Suggested Unit Course in MEASUREMENT Machine Shop Series DELMAR PUBLISHERS, Inc. Albany, New York(ACHINE SHOP SERIES ‘This series of texts covers six major occupational areas of Machine Shop Practice: (J) Measurement, (2) Bench Work, (3) Drill Press, (4) Lathe, (3) Milling Machine, and (6) Sliaper Work. ‘The instructional material in each book is written in simple trade ter- minology and illustrated through the generous use of line drawings. The Tange of technical information (Ihy-to-do) and fundamental process units {(How-lo-do) provides basic instruction for beginning students, apprentices and home workshop enthusiasts; and advanced reference material for skilled fraftsinen, engineers, supervisory personnel and teachers. ‘MACHINE SHOP MEASUREMENT ‘A beginner's text and workbook which covers basic mathematical principles of linear, circular, and angular measurement from the standpoint, of related mathematics and machine shop practice. 165 pages (73% 2 104); 109 line drawings BENCH WORK A basic text which describes the theory of Bench Work and the opera- tions performed with measuring, layout and bench tools. 88 panes (73 # 104); 159 Line drawing; formulas; tables DRILL PRESS WORK An introductory text dealing with the theory and operation of drill presses: uses of accessories and holding devices; cutting speeds and feeds; Grilling, reaming, countersinking, counterboring and tapping. 18 pages (736 2 1094); 48 tne draucings; 6 tables LATHE WORK A comprehensive text covering the related technical information and fandamentall processes which are basic for Lathe Work held between centers ‘and in a chuck, A partial list of topics includes: centering, mounting work: fgrinding tool bits; facing, straight turning; speeds and feeds; turning shoul- ders, chamfering, knurling, thread cutting, angle and taper turning; mandrel ‘and chuck work: drilling, boring, reaming and tapping. 464 pages 73% « 1034); 197 line drawings; formulas; tables MILLING MACHINE WORK An exhaustive study of modern milling machines and accessories, Th instructional units cover in minute detail the theory and practice of basic, and advaiiced iuilling machine operations, with emphasis on dividing head work. 298 pages (7% + 1024); oner $00 illustrations ineluding phantom and cutaway sections SHAPER WORK A now and complete treatise on modern types of crank and hydrat shapers. ‘The text covers all the basic and advanced operations and related technical information required to do Shaper Work. 326 pages (794 2 10)4); 582 illustrations including phantom and cut-away sectionsPREFACE ‘The production of interchangeable parts, which is the keystone of our present. day manu- facturing system, depends largely on the skill of the individual machine operator and of the all-around craftsman in operating machine tools and using measuring instruments so that each machine part is held within certain prescribed limits of accuracy, Over a period of years careful analyses were made to determine essential occupational areas of training for machine shop practice. AS a result of these studies, the following six main divisions of the trade were defined and a series of texts were prepared to cover them: (1) Measurement, (2) Bench Work, (3) Drill Press, (4) Lathe, (5) Milling Machine, and (6) ‘Shaper Work. Further study revealed that each operation in machine shop practice involves the teach- ing and learning of basic trade theory and fundamental processes. Following this line of reasoning, two types of instructional units are included in each monograph: (1) Trade Theory Series and (2) Fundamental Process Series. A brief description of each type follows. Trade Theory Series ‘The basic trade theory and related technical information, such as principles governing. machine shop operations, the derivation and application of formulas, and descriptions of machine tools and accessories, are covered in the Trade Theory Series. This technical infor- ‘mation furnishes the student with background trade knowledge necessary to perform machine shop operations skilliully. The Trade Theory units which are directly related to the Funda- mental Process units may be used as text or reference material for class, laboratory or home study. Fundamental Process Series ‘The term Fundamental Process covers those manipulative processes which involve the phases of an operation are described in common trade terminology and are well illustrated with line drawings. As the Fundamental Process units provide reference material for the actual performance of operations, they may be used as supplementary text material for the teaching of fundamental processes either in a school or an industrial plant. The selected series of instructional units in each text includes those fundamental opera- tions which are common for a specific division of the trade and which apply under all con- ditions. Throughout the series the units are arranged in the natural order of dependence of n on the next; i.e, in a sequence which conforms to the logical order of teaching course requirements without altering the effe ‘one of the suggested unit courses. is expressed to the Bureau of Industrial and Technical Education, ‘The New York State Education Department for permission to reproduce this instructional material. ‘The Editor Albany, New YorkMEASUREMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION I Units of Instruction In Measurement for Machine Shop Practice ‘TRADE THEORY SERIES FUNDAMENTAL PROCESS SERIES Unit* Pages Unit" Pages TM:T1 Description of Measuring Tools... 1to 5 IM-PL_ How to Use Measuring Tools...., 60 12 Riera} Tie gtias of Capon Toa 1s ca 16, MES) Boe ‘Tools....-..-19 to 24 IMTS Description of Layout Work,.....251026 IM-P5_ How to Fay Ov ‘Work on a Bench for Surface Plate 271031 SECTION It {Unita of Insernetion in Machine Shop Mathematics Related to Measurement BASIC PRINCIPLE SERIES ASSIGNMENT SERIES M-BP1 Introduction to the Unite of M-AL Concepts of Units of Measure... 33 ‘Measure 3 IM-BP2. The Units of Linear Measure. 34 1M-BP3_ The Units of Area 2 1M-BP4 “ AM-BPS 6 IM-BP6 Measure of Circular Length and Area. 5 48 1M-BPT Comparison of Metric and ‘English Units of Measure. 50 IM-BP8. Degree of Accuracy.........-»-52 to 54 "A. Conditions Which Affect the Degrec of Accuracy 'B. The Factors Which Determine the Degree of Accuracy 1M-BP9. Reading a Micrometer: 60 10 61 1M-BPI1O Reading a Micrometer Graduated “fh TensThousandths of an inch = 64 4 it ger baglner level M.- Unit Zoare in mensurment "TTeade theory serice Fundamental procre seria ne Beye ee 23. Sequence of woite of instruction IM-A2 Application of Linear Measure. ...35 to 41 'A. Use of Steel Scale B, Practical Application of Linear Measure , Application of Teanaferred Measurements Application of Surface Measure 8 Application of Volume Measure 45 ‘Application of Angular Measure a ‘Application of Circular Measure... 49 IM-AT Problems in Converting, English ‘and Metric Units of Measure 51 1M.A8 Degree of Accuracy 55.10 59 'A. Problema Involving Depth of Cut B: Problema Involving Allowance for Reaming 1G Problems Involving Allowance for Turing and Grinding 1D. Problema Tavolving Allowances for Miling Er Application of Meawurement Involving Limite 1M-A9 Problems in Reading & “Micrometer: 62 10 63 ‘A. Direct Measure B, Computed Mearare 1M-A10 Problems in Reading a Micro ‘meter Graduated in Ten ‘Thousandths of an inch 65SECTION 1 Units of Instruction in MACHINE SHOP MEASUREMENTMACHINE SHOP MEASUREMENT SECTION 1 Machine Shop Practice Unit IM-Tl ‘Trade Theory Series DESCRIPTION OF MEASURING TOOLS OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 1. To acquaint the learner with the common fraction and decimal fraction systems of measuring. 2. ‘To explain the application of the steel rule, outside caliper, inside caliper, micrometer caliper, and the steel square in measuring. 3. To explain the construction, reading, and use of the micrometer caliper. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION ‘The measuring of material and machined work involves the use of a mmber of measuring tools to secure sizes of length, width, thick- ness, and diameter. One or more of these factors may be involved when determining the size of material or a piece of work. The English system of linear measure, of which the yard is the unit of length, is the standard used in American industry. In machine shop work, the more commonly used unit is the inch, the thirty-sixth part of a yard. The inch may be divided into smaller parts by means of either common or Gecimel fractional divisions- The fractional divisions of an inch are found by dividing the inch into equal parts; the more, comon of which are: halves, quarters, eighths, sixteenths, thirty-seconds, and sixty-fourths. When smailer units of measurement are required, the decimal system 4s used in which the inch is divided into tenths, hundredths, thousandths, and ten-thousandths of an inch (Figure 1). COMMON FRACTIONS FIG.1 TWO SYSTEMS OF DIVIDING THE INCH In machine shop it is common practice to use fractions of an inch expressed in decimals, called decimal equivalents of an inch; i.e. 1/8" 1s expressed as .125" (one hundred twenty-five thousandths of a ‘inch), or 1/4" as .250" (two hundred fifty thousandths of an inch), etc.MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT DESCRIPTION OF MEASURING TOOLS THE STEEL RULE the steel rule 1s used for measuring, either common fractions up to sixty-fourths of 62 Gaon, or decimal frections Ye to one- Pe gvedths of an inch. These tales are made in voriovs lengths, nuathe, thicknesses », and meee Ge of graduation. Two SyPee are Le Tee ripst type (Ete. 2) 88 the more common sachinist's rule--with gpadustions of one-otehth, ‘inch on one edge Turning the scale over, thirty- a1 5 Tumixty-fourths on the other a ay COMMON FRACTIONS ate 2, DECIMAL FRACTION: ‘ak pronto pack ork rons Fic. 2 MACHINIST'S STEEL RULE Fic.3 COMBINATION STEEL RULE eof scale (Pigs 3), divisions of common gractions in, sixty,fourthe te irfnch are on the top eG8e», and GScimal fractions in urthsuniredths of an inch spe oy the bottom Sage. One-hundredths of 4h Areguere the smallest divisions found gnemachinist's rules+ for two purposes: setting of F for ing dimensions and messero- 7 ments, and as 8 straight edge = - AS A MEASURE AS A STRAIGHT EDGE (rig. 4). With pract too ab can {E*Srna accurately and is oe of be Teost valuable shop tools- rig.4 TWO USES OF STEEL RULE on another typ ime steel rule may be used OUTSIDE AND INSIDE CALIPERS 9 tools most comuonly SPRING CLIP the tw pivoT— used to transfer measurements ADWUST? Yeom the work to the scale ov NUT from the scale to the work Oo from eside and inside calipers: ‘Ap their names imply, they 97° ates: constructed to take externe® oF Sopsynal measurements and 85° OUTSIDE INSIDE Palit on that basis (Figs 5)+ FiG.5 CALIPERSMACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT DESCRIPTION OF MEASURING TOOLS the legs of the calipers are atteched to a pivot Bi the upper end. ‘This end is held together ebove, the pivot by @ spring clamp. The clamp tends to hold the Jo6e firmly ageinst spring iusting mut and on the pivot. The working tps of the Jege should be kept in line to preserve the accuracy of the tool (Fig» 5)- The accurate use of calipers depends upon the "feel" which is Geveloped through use. They should hever be forced over or into the work. Likewise, they should always be used square with the axis of tho work and the surface being measured (Figs 6). 2) The caliper can be used in two INSIDE ways to make a measurement. They FiG.6 MEASURING WITH caLipens CAN be set over the object (as illus- trated) ané then tested on a steol measuring rule, or they can be set from the rule and the measure- ment transferred to the work. calipers are made in a variety,of sizes depending upon the size of opening: 2", 5", 4", 5", 6", oto. ‘THE MICROMETER CALIPER he smallest measurement which can be made with the use of the caliper and steel rule are, in the case of common. fractions, the cettran inch; in decimal fractions, hundredths of on inch. fe measure finer than these (thousandths and ten-thousandths of an ineh), @ micrometer caliper is used- ‘SPINDLE THIMBLE FiG.7 PARTS OF THE MICROMETER CALIPER if a dimension in conmon fractions is to be measured with the micrometer, 1t must be converted to its decimal equivalent. The principal parts of the micrometer are: the anvii, framo, parrel, spindle end screw, and thimble (Figs 7). | The micrometer peliper operates on a screw which is free to move in the threaded portion inside the barrel.MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT DESCRIPTION OF MEASURING TOOLS qhe legs of the calipers ere atteched to 8 pivot at the upper end. ‘This end is held together above, the pivot by @ coring clamp. The clamp tends to hold the lege firmly against spring iusting nut and on the pivot. The working *ipe of the Sege should be kept in line to preserve the accuracy of the tool (Fige 5)+ the accurate use of calipers depends upon the "feel" which is Geveloped through use. They should fever be forced over or into the work. Likewise, they should always be used square with the axis of the work and the surface being measured rm C(Fige 6)+ The caliper can be used in two OUTSIDE INSIDE ways to make a measurement. They FiG6 MEASURING WITH CALIPERS Can be set over the object (as illus- trated) and then tested on a steel measuring rule, or they can De set from the rule and the moasure- ment transferred to the work. calipers are made in a variety of sizes depending upon the size of opening: 2", 3", 4", 5", 6", ote. THE MICROMETER CALIPER The smallest measurement which cen be made with the use of the caliper and steel rule are, in the caso of common. fractions, the eaten inch; . in decimal fractions, hundredths of sv. inch. fe measure finer than these (thousandths and ‘ten-thousandths of an inch), a micrometer caliper is used. F1G.7 PARTS OF THE MICROMETER CALIPER If a dimension in common fractions ts to be measured with the micrometer, 1¢ must be converted to its decimal equivalent. qhe principal parts of the micrometer aro: the snvli, Srene, barrel, spindle end screw, snd thimble (Fig. 7). | the micrometer eortoer operates on a screw which is free to move in the threaded portion inside the barrel.‘MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT DESCRIPTION OF MEASURING TOOLS ‘the movement of the sorew provides, 9m opening between the anvil ond the end of the spindle where the work is measured. aavtjize is indicated by the graduation on the barrel and the thimble. qhe lines on the barrel indicate marked 1,2,5,4, etce see carenants of +100", .200", soo! "500", -400", otce, respect = = : FIG.8 READINGS OF 100, .2007 300° ively: (Fige 8)- Hach of the sections w ° A between the tenth inch aeaal fae |_,— divisions (netueen 1,25 ——_E' 3,4, etc.) is divided ar E} fate four equal parts i FE |, of .025" each (Fig. 9A) easel : ‘ONE. Salta one complete revolution of the thimble from its REVOLUTION OF THIMBLE Zero to zero, moves it one of these .025" divisions as in Figure 9B. a into twenty- -fifth FIG. 9 DIVISIONS OF .025" The bevel edge five equal parts. : i ene distance the thimble travels slong oF ene the .025" divisions to another; Thus each division o1 one ie represents a thousendth (.001') of on inch. Tnese divisions thimerked for convenience at every five spacer 0, 5, 10, 15, and 85° “When 25 of these graduations have Sassed the horizontal Line on eo barrel, the spindle (having made one ‘Tevolution) has moved +025" vs 150 MICROMETER READINGS the micrometer 1: oting the last visible figure on the horizontal lin y Sepresenting tenths of en inch Add to thi ible graduations beyont| this figure (by mult: 3 y 25), and the mmber of divisions on e that coincides number Of ne of the graduation. The sums of, ‘the tenths of an inch, Siue the number of divisions beyond fhe last tenth of an inch gradual Pion multiplied by 25, and the divisions on, the bevel edge of the thon de, is the reading (Figures 10-A,B,C, and D). Fic. 10MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT DESCRIPTION OF MEASURING TOOLS The ability to measure to a thousandth of an inch with micrometers makes them an accurate tool with which to work. If they are dropped and the screw which moves the spindle is damaged, their accuracy may be permanently ANVIL, SPINDLE affected. Likewise, continually = sliding work between the anvil and hy spindle may weer the surfaces, tending to affect their accuracy WORN SURFACES (Fig. 11). FIG.11 WEAR ON SPINDLE AND ANVIL THE STEEL SQUARE The steel square is used to Y vy meagure an angle of ninety degroes oe (90°). Surfaces at 90° to each Y My other are said to be "square" with 7 each other (Fig. 12). FIG.42 MEASURING RIGHT ANGLES The steel square is made of high grade tool steel, hardened, tempered, and ground to a fine degree of accuracy. The right angle, i or perpendicular as it is a also called, may be found on FIG13 THE STEEL SQUARE either the inside or outside of the square (Fig. 15). NOTE: Care must be taken not to damage the square as any change in the position of the surfaces will destroy its accuracy. SELECTED REFERENCES Henry Ford Trade School ----------- -- Shop Theory Burghardt - Part I Machine Tool Operationynit IM-Ph Fundamental process Series MEASUREM ‘MEASURING vactice Machine Shop P¥1 ENT TOOLS ow TO USE ut gener) practices 35 ine appiication of the roring tools- qo point © Smiy used mee upside caliper? rule, o tna steer sanere’ of measuring {2°URt a se of “geol" which will or in gombingticn, with the Goepie" aimens Loe eater TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT wicroneter caliper Steel SquareMACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT Be HOW TO USE MEASURING TOOLS Read the graduations on the rule from left to right by noting which line on the rule coincides closest with the right hand edge of the stock (Fig. 2)- NOTE: Select that edge of the rule which 1s graduated in frac- tional divisions of an inch. in which the desired dimension is wanted; 1.e+ eighths, sixteenths, thirty-seconds, and sixty-fourths (Fig. 5). ahs : thrid abieeg, Tr TTT mT FIG 2 READING A STEEL RULE FIG. 3 GRADUATIONS ON A STEEL RULE OUTSIDE CALIPERS Be To measure a piece of work with the outside calipers, hold the calipers in the right hand end, with the thumb and forefinger, grasp the knurled adjusting nut ASSUSHNG' (Fig. 4). NUT Turn the adjusting nut with os the thumb and forefinger until the caliper wat pst Masai slide over the worl s ria \EASURE! own weight. 14 TENG QUTSIBE CALIBER NOTE: At all times keep the calipers squere with the work to be measured. A piece of round stock is calipered as shown in Figure 4. Remove the caliper from the work, being careful not to disturb the setting.MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT HOW TO USE MEASURING TOOLS 4. ‘To measure the distance between tpe caliper legs with the aid te a steel rule, hold the rule of fhe left hand with the second Finger at the bottom and behind the rule. the legs at the end and the other leg of the graduated face of the Tule e oh ine with the first leg,and ead the measurement. 5. Place one of of the rule, FIG.5 SETTING AN OUTSIDE CALIPER NOTE: The caliper may be used to check a given size by desired dimension from a steel first setting it to the ihe (Fig. 5), Then use the caliper oe & gage in Tule tine a piece of the required eize- INSIDE CALIPERS 1, To take an inside measurement, hold the caliper in the right ‘ fend with the thumb and forefinger grasping the knurled adjusting nut (Fig. 6)- 2. Rest one leg of the inside calizer slightly inside of the Rage of the space to be measured. Turn the adjusting nut cage tne caliper is feit striking $h¢ high point of the arc unbritering the space to be measured (Pig. on NOTE: wake sure that the tips of tne caliper legs are square Make fhe largest portion of the diameter ‘peing measured} with the calipers held in this positions test to see Weether they can be moved sideways Tf’ necessery, whetyust go that no side motion can be felt. INCORRECT CORRECT 1G. @ CORRECT AND INCORRECT USE OF CALIPERMACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT HOW TO USE MEASURING TOOLS To measure the distance over the caliper legs with the aid of & Steel rule, place one end of the steel rule against a vertical surface. Hold the caliper leg against the vertical surface, Keeping the ends level at the same time. Read the dimension from the rule (Fig. 7)+ FIG.7 CHECKING FOR SIZE NOTE: An inside caliper may be used to check a given size by first setting it to the desired @imension from the steel rule (Fig. 8), and then using the caliper as a gage to check the internal measurement. FIG.8 SETTING AN INSDE CALIPER MICROMETER CALIPER A. TO MEASURE A PIECE OF WORK WITH THE MICROMETER WHEN THE WORK IS HELD IN THE HAND The frame of the micrometer 25 held in the palm of the right hand by the little finger (or the third finger, whichever 1s more convenient), allowing the Thumb and forefinger to be free fo revolve the thimble for the adjustment (Fig. 9)+ 1 Place the work between the anvil and the spindle. Turn the thimble Gntil its movement has brought the spindle and the anvil in contact. (Fig. 9) + FIG.@ MEASURING STOCK NOTE: The beginner must develop & the micrometer to the work. the micrometer by using too ‘The the and THIMBLE, READING 300 Fic. 10 START TURNING THIMBLE sense of "feel" in adjusting ‘Avoid the tendency to cramp much pressure+ measurement graduations thimble by: 4s taken from on the barrel first noting the last figure yisible on the graduations of the horizontal line along the barrel, which represent. mnths of an inch (Fige1l);MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT HOW TO USE MEASURING TOOLS 3. adding the number of twenty- five thousandth inch (.025") spaces beyond this figure, (Pig. 11) and then; ce aaa the number of the Givision on the beveled \ edge of the thimble that - coincides with the line of nea a the graduations on the the graduations ° Flo. THMBLE, TURNED ONE The sum of these expressed in thousandths gives the The steps in securing this measurement measurement. ‘sre illustrated in Figures : 10, 11, end, for the final ANVIL SPINDLE 2604 reading, Figure 12. NOTE: After the measurement has been determined, open the micrometer screw before re~ ne ees moving it from the work. This ee practice prevents wear on the ret an cao ends of the spindle and anvil, eee eG coerce ee lee B. TO MEASURE WITH THE MICROMETER CALIPER WHEN WORK 1S MOUNTED IN A MACHINE. 1. Grasp the frame of the micrometer near the anvil with the thumb and forefinger of the left hand. The frame is steadied e Sith the second and third fingers of the Tight hand while the thumb ani forefinger 5 are used to rotate the thimble (Fig. 15). 2. Open the micrometer and place it over the work to be measured. Turn the thimble Until {ts movement has brought the spindle rH angii qa light contact with the work — pigi3 eAsuRING WORK g. 15)+ MOUNTED. INA MACHINE Read the micrometer as indicated in the preceding section, the reading 1s taken while the micrometer is held on the jork. Always open the micrometer before removing from the part being measured. CAUTION: The micrometer should never bo used to measure rotating. jork or while the machine ts running. Personal injury may result or the tool may be damaged. Nom!MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT c le TIP OF LEG HOW TO USE MEASURING TOOLS ‘TO TRANSFER A MEASUREMENT ON THE INSIDE CALIPERS TO THE MICROMETER CALIPERS. | set the calipers to the space being measured. Lay the calipers in the left hand Viln the tips of the caliper legs Witonding beyond the fingers (Figel4)+ Hola the micrometer in the right hand Howhat the thimble may be adjusted Souk the thumb and forefinger (Fig.14)- Rotate the thimble until the tips of Rotargliper legs can be felt in light contact with the a1 vil and the end FIG14 TRANSFERRING A of the spindle. MEASUREMENT py placing tho tip of one tog on the micrometer anvil, @ Mia adjustment of the setting is made Py swinging an arc fine a@j*Seher leg watil contact 1s fet at the high point of the arc (Fig. 154). f MOTION. OF) SPINDLE PASS, THROUGH BY OWN. WEIGHT “w we) ANVIL, Y r ‘Axig OF MICROMETER rig. 18 |ADJUSTING MICROMETER UNTIL CORRECT FEEL IS SECURED qhe tips of the caliper legs mst also pe held parallel to The Elks of the micrometer spindle; and when accurately set, Ehowld pass between the end of the spindle by their om weight (Fig. 15B)- CALIPER LEGS NOTE: When reading the micrometer, renox? the thunb and Weeefinger from the thimble so that the setting is not disturbed. Nore: An inside caliper may be used as 8 g68e to check an AD anaes measurement by firet sotting the inside ‘iiber to a micrometer caliper reading. STEEL SQUARE Remove ell burrs from the surface of the work to be checked. Wipe work clean of chips, oil, and dirt. Wipe the square clean, and draw the edges to be used over the pain of the hand to insure absolute freedom from small particles-MEASUREMEN™ MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE HOW TO USE ME. source of light so that +t w yold the work with the jert hand; grasp the pean y © styrene right hand. Pisee Fre inside of the § against a finished Surface of the work, So ‘ghat the beam 1s {Epuil contact with ope Sige and a siient space romeins i feon the blade and the ide reurface of the work: (Fig. 16 - Position A)» ca BLADE ASURING TOOLS 411 shine on the work. 3. Face the 4. SPACE BETWEEN, BEAM BLADE AND WORK POSITION e) POSITION A) : 4 FOR SQUARENESS: @ of the wor! Gt with the surface: fig. 16 CORRECT METHOD OF TESTING tower the blade carefuyty to the surfac ote where the biede Yiret comes in conta aerfa square, aii lent will be © x, and xoluded (Figs 16 If the ang: Position B)+ NOTE: If, the angle 4s not square, Light will be seen at either end of the viade, (Fig+ It). Y Y ee «= «Ae ee 7 % LIGHT Z ‘LIGHT, LIGHT YM) Wl sear Gowns oF WORK NOT SOUARE NOTE: The error resulting from purred edges, when ‘attempt- ing to check the squarenes$ Sen. of work, is shown in Figel8- Yy method of checking 8D COA the mothe, oF gia. wie the fie EFFECT OF A BURR outside oes of the square is Aliustrated 4n Figure 19, oubttions (A) and (B)- eeTweet Y Bio Worn Y Yi OTE: The ALL LIGHT EXCLUDED ja BLADE POSITION 8) POSITION wwMachine Shop Practice Unit IM-T2 ‘Trade Theory Series MEASUREMENT DESCRIPTION OF LAYOUT TOOLS | OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 1. To describe the various tools commonly used in layout work~ 2. To point out the application of simple layout tools- INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION Layout tools are made in a variety of designs to aid the machinist in transferring information and dimensions from the Geawing to the surfaces of the Job. (Fig, 1)., The general uses of these tools are to soribe lines involving circles, arcs, eeend straight lines which indicate intersections end the angi ies of the shape of the work. They ere also used to indi- cate centers of holes to be machined. FIG.1 BENCH PLATE AND COMMON LAYOUT TOOLS Straight, sharp and keen-edged tools are essentiel for accur- acy since @ clean but distinctly scribed layout guides the worlman nore closely, to desired ‘sizes and shapes of the finished article. moreefore, it is important that the worlman keep his tools in the ost condition and use them only for the purpose for which they are intended.MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT DESCRIPTION OF LAYOUT TOOLS BENCH PLATE The bench plate is a cast: tron plete carefully machined to a flat surface. (Figs 2). Bench plates vary in size. An average poi Pige for the work bench is about pene PLATE ie" square by 1-1/2" thick. Tt i$ used as a base upon which to work. The work my lie directly bn the bench plate, be clamped 28 an angle plate, or held on "Vt £2 ep wiiie being marked or scribed. | The bench plate is used for peainary layout work where great accuracy ‘is not required. SURFACE PLATE the surface plate is used where 8 £1 f acouracy 1s required. fais piste is an expensive pie band must requirecn care. Tt 18 made of a apectal grade of close 358 ree as weil ribbed on the under side to prevent warpii surface (Fige 3)- After being carefully machined, the plate is fiat smooth surface. Besides being used for prec: Te is also used for checking acourate work such 8S gages, pures, eto ANGLE PLATE ‘me angle plate is an. piece of cast iron or steel care Pachined to an engle of 90 degrecs- (Figs 4)- ‘le plate is used when the work mus' angles to the bencl fhe work 1s clamped in this position ao the angle plate while being laid out or checked.MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT DESCRIPTION OF LAYOUT TOOLS “«y”” BLOCKS ny" plocks are made of either cast iron or steel in various sizes to accommodate & Gide range of work. (Fig. 5). They are wisfined'with a "V" shaped slot of 90° on top and bottom. The sides usually are Feboved to receive the clamp yoke which 4s Byea to hold the work securely in place while being laid out or drilled. PARALLELS Parallels are bars of steol or cast iron, square or rectangular in Shape and carefully machined for accuracy. (igs 6). They are made in pairs of Yerious sizes and lengths depending upon the nature of the work for which they are to be used+ Precision layout work requires bard- ened and ground parallels. For ordinary work, cold drawn steel, or planed cast ‘yon bars are commonly used. parallels may bo used for mounting work parallel to te surface of-a tonsh plate, surface plate, or other surface, hey may also be of 2a enetaveling work ona flat surface when projections on the work Prevent setting the job directly upon the plate. ‘THE COMBINATION SET he combination set (Pige7) is a tool consisting of four part: qeghe stock (square). One side ts 90°, the other 45°. } The protractor heed. 3. The center head. 3: fhe steel rule or blade which fits eny of the three heads.MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT DESCRIPTION OF LAYOUT TOOLS he combination set is one of the most useful and convenient tools for layout worke 1. ‘The stock can be moved along the stool blade and olamped in any posi- fieersesired. (Fig.8)- It 1s used ss a square for checking angles of 90°, Sad depth gage, for scribing lines oe fight angles toe surface, or for angles of 45°. setting the end of the steol pule flush with the stock, it may be ried as a height gage directly or in Sombination with a surface gage: spirit level ts mounted in the stock. A soriber is held in the seeey end by a friction bushing. The someper may be drawn out when needed. 2. The protractor head 1s provid with a swivel or turret to which the, st with fe clamped. (Fig-9). The revolving reeet is graduated in degrees, from 0 & Bo. on some standard makes, it is mw ietoa in degrees from 0 to 90 in either direction. Te can be accurately adjusted to show any angle and is clamped in posit with a imurled nut. ye is used for laying The protracto: given angle and’ for out lines at any measuring angles. 3. Tae center head forms & Sonter square when clamped to the Fic. 10 Steol rule. (Fig.10)-+ The sides Sf tne center head are placed on fhe outer surface of round Jobs ths the center is found by soribing tines along the edge of the rule. STEEL RULE 4. ‘The stool blade or rule, which 1s eS part of the combination set, may be Pitted to either the square stock, the Genter head, or the protractor head. FIG. 11 (FETTEELLLeae (Fige 11). "It may be set at any dest posttion and clamped. It is sometime Reed separately for measuring or used asa straight edge.MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT | DESCRIPTION OF LAYOUT TOOLS THE SURFACE GAGE The surface gage is an instrument used for scribing lines at a given height from some face of the work or for the construc- tion of lines around several sur- faces of the job. (Fig.12). The gage consists of a heavy base and a spindle pivoted upright, to which 1s attached a soriber held ‘by a clamp. The seriber may be turned through a complete revolution. By resting both the surface gage and the work upon a plene sur- 8, it is possible to set the point of the seriber at a given height, either by use of @ scale or some other standard, and draw lines at this height on all faces of the work or on any number of pieces when duplicate parts are being made- The use of the surface gage is not restricted to the soribing of horizontal lines, but may also be used on other surfaces from walch 1t can be conveniently guided or held. Tt can be used as a height gage and also for leveling work on a machine vise or plate. ‘The bent ond on the seriber permits lines to be dram on hori- zontal surfaces, while a groove in the base of the gage makes it possible to mark out desired distances from the outside of a circuler piece. THE SCRIBER he soriber is a piece of tool steel, usually drill rod, about 1/s" in diameter, 8" to 12" long, tapered at both ends to @ needle SCRIBER FIG.13 point. (Figs15). One end is bent to be used in reaching through holes, tc. The seriber is hardened and tempered. It is used to scribe or mark lines on metal surfaces which have been prepared with chalk or blue vitriol. MdMACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT DESCRIPTION OF LAYOUT TOOLS DIVIDERS Dividers have two straight legs, oth tapered to a needle point and ad- justed for opening by screw and knurled hut (Pig.14). They are used for scribing circles and radii; and in combination with the steel rule or other standard, to measur Gistances between points, or to transfs FIG, 14 DIVIDERS: distences taken directly from the steel rule. HERMAPHRODITE CALIPERS ‘The hermaphrodite calipers are made with two legs; one blunt and bent at the end, the other with scriber point. (Fig.15). Fig. 15 The scriber point is usually adjustable so thet 1t cen be adjusted for length when the bent leg is resting on an outer edge. It is used for locating centers of round pieces, centers of bosses, eto. It HERMAPHRODITE may also be used to soribe a line or locate CALIPERS point parallel with a surface or shoulder. PRICK PUNCH ‘The prick punch is made of tool steel, usually from 4" to 6" long, and is hardened and tempered. It is knurled to give a good finger grip. One end is tapered to a point that is ground to an angle of about 50°.’ The prick punch is used for malcing small in- dentations along scribed lines, for marking the location of pointe, and centers for divider points. CENTER PUNCH The center punch is similar in design to the prick punch, exe that the tapered point is ground to an angle of about 90°. (Figelé| Fig. 16 CENTER PUNCH The center punch is used for making indentations along scribed! lines, for marking the location of points and the centers of holes to be drilled. SELECTED REFERENCES - Machine Tool Operati: -- Shop Theo: Part I - Burghardt - Henry Ford Trade School --| Machine Shop Practice Unit IM-P2 Fundamental Process Series MEASUREMENT HOW TO USE LAYOUT TOOLS OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 1. To point out how to care for layout tools. 2. To show how to use layout tools. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION The more commonly used layout tools are: the scriber; the combination set consisting of the protractor head, center head, square, and the steel blade; hermaphrodite calipers; the conter and prick punches; the spring dividers; and the surface gage. Care should be taken in the use of these tools so that sharpened and pointed edges are kept in good condition to prevent impairing the accuracy, which is essential to a good layout job. Tools which have pointed ends should only be used for the purpose for which they are intended and not on hardened surfaces. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Soriber Center punch Steel rule Prick punch O11 stone Machinist's hammer Sombination set Surface plate Hermaphrodite caliper Surface gage Spring dividers PROCEDURE SCRIBER 1. Inspect the point of the scriber to make sure that it is sharp. If the point 1s dull, sharpen it on an ofl stone by rotating the scriber between the thumb and forefinger while moving it back and forth. (Fig. 1). Wipe the surfaces of the work to De soribed clean and free of oil, FIG. SHARPENING A SCRIBER dirt, and chips. 19MEASUREMENT MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE HOW TO USE LAYOUT TOOLS 3. Place the steel rule flat on the fork in position for scribing: Grasp the scriber in the rignh Grasp tha pencil 1s gripped. (Fig.2)- Hola the rule firmly by exerting prossure with the tips of the Riggers of the left hand (Fig+2)- FIG.2 SCRIBING A LINE 5. Set the point of the soriber as Sfose to the edge of the rule as possible by tipping the to of the seriber outward (Fig.3)- 7 TZ WORK Fic. 3 SCRIBING CLOSE TO RULE 6. Soribe the line by exerting pressure on the soriber and Rrawing it along the edge of the rule, inclining the top of the seriber slightly in the direction in which it is to be moved. (Fig-4)+ Fic. 4 INCLINING SCRIBER NOTE: Make sure that the light shine work being soribed. 3 on the portion of the COMBINATION SET A, CENTER HEAD 1. Insert the blade throu pound clamping groove in the clamping bolt. head so that the gh the slot in the es with the end of the blade engag' 4 the blade, through the 2. Extent Yeopening & length equal to the Giameter of the work to be CLAMPING LN OPENING BOUT work centered. Clamp the blade in INNER position by tightening the EOGE Imurled nut. 3. Place the V-opening against thd @iamoter of the work to be ROUND CLAMPING 7 BLADE GROOVE centered. ries seRINe, RENTER ME 4. Sortbe a Ine song oe syne? edge of the blade frig. 5).MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT HOW TO USE LAYOUT TOOLS B. COMBINATION SQUARE i 1. Insert the blade through the slot in the head so that the round clamping groove in tho blade engages with the or the clamping bolt (Fig.6)- Extend the blade through the slot at. Extompquired length and olamp in posi- tion by tightening the Imurled nut. FIG. 6 COMBINATION SQUARE 3. Place the head of the square against the side of the work , i te be scribed, and scribe lines ¢ from either side or the end of the square according to the FIG. 7 USING COMBINATION, SQUARE requirements of the job at FOR LAYING OUT LINES: hand. (Fig-7)+ C, PROTRACTOR 1. Insert the dlade through the slot in the swivel turret 80 Insert Sheounded groove in the blade engages with the clamping bolt. 2. Extend the blade to the required length and tighten (Fige8)- i FIG.8 BEVEL PROTRACTOR FIG.9 READING PROTRACTOR 5. Loosen the clamping screw on the body of the protractor and sore the revolving turret to the desired angle. This angle gring Gogt the index Line on the body and the graduations is post yurret. (Fig.9) Tignten the clamping screwy’ (yc) 4. Place the base of the protractor against the side of the work and oGetbe lines as desired. (Fig-10)- fig. 10 MEASURING. HERMAPHRODITE CALIPERS AN ANGLE ee 1, ‘Imspect the scriber leg of the caliper, to make sure that TrePSoint is sharpened. If the point 1s dull, sharpen on oil stoneMEASUREMENT MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE HOW TO USE LAYOUT TOOLS 2. Adjust the length of the soriber 206 Acifnat it is even with the inside edge of the rounded caliper 706 levers Ghen it is to be used to sorive Tinos from the outside edge of the work. (Fig. 11)+ FiG.11 ADJUSTING. LENGTH OF ‘SCRIBER LEG 3. When scribing lines with the caliper reversed, sot the scriber point to the even full length of the caliper AIBER eg. (Fig-12)+ FIG.12 ADJUSTING _SCRIBER LEG (ITH CALIPER REVERSED 4. Gase 2 To set the caliper at the desired @imension, woe slightly. Place tho caliper 198 98) nut siglo and adjust the scriber 1e6 £0 the required gradus~ ayee on the steel rule. Tighten the clamp CASE 2 CASE 1 re FIG.13. SETTING HERMAPHRODITE CALIPERS Gas To set the caliper at the desired dimension with the legs eoergteel rule against e straight ath the end of peversed, place the end of roy eet anh set the end of the caliper, ofoe, © fhe rule. Adjust the scriber los $0 hat the point of the the ber coincides with the required graduation on the rule Tighten the clamping nut. (Pig.13-Case 2)+ 5. Grasp the top of the caliper with he thumb and forefinger of the iene hand. Place the curved tip Zethe caliper egainst the surface from which the line 1s being. eeated, keeping the tip of the ee with the surface Seo which it 1s guided and in contact with the surface; re 4 senate A UNE Sontegne by exerting a slight pressure oi the seriber and owing the caliper along the surface veing scribed. (Fig-14).MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT HOW TO USE LAYOUT TOOLS CENTER PUNCH AND PRICK PUNCH i 1. ‘Inspect the point of the punch to make sure that it 1s sharp. Nove; The point of the prick punch 4s usually sharpened to an angle of 30°, while the center punch is usually ground to an angle of 90° (Fig.15)- Fic. 18 USING A CENTER PUNCH 3. Hold the punch in 4 vertical with a machinist's hammer. not deep enough. NOTE: cent oo, REE voor FIGS CENTER AND PRICK PUNCH Grasp the punch in the left hand and punch directly on the line or intersection of lines to be marked. (Fig-16). Note: With ea little practice, the beginner can feel the point of the punch when it strikes tho Scribed line or meets the inter- section: position and tap it lightly Repeat blow if indentation is gap the prick punch lighter than the conte® punch. Hee prick punch 1s used for making ligst indentations, as for the point of the divider. ‘The center punch is os fo make heavier inderftations such as the starting point for a drill. DIVIDERS 4. Inspect the points of the dividers ko make sure they are sharp. 2. To set the dividers, hold them in be left hand and place the point of one leg in a graduation on the Stecl rales. By turning the Imurled adjusting nut with the thumb and forefinger of the right hand, the divider until the point of the reper log rests on the graduation of fhe steel rule, which gives tho re- (Fig.17)- quired measurement. adjust FIG.I7 SETTING DIVIDERS to seribe an are or circle with the dividers, freee the po egsa thumb attachment on the top of the dividers with imurisumb and forefinger of the right hand-MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE MEASUREMENT HOW TO USE LAYOUT TOOLS Place the point of the pivoting leg on the punched mark. With pressure exerted on both legs, swing in a clockwise direction and scribe the desired arc or circle. (Fig. 18). NOTE: By inclining the dividers in the direction in which they Zz are being rotated, the tendency to slip is avoided. FIG.18 SCRIBING A CIRCLE SURFACE GAGE 1. Clean the surfaces of the surface plate, the base of the surface gage, and the work. 2. Decide on the best position in which to set the spindle and seriber of the surface gage. NOTE: The surface gage will be more rigid if the scriber is clamped close to the spindle and as near the base as possible. To set the surface gage to a given dimension, adjust the position of the spindle by loosening the swivel bolt lock nut’ and adjusting the spindle to a convenient position. Clamp in position. (The position of the spindle depends on the nature of the job. Ordinarily, it can be set in a vertical position but may be tilted as the job demands). z ROCKER, Then, set the scriber at approxi- LL mately the given dimension by loosen- FiG.19 ADJUSTING SURFACE GAGE ing the soriver clamp nut and adjusting it for its position on the spindle and its extension from the swiveling head. Clamp in position (Fig.19). BLADE. To make the final adjustment, turn SCRIBES the small adjusting screw at’ the rear of the rocker bracket so that the seriber 1s elevated or depress F1g.20_ ADJUSTING ScRIBER to the gf: 5 ‘TO DESIRED DIMENSION: Cen caeneaoD 4. To scribe lines, grasp the surfa gage at the base and move it along the surface plate with the seriber point bearing against the surface to be laid out.