Water Pollution Problems:

Problem-1: A manual bar screen is to be used in an approach channel with a maximum velocity
of 0.60 m/s, and a design flow of 300 L/s. the bars are 10 mm thick and openings are 3 cm wide,
the angle of inclination is 50 o . Determine the cross section of the channel and the dimension
needed, the velocity between bars, the head loss in meters, the number of bars in the screen.
Formulas:
1. Channel Cross Section
Q d = Ac V a
Qd d
Ac = =1.5
Va W
Ac =Wxd d=1.5W

Where Qd = design flow, m3/s

AC = channel cross section, m2

V a = Velocity in approach channel, m/s

d = water depth in channel, m

Channel depth & width =1.5m

2. Head Loss
2 2
(V b−V a ) 1
H 1= x
2g 0.7

Where H 1 = Head loss

V a = approach Velocity, m/s

V b = Velocity through the openings, m/s

g = acceleration due to gravity, m/s

3. Cross Section

A s= Ac / Sinθ

Where Ac = Bar screen cross section, m2

Θ = Inclination angle of the screen

 4. The Net bar screen

S
Anet = A s x
S+ t ¯¿ ¿

Where S = space between bars, m

t ¯¿ ¿ = thickness of the screen barks, m
5. The number of bars in the screen

nt ¯¿+( n−1) s=W ¿

Solution:
Channel Cross Section
Qd
Formulas Ac = = 0.30/0.60 = 1.5 m2
Va
Where AC = channel cross section, m2 =?

Qd = design flow = 300L/S = 0.30m/s

V a = Velocity in approach channel = 0.60 m/s

Ac =Wxd

Ac =Wx 1.5 W
2
Ac =1.5 W
2
W =A c /1.5 m2

W =√ 0.5/1.5 m
= 0.5773 =60m

Depth (d) =1.5W

= 1.5X0.577 =0.8655m

Cross Section
A s= Ac / Sinθ = = 0.50/Sin50 =0.6527 m2

Where Ac = Bar screen cross section, m2 =?

Θ = Inclination angle of the screen =50o

The Net bar screen
S
Anet = A s x
S+ t ¯¿ ¿

Where S = space between bars = 3cm

t ¯¿ ¿ = thickness of the screen bars =10 mm = 1cm
Anet = Net bar screen =?

Anet = 0.6527(3/3+1) = 0.4895 m2

From continuity equation

V a A c =V b A net

Where V a = approach Velocity =0.60 m/s

V b = Velocity through the openings, m/s =?

AC = channel cross section =0.5 m2

Anet = Net bar screen =0.4895 m2

V b =V a A c / A net =0.60x0.5/0.4895 = 0.6128 m/s

Head Loss
a) For clear screen
2 2
(V b−V a ) 1
H 1= x
2g 0.7
2 2
(0.6128 −0.60 ) 1
H 1= x
2 x 9.81 0.7
= 105535x10-3 = 0.0005m
 b) For 45% clogged screen

(A net) =55% A net

V b =V a A c / A net =0.60x0.5/(0.4895x0.55) = 1.11 m/s

2 2
(V b−V a ) 1
H 1= x
2g 0.7
2 2
(1.11 −0.60 ) 1
H 1= x
2 x 9.81 0.7
= 0.063m

The number of bars in the screen

nt ¯¿+( n−1) s=W ¿

nx1+(n-1)x3 =57
n+3n-3 =57
4n-3 =57
4n= 57+3
4n = 60
n=60/4 =15
Problem-2: Design a rectangular sedimentation tank to treat 3 million liters of raw water per day. The
detention period may be assumed to be 4 hours. Velocity of flow is 10 cm per minute.

Solution:

Quantity of water of be treated in 24 hrs = 3 million liters

= 3x106litres

Quantity of water to be treated during the detention period of 4 hrs = 0.5x10 6 = 0.5x103 m3

Therefore the capacity of the tank required = 500 m3

Velocity of flow to be maintained through the tank =10cm/minute = 0.1m/minute

The length of the tank required = velocity of flow x detention period

0.1x (4x60) =24m2

Cross sectional area of the tank = capacity of the tank /length of the tank

= 500/24m2 = 20.8 m2

Problem -3: Design a rectangular sedimentation tank to treat 2.4 million liters of raw water per day. The
detention period may be assumed to be 3 hours.

Solution:

Quantity of water of be treated in 24 hrs = 2.4 million liters

= 3x106litres

Quantity of water to be treated during the detention period of 4 hrs = 0.5x10 6 = 0.5x103 m3

Therefore the capacity of the tank required = 500 m3