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Library Study (Central Business
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Presentation on theme: "Library Study (Central Business

District)"— Presentation transcript:
1 Library Study
(Central Business
District)
2 Central Business
District
The CBD or Central
Business District is the
focal point of a city. It is
the commercial, o!ce,
retail, and cultural center
of the city and usually is
the center point for
transportation networks.
There are no boundaries
to the CBD. The CBD is
essentially about perception. It is usually the "postcard image" one has of a
particular city. There have been various attempts at delineating the boundaries
of the CBD but, for the most part, one can visually or instinctively know when
the CBD starts and ends as it is the core and contains a plethora of tall
buildings, high density, a lack of parking, transportation nodes, a large number
of pedestrians on the streets and generally just a lot of activity during the
daytime.
The "CBD" is the central district of a city, usually typified by a concentration of
retail and commercial buildings. City centre di"ers from downtown in that the
latter can be geographically located anywhere in a city, while a city centre is
generally located near the geographic heart of the city.
Source:
3 Goals and Concepts of a C.B.D.

The shape and type of a CBD or downtown almost always closely reflects the
city's history. Cities with maximum building height restrictions often have a
separate historic section quite apart from the financial and administrative
district.
Central business districts usually have very small residential population.
Goals and Concepts of a C.B.D.
The ultimate goal to which nearly every major city aspires is to create an
environment conducive to a lively atmosphere and satisfying day/night variety
of “People Activities”.
The building of a balanced mix of new o!ce, shopping and recreational facilities
which must include the extension of facilities to attract people in the after
business hours, e.g, theater, sports, music and special events; the diversification
of jobs and an increase in the employment opportunities. The provision for
multilevel parking for private and public sectors, the preservation and
restoration of buildings of historical heritage add a character to the city and
creates an interest for the citizens.
The provision for protected pedestrian walkways (whether elevated, at ground
level, or underground) linking the major shopping, o!ce and the municipal
buildings.
Source: Redstone, Louis G., The New Downtowns (Rebuilding Business Districts),
1976, Pg: 19
4 Historical Background
The CBD developed as the market square in ancient cities. On market days,
farmers, merchants and consumers would gather in the center of the city to
exchange, buy, and sell goods. This ancient market is the forerunner to the
CBD. As cities grew and developed, CBDs became fixed location where retail
and commerce took place. The CBD is typically at or near the oldest part of the
city and is often near a major transportation route that provided the site for the
city's location, such as a river, railroad, or highway.
Over time, the CBD developed into a center of finance and control or
government as well as o!ce space. In the early 1900s, European and American
cities had CBDs that featured primarily retail and commercial cores. In the mid-
20th century, the CBD expanded to include o!ce space and commercial
businesses while retail took a back seat. The growth of the skyscraper occurred
in CBDs, making them more and more dense.
Source:
5 Agora
The Roman Agora served as a marketplace where merchants kept stalls or
shops to sell their goods amid colonnades. Actually Agora served as a twin
function of being a centre for political and commercial space activity.
Forum
A forum was the public space in the middle of a Roman city.In addition to its
standard function as a marketplace, Forum was a gathering place of great social
significance, and often the scene of diverse activities, including political
discussions and debates, meetings, et cetera.
Bazaar
A bazaar was a permanent merchandising area, marketplace, or street of shops
where goods and services are exchanged or sold. The word derives from the
Persian word bāzār, meaning "the place of prices". Although the current
meaning of the word is believed to have originated in Persia, its use has spread
and now has been accepted into the vernacular in countries around the world.
Source:
6 Souq
A souq is a commercial quarter in an Arab or Berber city. The term is often used
to designate the market in any Arabized or Muslim city. In Modern Standard
Arabic the term refers to markets in both the physical sense and the abstract
economic sense.
Mercado
Mercado in Mexico and throughout Latin America combines the elements of

open-air street markets, and the more formal structures that house the bigger
vendors in the major cities. Many of the Mercado have the qualities of the
Mexico city’s tiangus, street markets selling a variety of goods from produce to
small appliances, clothing and handicrafts that setup in di"erent
neighbourhoods each day of the week, providing variety and stability at the
same time.
Source:
7 Urban Structure Concentric Ring Model CBD Factory zone

Urban structure is the arrangement of land use in urban areas. Sociologists,
economists, and geographers have developed several models, explaining where
di"erent types of people and businesses tend to exist within the urban setting.
Urban structure can also refer to the urban spatial structure, which concerns
the arrangement of public and private space in cities and the degree of
connectivity and accessibility.
Concentric Ring Model
The Concentric ring model also known as the Burgess model is one of the
earliest theoretical models to explain urban social structures. It was created by
sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1925.
The zones identified are:
The center was the CBD
The transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses
Low-class residential homes (inner suburbs), in later decades called inner city
Better quality middle-class homes (Outer Suburbs)
Commuters zone
CBD
Commuter zone
Residential zone
Working class zone
Zone of transition
Factory zone
Source:
8 Sector Model
The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of urban land use
proposed in 1939 by economist Homer Hoyt. It is a modification of the
concentric zone model of city development. The benefits of the application of
this model include the fact it allows for an outward progression of growth. As
with all simple models of complex phenomena its validity is limited.
Source:
9 Multiple Nuclei Model

The multiple nuclei model is an ecological model put forth by Chauncy Harris
and Edward Ullman in the 1945 article "The Nature of Cities." The model
describes the layout of a city. It notes that while a city may have started with a
central business district, similar industries with common land-use and financial
requirements are established near each other. These groupings influence their
immediate neighborhood. Hotels and restaurants spring up around airports, for
example. The number and kinds of nuclei mark a city's growth.
The theory was formed based on the idea that people have greater movement
due to increased car ownership. This increase of movement allows for the
specialization of regional centers (eg. heavy industry, business park). There is no
clear CBD (Central Business District) in this type of model.
Source:
10 The Core - Frame Model of a C.B.D.

The Core frame model is a model showing the urban structure of the Central
Business District of a town or city.
The model includes an inner core where land is expensive and used intensively,
resulting in vertical development. This area is the focus of the transport system
and has a concentrated daytime population. The outer core and frame have
lower land values and are less intensively developed. The various land uses are
linked to the bid rent theory. The zone of assimilation and zone of discard are
together called the zone of transition.
Source:
11 Basic Layouts of the CBD

Layout I
It introduces separate area for pedestrians in the form of a pedestrian mall.
Service tra!c is not separate from customer tra!c.
Long walk from parking to access.
Layout II
It shows a similar layout but end placed structures are activity notes like a
museum or library.
Access to parking is provided by a circulatory road within the site itself.
Introduction of basement delivery road.
Layout III
It shows an arrangement with three di"erent blocks enclosing a common space.
Pedestrian flow would tend to flow from one of the main magnet to another.
Produces a variety of spaces.
12 Layout IV Layout V Layout IV

In this layout a centralized parking is provided with a peripheral service road,
which leads to segregation of customer and service tra!c.
Store fronts and signs can be viewed both from public road and parking lot.
One major disadvantage of this layout is that it faces rush and tra!c jams
during peak hours when o!ces open and close for work.
Layout V
It represents an approach with one court & two magnets placed in diagonal
manner.
Complex is widened by court. This court can be used for public events, kiosks
etc.
Provides equal opportunities to the stores.
Even distribution of pedestrian flow.
Layout IV
This shows approach to the centre with two magnets.
This is simplest and most often used solution.
13 Essential Features of a Central Business District:

If an area meets many or all of the following criteria, it would probably be
considered a CBD:
Houses large public buildings such as libraries, churches, stations and town
halls.
Contains specialist shops and branches of major department stores.
Contains social amenities such as cinema halls, clubs and theatres.
Contains little housing, but often hotels.
Contains little or no industry.
Contains o!ces and other professional buildings.
Contains buildings that tend to be taller than other buildings in the city
(because land prices tend to be at a premium, making high-rise buildings
economically favorable)
Has high pedestrian levels and the greatest parking restrictions.
Often is the geographical centre of the settlement.
Often is the area with the highest land value.
Is well connected by public transport, with large numbers of passengers.
Has a high tra!c level.
Source:
14 The Modern CBD Pedestrian Malls

By the beginning of the 21st century, the CBD had become a diverse region of
the metropolitan area and included residential, retail, commercial, universities,
entertainment, government, financial institutions, medical centers, and culture.
The experts of the city are often located at workplaces or institutions in the CBD
– lawyers, doctors, academics, government o!cials and bureaucrats,
entertainers, directors and financiers.
In recent decades, the combination of residential expansion and development
of shopping malls as entertainment centers have given the CBD new life. One
can now find, in addition to housing, mega-malls, theaters, museums, and
stadiums.
Pedestrian Malls
Pedestrian malls are also common today in CBDs in an e"ort to make the CBD a
24 hour a day destination for not only those who work in the CBD but also to
bring in people to live and to play in the CBD, keeping the vehicular movement
restricted to the outskirts and to a minimum. Without entertainment and
cultural opportunities, the CBD is often far more populated during the day than
at night as relatively few workers live in the CBD and most do commute to their
jobs in the CBD.
Source:
15 Land Value and the Bid Rent Theory

Land users, whether they be retail; o!ce; or residential, all compete for the
most accessible land within the CBD. The amount they are willing to pay is
called bid rent. This can generally be shown in a ‘bid rent curve’. Based upon the
reasoning that the more accessible the land, generally in the centre, is the more
expensive land.
Commerce (in particular large department stores/chain stores) is willing to pay
the greatest rent to be located in the inner core. The inner core is very valuable
for them because it is traditionally the most accessible location for a large
population. As a result, they are willing and able to pay a very high land rent
value.
As you move from the inner core, the amount commerce is willing to pay
declines rapidly. Industry, however, is willing to pay to be in the outer core.
As you move further out, so the land is less attractive to industry due to the
reducing communication links and a decreasing market place. Because the
householder does not rely heavily on these and can now a"ord the reduced
costs (when compared with the inner and outer core) is able to purchase land.
The further you go from the inner core and outer core, the cheaper the land.
This is why inner city areas are very densely populated (terraces, flats and high
rises), whilst the suburbs and rural areas are sparsely populated (semi and
detached houses with gardens).
Source:
16 Central Business District- Components

GENERAL APPEARANCE
The study of various aspects like urban and open spaces , enclosure and
relation of buildings is important at planning stage. Design harmony among
buildings is attained by describing a predominant character to urban spaces.
An interesting skyline is maintained along with landscaped green open spaces
and plantings to create a unifying design concept among the buildings.
Variety of vistas, visual focal points and views are created along with interesting
architectural details.
Unnecessary signs, poles and wires add visual chaos to the surroundings so
they need to be avoided and vacancies are to created that allow space for
expansion.
A urban space must be distinguished by a predominant character:
Quality of enclosure
Quality of its detailed treatment
Activity that takes place in it
The scale of open spaces is determined by trees, rocks, shrubs and group
surface rather than their gross width and length.
Assuming that the CBD will be served by accessible transport, we need to
introduce the universal design elements in the physical design of CBD. The
proposed design for the CDB has been modified for the following components.
Source: Watson Donald, Plattus Alan and Shibley Robbert, Time savers
standards for urban design, Pg ,10
17 THE GRAND PUBLIC SPACE

A public space is a social space such as a town square that is open and
accessible to all, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, age or socio-economic
level.
Located near a diversity of land uses( o!ce, retail, warehouses) it tends to
attract the users from a greater distances and in a great variety.
Such a plaza is often big and and flexible enough to host the brown-bag lunch
crowds, outdoor cafes; passers through; and the occasional concerts, art shows,
exhibits, and rallies.
The street plaza: an area predominately hard surfaced, centrally located, and
highly visible. It is often the setting for programmed events such as concerts,
performances etc.
The city square: a centrally located, often historic place where major thorough
fares intersect. It is usually bounded by streets.
standards for urban design, Pg- 6.-1
18 WALKWAY SYSTEMS AND SKYWAY BRIDGES

Elevated walkway systems are a comparatively recent development in the
provision of a pedestrian linkage to the major buildings in the most e"ective
area of the central business district.
These second level passages not only o"ers protection from bad weather but
also a"ord the pedestrians a safe and pleasant means of circulation within the
CBD, completely separated from the motor vehicles and their pollutants.
The space in the buildings connected by skyways is often devoted to retail
business, so areas around the skyway may operate as a shopping mall.
Primarily, the skyway plan consists of -
Mid-block crossings which connect the interior arcades through the buildings to
form one continuous system.
.
They also connect with a series of strategically located enclosed courts which
provide comfort and beauty and provide for year-round activities.
1976, Pg: 29
19 INFORMATIONS AND SIGNS

Signage serves two functions—
Provide direction of flow to occasional visitors and new employees in cbd
to convey information and to attract attention. The overall facade composition,
including ornamental details, color and materials, should be considered when
determining the location, size and character of signage.
Points of consideration:
SIGN DESIGN.
Consider both pedestrian and vehicular tra!c in
selecting and designing signage.
2.SIGNAGE AND THE BUILDING
Signage should be low-key in order to avoid
competition with the architecture of the structure.
Materials and design should be compatible with
the building’s materials and style. Locate signs so
that they emphasize design elements of the
facade, but do not obscure architectural details,
windows or other significant features.
standards for urban design, Pg
20 Signs can also reinforce the horizontal lines of moldings and transoms,
and accent architectural details when placed appropriately.
The design and style of both the lettering and sign should complement the style
of the building.
Signs for multiple businesses in a single building should be designed with
similar materials, backs and lettering styles.
3.MATERIALS
Glass, painted wood, painted metal or architectural decorative metals such as
copper, bronze, brass, aluminum or stainless steel are appropriate sign
materials. Unfinished, non-decorative materials, including unpainted wood and
highly reflective materials are discouraged. Plastic is only allowed as individual
three dimensional letters applied to a sign or building, or where the face of an
existing sign is to be replaced with like materials.
4.SIGN LIGHTING.
Sign lighting should be indirect, not bright and glaring. Internal illumination of
signs is prohibited. Neon lighting should be used only in small amounts and
where appropriate to the building design.
5.The signs should be such that they direct the visitors to the elevators,
restrooms, telephones and cafeterias or co"ee shops.
21 6.On leaving the building, clear signs indicating the way to the
transit stop, taxi
stands, and the nearby streets.
7.For larger developments and parking lots, directional signs can be
incorporated that are designed to be an attractive addition to the streetscape.
Public Seating
1.The design must recognize that the seating is the most important element in
encouraging the plaza use.
2.The seating meets the needs of the various types of sitters commonly found
in most of the plazas.
3.These seating must be placed in those locations that are not sunny during the
lunch hours; in the shade.
4.Secondary seating (mounts of grass, steps with a view, seating walls, retaining
walls that allow sitting) must be incorporated in the plaza design, to increase
the overall seating capacity without creating a “sea of benches” .
5.A sense of privacy must be created for some of the seating, through the
placement of the planters and the other design elements.
23 VENDORS
In addition to traditional brick-and-mortar businesses, street vendors also
contribute to the urban landscape and can be found throughout downtown’s
Central Business District (CBD).
Vending is restricted to specific locations, but in general, vending is allowed on
public streets and sidewalks within the CBD and within 300 feet of the CBD.
Types of merchandise that can be sold by a street vendor include food,
beverages, flowers, cards, pens and regional souvenirs. The sale of clothing
items other than T-shirts or caps is not permitted.
24 Points of consideration:
Street vendors and informal trade, provides employment and incomes to a
significant percentage of people, in particular within the urban areas.
The trade takes place at strategic points with heavy human tra!c - along main
roads, streets, parks, pavements, within shopping centers, and at prominent
corners of streets and roads where traders are visible to pedestrians and
motorists.
Vending certain types of goods in particular locations increases the popularity
of retail areas, enliven the environment of a plaza or a sidewalk, and provides
security.
The plaza should be designed to accommodate the vendors, whose presence
will add to the vitality of that place, provides a measure of security, and often
increases the popularity of the surrounding retail outlets.
Providing vendors should be colorful, fabric ”roof” be provided for that area, to
draw the attention to the facility, provide the shelter and shade, the contrast
with the scale of the CBD buildings.
The area for the vendors or market should be situated so as to be easily
accessible and highly visible.
25 ART IN THE CBD environment

In planning the central business district environment, art, in its various forms
must become an element that will bring spiritual and aesthetic satisfaction-as
important as the part of man’s existence as the satisfaction of purely material
needs.
Art to be used in the public places such as plazas, playgrounds, lobbies of the
government buildings and parks- wherever people congregate .
Art in all forms like- sculpture, fountains, special landscaping, well designed
lighting, good graphics, outdoor furniture, and interesting sidewalk patterns-can
create an exciting atmosphere.
1976, Pg: 55
26 Trees shall be provided along major pedestrian corridors.

LANDSCAPING
Landscaping helps to soften the harshness of development, and creates
attractive areas to view, visit and use.Trees and shrubs help to reduce the
amount of wind and dust in an area. Landscaping is especially important for
patios,sidewalks and parking areas.
Trees shall be provided along major pedestrian corridors.
Full growth size of tree shall be considered when planting, so there is space
between the tree canopy, the building façade, and other architectural elements.
•Trees shall not be placed closer than 30 feet from intersections. They shall
remain out of the clear vision triangle.
•Branch height of mature trees on tra!c side shall be no less than 13’-6” above
the street.
Branch height on pedestrian side shall be no less than 8’above the sidewalk.
•Proper irrigation systems shall be installed to establish and maintain healthy
growth.
•Tree species shall be selected that can withstand the harsh conditions of the
urban environment. When an area is to be unified, plant only one species.
•Mature tree height and canopy fullness shall not obscure important building
features or business identification.
27 Major Functions of Plant Materials

Aesthetics
Environmental Modification
Screening
Circulation Control
Plants can act as barriers or screens, providing privacy and eliminating trash
areas.
To provide visual control planting should be at least 6 feet high.
Depending upon the thickness of the foliage, the size of the branches and the
loudness of the sound, noise and sound can be controlled by plants.
Mature street trees shall be maintained
for clear head clearance.
28 Plant materials are grouped into general categories relative to their size
and habitat .These categories include:
Overstory -- tall plants (typically trees) that form overhead canopies
Understory -- shorter plants (shrubs and small trees)
Ground cover -- plants that grow close to the ground (typically less than 12" tall).
May be used to stabilize soil or slopes.
Vines -- plants that attach themselves to other objects for support.
On the basis of texture: fine , medium and coarse
29 LANDSCAPED TREE NAMES TYPE SIZE

AREA
Street Trees Thornless Honey Locust ” caliper
Callery Pear
Red Oak
Littleleaf Linden
.
Trees for internal White Fir foot for evergreens
and screening areas Norway Maple with a 30” spread and
Tulip Tree ” caliper for deciduous
Austrian and Red Pine
Shrubs for No less than 30” in
internal and screening Deciduous and height and 2’ spread
areas Evergreen trees
Lilac
Dogwood
Juniper
Winterberry
Bearberry
•
30 STREETS
A street is a paved public thoroughfare in a built environment. It is a public
parcel of land adjoining buildings in an urban context, on which people may
freely assemble, interact, and move about. A street can be as simple as a level
patch of dirt , but is more often paved with a hard, durable surface such
as concrete, cobblestone or brick .
Originally the word "street" simply meant a paved road .The word "street" is still
sometimes used colloquially as a synonym for "road", but a crucial modern
distinction is that: a road's main function is transportation, while streets
facilitate public interaction.
Examples of streets include pedestrian streets, and city-centre streets too
crowded for road vehicles to pass.
Source:
31 ALLEYS
An alley or alleyway is a narrow, pedestrian lane found in urban areas which
usually runs between or behind buildings. In older cities and towns in Europe,
alleys are often what is left of a medieval street network, or a right of way or
ancient footpath in an urban setting. In older urban development, alleys were
built to allow for deliveries such as coal to the rear of houses.
"Alley" is of French origin, meaning "a way to go", and has been adapted in
English as a name for avenue or a parkway i.e. any type of road lined with trees.
Source:
32 PEDESTRIANS WALKING DISTANCES

Walking distances, are important because they are a factor in plan
configuration, and a measure of design serviceability. The practical limit of
human walking distances appears to be related more to the context and the
situation than the human energy.
For most persons the maximum tolerable distance is in the range of a normal
5-10 minute walk.
WALKING SPEEDS
The pedestrians vary their walking speeds over a wide range. The average free
flow walking speed of the non baggage carrying pedestrians in the surveys, for
all males: 270ft(88m) /min
females: 254ft(77m) /min
and the combination of all the pedestrians: 265ft(80m) /min
PEDESTRIAN VOLUME
The equation for pedestrians flow volume,(P), in pedestrians per foot width of
the pedway section, per minute,(PFM)is expressed as follows:
Ped volume= Average Ped Speed,feet/min
Average Ped Area, sq.ft/ped
33 HUMAN BODY DIMENSIONS: the body ellipse

Body depth and the shoulder breadth are the primary human measurements
used by designers of pedestrian spaces and facilities. Shoulder breadth is a
factor a"ecting the practical capacity of the doorways ,passageways, stairways
and mechanical devices such as escalators and the moving walks. In a plan view,
the average adult human body occupies an area of about sq.ft(1.4 sqmts).
Body depth
18”
24”
Shoulder breadth
A large ellipse of 18inch by 24inch, equivalent to an area of 2.3 sqft(2 sq.mts),
allow for the fact that many pedestrians are carrying personal articles, natural
psychological preferences to avoid bodily contact with the others. This
determines the practical standard for pedestrian design as an ellipse of 24inch
by 18inch.
34 In this formulation, the designer has a clearer concept of relative design

quality, since the units are easier to understand and manipulate. For e.g. a
normal average walking speed of 250sq.ft per minute is attained with an
approximate average pedestrian area of 25sq.ft.person. the simple division of
area occupancy into average speed gives an equivalent design volume of 10
pedestrians per foot(density) width of walkway per minute.
PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN PUBLIC PLACES
Design for the pedestrians to move about in the well-lit, wide circulation routes
that reflect the existing patterns of movement
the principle asserts the well-used and the vibrant streets are essential for the
safety. Measures that detract from the street life nay increase the risks, such as
overhead walkways and underground malls.
Consider safety of people and property together rather than separately
In the traditional Neighbourhood Watch approaches and the Business Watch
approaches, it is sometimes assumed that the concern is about robbery rather
than the personal safety. Street crime, assault and harassment-less visible than
the broken windows and stolen property-have higher economic and social
costs.
Use opportunities for enhancing natural surveillance.
Responsible business owners, neighbours and strangers are the best defenses
against crime. Urban plazas, parks, pathways and parking lots should be
35 designed not only to allow people to see and be see and be seen but
also be provided with call boxes and graphics clearly indicating ways of helping
yourself or getting help.
Provide good maintenance
Good maintenance is crucial for lasting design improvements. Adding lighting
does no good if not frequently cleaned or if burned out bulbs are not
immediately replaced. A broken fence no longer fulfills its function. Critical
maintenance items should be designed for easy access for easy access for
cleaning, replacements and repair.
Make sure solutions to one problem don’t cause another
Safety is part of the integrated design objectives to improve urban quality and
public amenity.
Active, carefully designed, well lit and well maintained urban places help
address all such concerns.
Involve neighborhoods in public safety planning
Local business owners, residents, and community leaders will know local and
nuisance patterns that pose safety risks and should be invited to serve a
significant role in creating a comprehensive urban design plan for safety and
security.
36 Tra!c calming involves physical measures that:
Tra!c calming is becoming an increasingly important part of the e"ort for

cities, towns, and villages to become safer and increasingly livable, economically
successful and sustainable.
Tra!c calming involves physical measures that:
Reduce the negative e"ects of motor vehicle use,
Alter driver behavior,
Improve the condition for non motorized street users.
Tra!c calming slows motorized to a “desired speed” (i-e, the speeds that the
community wants);typically 20mhp(32kph) or less for residential streets, and 25-
30mhp (40 to 48 kph) on commercial streets, collector streets, and the arterial
streets. Tra!c calming can be accomplished by:
Retrofitting the existing streets with regularly spaced measures, and/or,
Rebuilding the streets to include the new cross-sections.
37 ROUNDABOUTS
Roundabouts are both tra!c calming measure and a highly e!cient
intersection design. They calm the tra!c by introducing the three successive
reverse curves of short radius; to the right to enter the circle, and to the right to
exit the circle.
Many roundabouts further calm the tra!c by reducing the sight distance for
oncoming the motorists, with the trees or man-made features in the centre of
the roundabout.
The size of the central island largely determines the operating speed of the
vehicles. Small islands cause little deflection, and therefore provide little speed
reduction
38 Splitter islands are typically used at roundabouts that would otherwise

be signalized intersections, because:
They reduce the disparity in speed between circulating and incoming vehicles.
They eliminate the possibility of right-angles collisions.
39 ROAD INTERSECTIONS
It reduce the severity of potential conflicts between motor vehicles, buses,
trucks, bicycles, pedestrians, and facilities, while facilitating the convenience,
ease, and comfort of people traversing the intersections.
As is the case with other aspects of the highway design process, designers can
use a wide range of intersection design elements in combination to provide
both operational quality and safety. These include:
Tra!c islands to separate conflicting
vehicle movements
Street closures or realignments to simplify
the number and orientation of tra!c
movements through an intersection
Separate left and right turn lanes to remove
slow moving or stopped vehicles from
through tra!c lanes
Medians and channelized islands to
provide refuge for pedestrians and
bicyclists out of the vehicular traveled way.
40 Carriage-way
Textured pavement raised 3”-5”
Zebra crossing
Lane
Sidewalk corridor/ pedestrian path
41 DESIGN FEATURES FOR UNIVERSAL DESIGN FROM A MANUAL FOR

A BARRIER FREE ENVIRONMENT.
Height and design of sill and hanging hoarding for unobstructed shopping
arcade.
Tactile warning marking on the
ground around the obstruction
Street furniture at a uniform
interval of m
Extra 1.2m to accommodate wheel chair.
42 Provision of kerbstone along both

sides to resist a slippage
Seperate 1.5m side walkway for combined walkway tra!c of wheelchair and the
sightless person.
Location of ramps: at parking lots
Parking width of 3.6m instead of
normal 2.5m width requirement
43 Parking width of 2.5m with a

common aisle of 1.2m
Provision of wheel stop to allow free passage of wheelchair
For free movement of wheelchair, the minimum width of walkway should
be 1.5m.
The minimum unobstructed width of walkway should be 0.9m.
The shopping arcade has 6m wide walkway.
The walkways along the open space and along the service road have
minimum width and that is 3m. Thus, the walkway widths conform to
universal design guidelines.
Ramps are introduced at the pedestrian crossing points to let the
wheelchair access the walkway from road.
WALKWAY
44 The transition between walkway and the green landscaped area should
be marked with edge stone, which would protrude from the floor of the
walkway to alert the sightless persons and also to guide the movement of
wheelchair.
None of these elements generate extra cost for implementation but
demands an eye for detail.
All pedestrian crossings will be provided with ramps. This element also does not
generate any additional cost but demands designer's attention to detailing.
Proper signaling system should also be installed to allow wheel chair users and
other mobility impaired individuals to cross safely. Moreover, the non-users of
the facility should be considerate in this matter.
CROSSINGS
PARKING
A certain percentage of the parking will be transformed into parking for
disabled people. Thus, the width of parking will be transformed into 3.6 m
instead of 2.5m. Hence, the number of a part of the parking will be reduced to
0.70 (2.5/3.6) times.
The design elements are Kerb stone, Ramps, Tactile materials to be used for
surface of walkway, Signaling, Fewer Parking Spaces.
45 Shops
In order to design satisfactory shops, the first requirement is an understanding
of those portions of current merchandising theories which a"ect the design
problem . Briefly, ''merchandising psychology" consists of, first, arousing
interest ; second, satisfying it .
Large shop heights vary from 3.9m – 4.57m
Small shop has an optimum height of 3.04m
Basements 3m high permit economical stock storage
Ground floors are usually 4.2m high if no mezzanine is included.
Mezzanines should be at least 2.5m above the floor level.
Grids:
Large units between 7.3m x 10.9 on frontage and 9.14m on depth.
Small units between 5.18m x 5.8m on frontage
O!ces
Single/ Group O!ce
Normal
Maximum
Depth of O!ce
3.75 – 7.50 mt
9.25 m
Dist. b/w Windows
1.00 – 3.25 mt
6.00 m
Dist. b/w Columns
1.75 – 7.50 mt
11.00 m
Main Corridor Width
1.75 – 2.50 mt
3.25 m
Side Corridor Width
1.50 – 2.00 mt
2.50 m
Height of O!ce
2.50 – 4.00 mt
5.00 m
Shop Layouts
46 Vertical Circulation 1. Staircase : 2. Ramp :

Interior stairs shall be constructed of non-combustible material throughout.
Stairs shall be constructed as a self-contained unit with at least one side
adjacent to an external wall and shall be completely enclosed.
A staircase shall not be arranged round a lift shaft for building 15.0 mt. and
above height.
The stair-case & lifts shall be so located that it shall be within accessible
distance of not more than 25 Mts. from any entrance of tenement or an o!ce
provided on each floor.
The minimum width of treads without nosing shall be 30 cm. for a commercial
high-rise buildings. The treads shall be constructed and maintained in a manner
to prevent slipping. No winders shall be allowed.
The maximum height of riser shall be 15 cm. in the case of o!ce buildings and
there shall not be more than 12 risers per flight.
Handrails shall be provided with a minimum height of 100 cm. from the center
of the tread.
Minimum headroom shall be of 2.1m.
2. Ramp :
Inclined plane or surface connecting di"erent levels; a stair without a risers, to
enable a person to climb without interruption and to permit the use of wheeled
carts, chair or vehicles.
A ramp when provided shall not have a slope greater than 1 : 12. Larger slopes
shall be provided for special uses but in no case greater than 1 : 8.
Minimum clear width shall be 36” (3 feet).The minimum width of the ramps in
the basement using car parking shall be 6.0 mt.
Handrails shall be provided on both sides of the ramp.
Ramps shall have level landings at bottom and top of each ramp and each ramp
run.
If ramps change direction at landings, the minimum landing size shall be 60” x
60”.
Each ramp shall have at least 180 cm of straight clearance at the bottom.
Source: Neufert, Ernst and Peter, Architects’ Data, Third Edition, Pg -444
National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 113
47 3. Lifts or Elevators :
The upward and downward moment of people in newly erected multi-storey
buildings is achieved by lifts.
In large multistory building it is usual to look at the lifts at a central pedestrian
circulation point.
Lift position should be such that it does not obstruct the main entrance to the
building and adjacent to the principle staircase.
Area allowed varies from sq m per person.
For a block of o!ces of not more than five stories the speed may be from 37 to
60 m per min.
For a multistory departmental store with a restaurant on the top floor, speed of
90 to 120 m per min.
A lift shall be provided in buildings as prescribed hereunder:
(i) In case of Building having height more than 13.0 Mts. lift shall be provided.
(ii) Lift shall be provided of one lift per sq.mts. or part thereof of built-up area
for commercial buildings.
Passenger Lift
Source: National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 971
48 Elevators for Disabled

In multi-storey building elevators are principal means of vertical circulation for
those confined to wheelchairs and for others with di!culty in walking.
Minimum dims of elevator car to accommodate standard wheelchair:1100
internal depth, 900width , 700 clear door opening.
In public building there should be su!cient space for another person to
accompany chair-bond:1400 min. width, 1100 width.
In special residential homes large wheelchairs are to be accommodated;
dimensions:1800 depth ,1000width, 800 door opening.
Elevator cars must be accurate in leveling and at landings.
Photoelectric devices in doors to prevent premature closing desirable .
Control buttons should light to operate .
Mean height should be 1400, max 1600
To position wheel chairs there should be clear space at least 1500 x 1500 before
each lift door.
49 4. Escalators : Characteristics
An escalator is a moving staircase conveyor transport device for carrying people
between floors of a building. It consists of a motor-driven chain of individual,
linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain
horizontal.
It continuously receives and discharges its live load at a constant speed with
practically no waiting periods at any loading.
Characteristics
These are Installed at an angle of 300 but within 350 .
Installations are generally 2 speed-with the higher speed (120 fpm) utilized
during rush hours and the lower (90 fpm) at o" hours.
Moving stairways are generally available in widths of 32” and 48”, measured at
hip level between the balustrades; 40” can carry 2 persons/tread.
32” has a tread width of 24” and 48” width has 40” tread.
All treads have a rise of 8” and 16” depth.
32” wide step-5, 000 passengers/hour, with a speed of 90 fpm, and 6,666
passengers/hour with a speed of 120 fpm.
48” wide step-8, 000 passengers/hr with 90 fpm speed and 10,665
passengers/hr at a speed of 120 fpm.
Criss-Cross Escalators
Parallel Escalators
Source: National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 996, 997
50 Specifications
Source: KONE standards
51 Parking
It’s the act of stopping a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied for more than a brief
time.
Specialized parking facilities are routinely constructed in combination with most

buildings to facilitate the coming and going of the buildings’ users. Parking
facilities include indoor and outdoor, the side of the road, a parking lot or car
park, and multilevel structures
These areas include the area for parking stall plus the circulation areas.
Common angled or perpendicular parking stalls are 8 to 9 feet ( m) Wide by 16
to 18 feet ( m) Long.
Standard Parking Bay is 16’X8’ or 5mt X2.4mt
The choice of specific parking dimensions depends upon the function of the
parking.
Further ramp plays an important role to reach the parking provided in the
basement. It may be straight, curved or combination.
The maximum ramp slope should be 15 percent. The min. width of ramp should
be 22 ft. for two way tra!c.
National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 107,108
52 Types of Parking Open 23 Ground floor covered 28 Basement 32

Multilevel with ramps
30
Automated multilevel with lifts
16
(Area in m2 per ECS)
National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 107
53 Parking spaces are usually outlined by 12-20 mm wide yellow or

white painted lines.
When parking is facing a wall, these lines are often painted at a height of up to 1
m for better visibility.
Guide rails in the floor along the side have also proved popular for demarcation
of parking limits, and can be about cm long, 20 cm wide and 10 cm high.
When vehicles are parked in lines facing walls or at the edge of the parking deck
in a multi-storey car-park, it is common practice to provide bu"ers, restraining
bars or railings up to axle height to prevent cars from going over the edge.
Where cars are parked face to face, transverse barriers about 10 cm high can be
used to act as frontal stops.
54 Specifications of Parking meant for Building Serving Physically

Disabled
The size and location of parking spaces required must confirm to the following
standards:
An accessible parking space must be at least 8 feet wide.
An access aisle adjacent to an accessible parking must be at least 5 feet wide
and may not be restricted by a built-up curb ramp, planters, curbs, wheel stops
,or any other obstructions.
Two adjacent parking spaces may share a common access aisle.
An access aisle:
A) Must be part of an accessible route to the building or facility; and
B) Must either merge with the accessible route or have a curb ramp to the
accessible route
An accessible parking space and an access aisle must Have a surface slope of
not more than 1:50 in all directions.
An accessible parking space and an access aisle must be designated with blue
lines.
Source: National Building Code of India 2005, Annex-D, Clause 12.21, Pg – 126,
127, 128
55 Fire Fighting
Building regulations require that due consideration must be given in buildings
to:
The flammability of building materials
The duration of fire resistance of the components expressed in terms of fire
resistance classifications
The integrity of the sealing of openings
The arrangement of escape routes
The aim is to prevent the start and spread of a fire, stem the spread of smoke
and facilitate the escape or rescue of persons and animals.
In addition consideration must be given to e"ective extinguishing of a fire.
Active and passive precautions must be taken to satisfy these requirements.
Active Precautions -:
Active precautions are those systems that are automatically deployed in the
event of fire.
Active precautions include smoke and fire alarm systems, sprinkler systems,
water spray extinguishers plant, CO2 extinguishing installations, powder and
foam extinguisher plant, and automatic smoke and heat venting systems.
56 Passive Precautions -:
Passive precautions are the construction solutions in the building and its
components.
Passive precautions relate mainly to minimum structural sections, casing and
coatings.
In addition to these, other important measure are the layout of rising mains,
installation of fire doors and fire windows, construction of supporting floors,
water cooling of hollow steel profiles and the dimensioning of casings and
coatings of steel profiles.
The no. of exits & escape routes required also depends on the maximum no. of
people in the area under consideration. Below are typical requirements:-
500 people exits
plus one extra 500 persons
The minimum width of horizontal escape routes is also determined by the no.
of people using them. Typical values are:
50 people mm
mm mm
extra 5mm per person
Source: Neufert, Ernst and Peter, Architects’ Data, Third Edition, Pg – 131, 138
57 Special risk areas or Storage racks
Automatic Water Sprinklers

Automatic sprinklers are devices for automatically distributing water upon a fire
in su!cient quantity to extinguish it completely or to prevent its spread, by
keeping the fire under control, by the water discharged from the sprinklers.
It consists of a network of pipes 20 mm. dia fixed to the ceiling of the room.
Pipes spaced at 3m c/c.
Heat actuated sprinkler heads fixed to these pipes at regular intervals. Pipes get
supply from a header.
Each sprinkler head provided with a fusible plug.
The fusible plug in the sprinkler nearest to the fire melts and water gushes out.
Fire is thus brought under control in a short period of time.
Types of Sprinkler Systems:
Wet - The pipes are permanently charged with water and used for all locations
except where freezing temperatures are likely to occur or special conditions
exist.
Dry - The pipes are normally charged with air under pressure.
Alternate - Can be arranged to be either wet or dry depending upon ambient
temperature conditions.
Pre-action - The pipes are normally charged with air, and get filled with water
when a fire actuates a separate detection system.
Hazard class
General
Special risk areas or Storage racks
Extra Light Hazard
21m²
9m²
Ordinary Hazard
12m²
Extra High Hazard
7.5m²-10m²
Area covered by Sprinklers:
Source: National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 189, 191
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58 Access for firefighters

Fire Exits
Every building meant for human occupancy shall be provided with exits
su!cient to permit safe escape of occupants in case of fire or other emergency.
All exits shall be free of a obstructions.
Exits shall be clearly visible and the routes to reach the exist shall be clearly
marked and sign posted at each floor. All exit ways shall be properly
illuminated.
Fire fighting equipment where provided along exits shall be suitably located and
clearly marked but must not obstructed the exit way.
All exits shall provide continuous means of aggress to the exterior of a building
or to open space leading to a street.
Exits shall be so located so that the travel distance on the floor shall not exceed
30 m.
All the exits shall be accessible from the entire floor area at all floor levels.
Access for firefighters
59 Fire Exit Doorways Fire Staircase

Every exit door way shall open into an enclosed stairway, a horizontal exit, on a
corridor or passage way providing continuous and protected means of egress;
No exit doorway shall be less than 100 cm. in width. Doorways shall be not less
than 200 cm. in height.
Exit doorways shall open outwards, that is away from the room but shall not
obstruct the travel along any exit.
No door, when open, shall reduce the required width of stairway or landing to
less than 90 cm.
Overhead or sliding doors shall not be installed.
Fire Staircase
Fire escape stairs shall have straight flight not less than 125 cm wide with 25 cm
treads and risers not more than 15 cm.
Handrails shall be at a height not less than 100 cm from the center of tread.
Fire escape staircase in the buildings above 24 mts. height shall be a fire tower
Width of the same shall not be less than the width of the main staircase.
Risers shall be limited to 15 per flight. The minimum unobstructed head room
in a passage under the landing of a staircase and under the staircase shall be
2.2 m.
External exit door of staircase enclosure at ground level shall open directly to
the open spaces
No combustible material shall be allowed in the fire tower.
The treads shall be constructed and maintained in a manner to prevent
slipping.
60 Services: Connections
Mains connection rooms should be planned in collaboration with the mains
service providers.
They must be in locations which can be accessed easily by all (e.g. o" the
staircase or cellar corridor, or reached directly from outside) and they must not
be used for through passages.
They have to be on an outside wall, through which connections can be routed.
Walls should have a fire resistance of at least F30 (minutes).
A floor gully must be provided where there is connection to water or district
heating mains.
Mains connections rooms must be ventilated to the open air.
61 Rain Water Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is the gathering, or accumulating and storing, of
rainwater.
Rainwater harvesting has been used to provide drinking water, water
for livestock, water for irrigation or to refill aquifers in a process
called groundwater recharge.
Rainwater systems are simple to construct from inexpensive local materials,
and are potentially successful in most habitable locations.
Household rainfall catchment systems are appropriate in areas with an average
rainfall greater than 200mm per year.
The rate at which water can be collected from either system is dependent on
the plan area of the system, its e!ciency, and the intensity of rainfall.
There are a number of types of systems to harvest rainwater ranging from very
simple to the complex industrial systems.
Source: waterharvesting/
62 GROUND CATCHMENT SYSTEMS

Ground catchments systems channel water from a prepared catchment area
into storage.
Generally they are only considered in areas where rainwater is very scarce and
other sources of water are not available.
They are more suited to communities than individual families and if properly
designed, ground catchments can collect large quantities of rainwater.
In India this includes Bawdis and johads, or ponds which collect the run-o"
from small streams in wide area.
In India, reservoirs called tanki’s are used to store water; typically they were
shallow with mud walls. Ancient tankas still exist in some places.
ROOF CATCHMENT SYSTEMS
Roof catchment systems channel rainwater that falls onto a roof into storage via
a system of gutters and pipes.
The first flush of rainwater after a dry season should be allowed to run to waste
as it will be contaminated with dust, bird droppings etc.
Roof gutters should have su!cient incline to avoid standing water. They must
be strong enough, and large enough to carry peak flows.
Storage tanks should be covered to prevent mosquito breeding and to reduce
evaporation losses, contamination and algal growth.
The water shall be chlorinated using chlorine tablets or solution to maintain a
residual chlorine of approximately 1 mg/1. The tank must have an overflow
leading to a natural water courses or to any additional tanks.
Source: waterharvesting/
National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 1068,1069
63 Sub-soil Water Drainage

Sub-soil water is that portion of the rainfall which is absorbed into the ground.
Systems of sub-soil drainage
Clay or concrete porous field drain pipes maybe used and shall be laid in one of
the following ways :-
Natural — The pipes are laid to follow the natural depressions or valleys of the
site; branches discharge into the main as tributaries do into a river.
Herringbone — The system consists of a number of drains into which
discharges from both sides smaller subsidiary branch drains parallel to each
other, but an angle to the mains forming a series of herringbone pattern.
Normally these branch drains should not exceed 30 m in length.
Grid — A main or mains drain is laid to the boundaries if the site into which
subsidiary branches discharge from one side only.
Fan-Shaper— The drains are laid converging to a single outlet at one point on
the boundary of a site, without the use of main or collecting drains.
Building Block
Moat or cut-o" system — This system consists of drains laid on one or more
sides of a building to intercept the flow of subsoil water and carry it away,
thereby protecting the foundations of a building.
Source: National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 1070,1071
64 ADVANTAGES IN URBAN AREAS

The choice of one or more of these systems will naturally depend on the local
conditions of the site.
For building sites, the mains shall be not less than75 mm in diameter and the
branches not less than 65 mm in diameter but normal practice tends towards
the use of 100 mm and 75 mm respectively.
The pipes shall generally be laid at 600 to 900 mm depth, or to such a depth to
which it is desirable to lower the water table and the gradients are determined
rather by the fall of the land than by considerations of self-cleansing velocity.
The connection of the subsidiary drain to the main drain is best made by means
of a clayware or concrete junction pipe.
SUBSURFACE DYKE
A subsurface dyke is built in an aquifer to obstruct the natural flow
of groundwater, thereby raising the groundwater level and increasing the
amount of water stored in the aquifer.
The subsurface dyke at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur under Kerala Agricultural
University with the support of ICAR, has become an e"ective method for ground
water conservation by means of rain water harvesting technologies. The sub-
surface dyke has demonstrated that it is a feasible method for conserving and
exploiting the groundwater resources of the Kerala state of India. The dyke is
now the largest rainwater harvesting system in that region.
ADVANTAGES IN URBAN AREAS
Rainwater harvesting can be adopted in cities are to provide supplemental
water for the city's requirements, to increase soil moisture levels for urban
greenery, to increase the ground water table through artificial recharge, to
mitigate urban flooding and to improve the quality of groundwater.
In urban areas of the developed world, at a household level, harvested
rainwater can be used for flushing toilets and washing laundry.
It can also be used for showering or bathing. It may require treatment prior to
use for drinking.
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65 Solid Waste Management

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal
and monitoring of waste materials.
The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is
generally undertaken to reduce their e"ect on health, the environment or
aesthetics.
Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste
management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with
di"erent methods and fields of expertise for each.
Diagram of the waste hierarchy
Solid Waste Management Strategy
Source:
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66 Waste Disposal Methods
By Dumping into a pit

By Dumping into sea
By Sanitary land filling
By Composting
By Ploughing in fields
By Hog feeding
By Grinding and discharging to sewer
By Salvaging
By Fermentation or biological digestion
By Heating it in Incinerator
Refuse Chute System
Refuse chute system is a convenient and safe mode of collection of domestic
solid wastes from buildings exceeding 3 storeys. The internal diameter of the
chute shall be at least 300 mm. The access to the refuse chute shall be provided
from well ventilated and well illuminated common corridor or lobby and
preferably it should not be located opposite or adjacent to entry of individual
flats or lift.
Size of trolley
The size of the garbage trolley shall be adequate for the daily quantity of
garbage from a chute. For working out quantity of garbage, a standard of
approximately 0.75 kg/person maybe taken.
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67 Static Water Storage Tank

A satisfactory supply of water exclusively for the purpose of fire fighting shall
always be available in the form of underground static storage tank with
arrangements of replenishment by town's main or alternative source of 1000
liters per minute.
The static storage water supply required for the above mentioned purpose
should entirely be accessible to the fire engines of the local fire service.
Provision of suitable number of manholes shall be made available for
inspection repairs and insertion of suction hose etc.
The static water storage tank shall be provided with a fire brigade collecting
branching with 4 Nos. 63mm dia instantaneous male inlets arranged in a valve
box.
Drainage and Sanitation Requirements
(O!ce Building)
Water requirements for o!ce buildings is 45 lts / head / day.
S. No.
ELEMENTS
FOR MALES
FOR FEMALES
i)
Water-closets
1 for every 25 persons or part thereof
I for every 15 persons or part thereof
ii)
Ablution taps
1 in each WC
iii)
Urinals
Nil, up to 6 persons for 7-20 persons

2 for persons for persons
4 for persons
From 101 to 200 persons of 3%
For over 200 persons of 2.5 %
iv)
Wash basins
v)
Drinking water fountains
1 for every 100 persons with a minimum of one on each floor
vi)
Cleaner’s sinks
1 per floor, Min, preferably in or adjacent to sanitary rooms
68 Punjab Bye Laws for commercial buildings

Maximum permissible ground coverage is 40% in commercial.
Height- Unlimited, if there is any airport in the district, then special permission
is taken
from the Airport Authority of India.
F.A.R.-1.75
Parking- 3 E.C.S. / 100sq m. covered area on all the floors
For open parking,1 E.C.S.-23 sq m.
For stilt or ground floor parking,1 E.C.S.-28sq m.
For basement parking,1 E.C.S.-32 sq m.
Stilt & basement parking will not considered in F.A.R.
Stilt floor’s height must not exceed 8’6” beyond the building block except in the
set-backs
provided it is used for parking only.
Multi level basement will be allowed behind the building in zoned area except
in set-backs provided it is proposed for parking purposes only and satisfy the
Public Health and Structural requirements.
Parking grid in basements & stilt floors must be between sq. feet.
Source- Policies in Punjab, page no.-572, 573
69 Multiplex
Multiplex complex shall mean an integrated entertainment and shopping
centre/complex having atleast three cinema halls with total minimum seating
capacity of
1,000 seats, set up in an area of 4,000 Sq Yards or above but not be more than 3
acres (Balance land can be used for parking and green belt) with minimum
investment to the tune of Rs crore including the cost of land, if owned by the
developer.However, investment on items other than land would not be less
than Rs. 15 crore. Apart from Cinema Halls the entertainment area may have
restaurant, fast food outlet, video games parlors, pubs, bowling alleys, health
spa/centers and other recreational activities. The shopping centre may have
retail outlets, showrooms, shopping mall, pharmacy etc.
FAR of 2.0 shall be allowed for Multiplex sites.
If at any stage, FAR is increased at any level after the auction of the site,
proportionate additional price shall be chargeable
Maximum ground coverage shall be 40%.
Direct access on a road not less than 80 ft. wide with a road frontage of not
less than 100 ft.
Source- Policies in Punjab, page no.- 567,582
70 Land Use
Multiplexes will be permitted on land earmarked for commercial use or cinemas
in any master plan or development plan prepared by the Punjab Urban
Planning & Development Authority (PUDA) or any local body. They will also be
permitted on land on which no land use restrictions are applicable under any
law.
Provision of basement
The construction of double level basement shall be compulsory for parking and
the entire area of the basement shall be used for parking purposes only except
the area
used for Air-conditioning plant and lift room which in no case shall exceed 10%
of the area. Basement shall be permitted only under the built up area at the
ground level.
Parking
At present the norms of parking for multiplexes 1ECS for 40 Sq. Yds. Of covered
area on all floors whereas as per NBC the norms for parking work out to be 1
ECS for 44 Square Yards assuming that in a multiplex 60% area is used for
commercial, 25% for cinema and 15% for food courts. After detailed
deliberations considering the road network available in the towns of Punjab and
NBC provisions, it was decided that the existing norms in the Municipal Building
Byelaws for parking and other provisions of Multiplexes are in order and should
be retained as such.
Source- Policies in Punjab, page no.-571,582
71 Filling Stations and Filling-cum-Service Station

The term "Filling Station'' as used in this Guide refers to a place of retail
business engaged in the supplying and dispensing of Gasoline (Motor-fuel), and
Motor-oil essential for the normal operation of automobiles.
The term "Filling-cum-Service Station" as used in this Guide refers to a place of
retail business engaged in supplying goods and services essential for the
normal
operations of automobiles. These include dispensing Gasoline and Motor-oil;
the
sale and service of tyres, batteries and other automobile accessories and
replacement items and washing and lubrication. They do not include body or
fender work, painting or other major motor repairs and over-hauling.
Gasoline Filing Stations are not recommended in local shopping areas. In
Central Business Districts, they are preferably located on the fringes of the
centre or on the tra!c routes to such centres at suitable locations along the
highway. In general Commercial areas they should be carefully located along
tra!c routes.
Minimum size for Filling-cum-Service Station and Filling Station shall be as per
the
recommendations of TCPO and shall not be less than 30m X 30m in case of
Filling
Station and 36 mX30m in case of Filling-cum-Service Station.
Source- Policies in Punjab, page no.-352,353,358
72 Maximum ground coverage permitted both under canopy and

building
shall not exceed 35% of the total area of the site.
Maximum area permitted to be covered under the building shall not
exceed 10% of the total area of the site.
The area of the canopy shall not be more than 25% of the total area of the
site.
In case of a main road provided along with a service road or a marginal access
road, the access to the station should be provided from the service or marginal
access road and not from the main road.
In case of a main road provided without a service road or a marginal access, its
minimum width must be 40’
Siting of Stations on road curves or bends is a safety hazard and should be
avoided.
The minimum distance of the property line of the Filling Station from the
Central line of the road must not be less than metres or half the proposed right-
of-way of the road, whichever, is more. In case of national highways, state
highways and major roads in urban areas they should be set back so as to be
outside the ultimate right-of-way of the highway along which it is to be located.
However, variations can be approved in special cases if allowed by the
competent authority after complete investigations.
Source- Policies in Punjab, page no.-375, 354
73 Station Pumps and the road.

For easy flow of vehicles into and out of the Station a minimum frontage of
30.00 metres shall be provided with wide and easy entrance and exit curbs.
Vehicles entering and leaving the Station should be fully visible to the tra!c on
the
main road and there should not be any obstruction to view between the Filling
Station Pumps and the road.
The station area should have clear sign-boards (‘IN' & E X I T' boards) properly
indicating the approach and exit from the premises and these should be
installed
within the site without interfering with the right of way of the highway. These
sign boards should be provided with proper lighting arrangements in the night.
Any
other sign boards or bill boards should also be stated within the premises
without
distracting the tra!c along the highway.
As a general rule, the clear distance between two adjacent fuel filling stations
(these
will also include fuel filling-cum-service stations) should not be less than 300
metres.
There should be su!cient standing space inside the fuel filling station for
vehicles to
wait for their turn. In order to reduce the number of waiting vehicles, it is
desirable
to have oil. air. toilets etc. installed at some distance from the fuel filling pump
so that
vehicles which have been refuelled can immediately be drawn away from the
fuel
pump. There should be adequate drainage arrangements in the fuel filling
station
so that the surface water does not flow over the road but is collected in
suitable drains and led away to a natural course.
Source- Policies in Punjab, page no.-355,353,360,362.
74 when measured from the side boundary of the plot.

Set Backs
Front set back of the canopy shall not be less than 6 metres However, front
set back in case of building shall not be less than 10 metres from the front
boundary of the site.
Side set backs in case of Canopy/Building shall not be less than 6 metres
when measured from the side boundary of the plot.
Rear set back of the canopy and building shall not be less than 4 metres.
All the distances in case of set backs mentioned above shall be reckoned
from the boundary of the site
Height
The maximum height permitted for canopy/building shall be restricted to
20 feet inclusive of the parapet.
Number of storeys permitted within the built up area shall not exceed one
No mezzanine or basement within or under the built up area shall be
permitted.
Boundary Wall
Height of the side and Rear boundary walls shall be restricted to 4 feet.
No boundary wall shall be constructed on the front.
Storage Tanks
Underground fuel storage tanks within the site shall be permitted provided
the minimum distance from the boundary wall shall be 1.5 metres in case
of tanks being buried in earth without any masonry pit around them.
75 Hotel It must have a minimum plot size of 5000 sq. mt.

Frontage should be atleast 200 ft. minimum 80ft. wide road.
It should have a management tie up or franchise arrangement with National /
International hotel chain of repute having at least five hotels consisting of
minimum of 50 rooms each in India /abroad.
The land owner can have joint venture/Development agreement /revenue
sharing arrangement with the developer / Hotelier.
F.A.R is allowed upto 3 ( 20-25% of this FAR can be used for commercial
purposes)
Ground coverage upto 50%.
Parking -1 ECS per 100 sq. mt. of covered area.
76 20’x 80” - includes a corridor of width 8’3” on front & rear side.
S.C.O./ S.C.F. bye laws
20’x 80” - includes a corridor of width 8’3” on front & rear side.
’16’6”x 75 - includes a corridor of width 8’3” on front side only.
16’6” x 66’ - includes a corridor of width 8’3” on front side only.

Number of stories allowed – 4.
Maximum height of building-48’ 6”.
1 basement is allowed.
Provision for air light and ventilation to be 10% of the basement area.
Area of the basement not to be counted towards FAR.
Basement shall have a clear height of 7’-6” from floor to sofit to the beam and
height of ceiling shall not exceed 8’-3”.
10% of the basement area shall be permitted for depression for installation of
AC plants. However, no generator shall be permitted to be installed in the
basement.
Booths bye laws
10’x 30’ - includes a corridor of width 7’ on front side only.
8’3” x 24’9” - includes a corridor of width 7’ on front side only.
Number of stories allowed – 1.
Maximum height of building-12’.
Provision for air light and ventilation to be 5% of the basement area.
The shop’s width: depth ratio must be greater than 1:2.
Source- Policies in Punjab, page no.-433
77 CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR
The people surveyed seem show that the consumers value the availability
Of multiple services at a place rather the ambience or entertainment associated
with the place.
78 The people surveyed seem to fall in one of the 2 categories – those who
shop for products as and when the need arises and also those who visit a store
once/twice a month and stock up. The markets need to decide on a strategy to
target the buyers who shop as and when the need arises as such people greatly
value convenience and usually buy such products from the nearby local
vendors.
79 This chart emphasizes the traditional value seeking behavior of the
Indian consumer. Any retail format aiming to target the masses must be seen as
providing the best value for the consumer’s money.
80 Another aspect that emerged was the strong preference of the buyer
for tried and tested brands and also his penchant for variety at the point of
purchase. Traditionally, kirana stores are known to keep an inventory of brands
that their regular customers usually buy (e.g. Parachute Hair Oil) while malls
stock up on a wide range of brands in the same category. While the customers
do appreciate a large variety to choose from, the more popular brands should
be displayed prominently to attract them.
81 Problems and Issues Tra!c Congestion
The problem of tra!c congestion is particularly peculiar in the mornings and in
the evenings when the people go and come back from their work respectively.
These are known as the peak tra!c hours. Today due to ever icreasing vehicles
on our roads, it has become a major problem to tackle especially in a
commercial centre like a CBD, where the major working class commutes in the
peak hours. The main issues related to this problem are:
Narrow streets
Unauthorized roadside parking.
Ever increasing number of car ownership.

Grid Lock- The inability to move on a transport network in a grid plan.
Suggested Solutions could be:
Ring Roads and Bye-passes
Flyovers and Urban motorways
Multistory car parks
Pedestrianization of streets
Congestion Charge Zone Concept: in this motorists are charged a fee for driving
in the congestion charge zone to avoid tra!c jams in such heavily loaded areas.
Park and Ride: are car parks with connections to public transport that allow
commuters and others wishing to travel into city centres to leave their personal
vehicles in a car park and transfer to a bus, rail system (rapid transit, light rail or
commuter rail), or carpool for the rest of their trip.
Source:
82 Microclimate and Climate Responsive Architecture

A microclimate is a local atmospheric zone where the climate di"ers from the
surrounding area.
Microclimates exist, for example, near bodies of water which may cool the local
atmosphere, or in heavily urban areas where brick, concrete, and asphalt
absorb the sun's energy, heat up, and reradiate that heat to the ambient air.
Urban Heat Island
An urban heat island (UHI) is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer
than its surrounding rural areas. The main causes of this modification are:
Modification of the land surface by urban development.
Waste heat generated by energy usage.
Due to increased population levels.
Climate Responsive Architecture
Architecture that e"ectively responds to the climate provides substantially
improved natural comfort and energy e!ciency. Responding to the daily and
seasonal changes in the sun and breeze patterns of the site is an integral part of
sustainable architecture. The way each of these climatic features is handled
depends on the climatic region in which the building is located. Each climatic
region requires a di"erent design response. Climate responsive design is
achieved through careful consideration of five factors:
Orientation
Solar Access and Shading
Ventilation
Insulation
Building Materials
Source:
83 Pollution
Central Business districts are the significant areas to face the problem of
pollution of all sorts (Air, water, soil, noise etc.). It is very important to deal with
the problem wisely so as to make such high density urban areas more healthy
and livable. The main e"ects of an excessively polluted environment are:
Unhealthy working class
Unhygenic surroundings and the working conditions
Unpleasant site of the urban district as a whole
Finally loss of the commercial activity for which the centre is designed.
Suggested Solutions could be:

Laws against the dumping of litter and sewage in the surroundings
Provision of litter bins and road sweeping (include a relatively recent addition of
di"erent types of bins to encourage recycling)
Clean Air Acts
Vehicles which run on cleaner fuels.
Encouraging public and mass transport.
Enhanced solid-waste management programs
Increased planting of trees and plants i.e. provision of widespread green areas
in the urban areas
Strict implementation of bye-laws with special emphasis on ground coverage
and F.A.R.
Source:
84 Lack of Space and High Cost of Land

As the central business district forms the hub for all the commercial activities in
the city, hence the land prices are expected to be high in this case. And with the
bid rent theory governing the cost of ownership and tenancy, occupation of a
space becomes an expensive a"air. The related issues are:
Small retailers are forced away.
High cost of ownership compared to the rental revenue.
Business losses to the small sector occupants.
Quick occupation and vacancy of holdings due to lower margin of profits.
Clone town is a term (esp. used in the U.K.) for a town where the High Street or
other major shopping areas are significantly dominated by Chain stores, which
can bear the high cost of ownership and can ensure the guaranty required for
such high cost tenancy. This phenomenon is particularly damaging to the
society because of the removal of the diversity.
Some of the suggested solutions could be:
Providing space to tenants at competitive rates after studying the feasibility of
the retail businesses and the o!ces.
There should be a check on the promoters by the authorities so that making
money is not their sole aim.
The concept of Clone Town should be discouraged in order to provide variety to
the people at competitive prices.
Source:
85 Urban Decline
As CBDs compete with out of town centres they experience decline especially in
terms of:
Vacant properties
Vandalism
Lack of maintenance in the common areas.
No interest shown by the authorities after the commissioning of the project.
Growth of internet etc means CBD may no longer be the attractive location it
once was, especially for those such as o!ces who do not need to attract
passing trade.
So care should be taken that such projects which are turned into reality by the
huge monetary investments should not face decline as discussed above. Some
of the attempted solutions are:
Planning mixed use of land to the farthest extent possible. This facilitates the
whole complex to be lively at all times.
Providing properties at reasonable prices with appropriate maintenance so that
the problem of vacant properties can be addressed.
Provision of enough entertainment and recreational facilities so as to attract
more number of people, thus promoting business opportunities.
Source:
86 Thank You
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Presentation on theme: "Library Study (Central Business

3 Goals and Concepts of a C.B.D.

Mercado in Mexico and throughout Latin America combines the elements of

7 Urban Structure Concentric Ring Model CBD Factory zone

9 Multiple Nuclei Model

10 The Core - Frame Model of a C.B.D.

11 Basic Layouts of the CBD

12 Layout IV Layout V Layout IV

13 Essential Features of a Central Business District:

14 The Modern CBD Pedestrian Malls

15 Land Value and the Bid Rent Theory

16 Central Business District- Components

17 THE GRAND PUBLIC SPACE

18 WALKWAY SYSTEMS AND SKYWAY BRIDGES

19 INFORMATIONS AND SIGNS

25 ART IN THE CBD environment

26 Trees shall be provided along major pedestrian corridors.

27 Major Functions of Plant Materials

29 LANDSCAPED TREE NAMES TYPE SIZE

32 PEDESTRIANS WALKING DISTANCES

33 HUMAN BODY DIMENSIONS: the body ellipse

34 In this formulation, the designer has a clearer concept of relative design

36 Tra!c calming involves physical measures that:

Tra!c calming is becoming an increasingly important part of the e"ort for

38 Splitter islands are typically used at roundabouts that would otherwise

bicyclists out of the vehicular traveled way.

41 DESIGN FEATURES FOR UNIVERSAL DESIGN FROM A MANUAL FOR

42 Provision of kerbstone along both

43 Parking width of 2.5m with a

46 Vertical Circulation 1. Staircase : 2. Ramp :

48 Elevators for Disabled

Specialized parking facilities are routinely constructed in combination with most

52 Types of Parking Open 23 Ground floor covered 28 Basement 32

53 Parking spaces are usually outlined by 12-20 mm wide yellow or

54 Specifications of Parking meant for Building Serving Physically

57 Special risk areas or Storage racks

Automatic Water Sprinklers

58 Access for firefighters

59 Fire Exit Doorways Fire Staircase

61 Rain Water Harvesting

62 GROUND CATCHMENT SYSTEMS

63 Sub-soil Water Drainage

Source: National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 1070,1071

64 ADVANTAGES IN URBAN AREAS

65 Solid Waste Management

66 Waste Disposal Methods

By Dumping into a pit

67 Static Water Storage Tank

Nil, up to 6 persons for 7-20 persons

68 Punjab Bye Laws for commercial buildings

71 Filling Stations and Filling-cum-Service Station

72 Maximum ground coverage permitted both under canopy and

73 Station Pumps and the road.

74 when measured from the side boundary of the plot.

75 Hotel It must have a minimum plot size of 5000 sq. mt.

16’6” x 66’ - includes a corridor of width 8’3” on front side only.

Ever increasing number of car ownership.

82 Microclimate and Climate Responsive Architecture

Suggested Solutions could be: