdown of ATP  formation of ATP
 transport of ATP by the pump  breakdown of ADP
52. Exocytosis is a process by which cells
 release substances from the cell through pores in the cell membrane.
 release substances from the cell via vesicles
 release substances from the cell via carrier proteins
 bring in substances from the outside via vesicles
53. Certain white blood cells engulf microorganisms and bring them in to digest them.
This process is best described as
 pinocytosis
 osmosis
 phagocytosis
 diffusion

1. List six ways in which substances are transported into a cell.

The six ways in which substances are transported into a cell are: (1) osmosis, (2)
diffusion through pores, (3) facilitated transport, (4) active transport, (5)
endocytosis, and (6) pinocytosis.
2. According to the cell doctrine, all cells arise from
a. Inorganic material.
b. organic material.
c. Preexisting cells.
d. Petri dish cultures.
3. Cells were named by
a. Dutrochet.
b. Schleiden.
c. Schwann.
d. Hooke.
4. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) differs from the smooth endoplasmic
reticulum (SER) in its association with Ribosomes.
5. Which two organelles are enclosed by a double membrane?
Nucleus and mitochondria.
6. Oxidations may occur in both mitochondria and perioxisomes.
a. True.
b. False.
7. Semipermeable membranes are involved in osmotic phenomena.
a. True.
b. False.
Mr. SAAD MOUSSA