BED25403 Lecture4

BED25403:
FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROPROCESSOR &

EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Hazizulden Abdulaziz (HZAA)
©2023 Hazizulden AbdulAziz
PROGRAMMING THE MCU

Programming the STM32 microcontroller using C programming language
Learning Outcomes
1. Declare type variables according to bit-size of data
2. Use bitwise operators to manipulate data at bit level
3. Read codes written in C for embedded system
4. Explain the flow of instructions written for embedded system
Microcontroller as a Binary Machine

Microcontroller is an implementation of a digital system. Digital electronics,
being the fundamental of digital systems, dictate the use of binary numbers to
represent the data and signals being processed and stored.
In digital electronics, binary 0 represent an OFF state or a LOW signal or a

ZERO voltage while binary 1 represent an ON state or a HIGH signal or a non-
ZERO voltage. Combination of binary digits (bits) forms the coded instructions
(opcodes) executed by microcontrollers.
Programming the microcontroller

Traditionally Assembly Language is used to program microprocessor and
microcontroller devices. Assembly Language uses processor dependent
Instruction Set as mnemonic to represent opcodes for programming the
microcontroller.
Advances in compiler technology increases the use of high-level programming

language to program microcontrollers. C programming language is the
language of choice to program these devices.
ARM Processor
Instruction Set
The ARM architecture includes
two instruction sets for executing
code on processors that support
the Thumb mode: Thumb and
Thumb-2.
Thumb is a 16-bit instruction set

designed to reduce code size and
improve performance on memory-
constrained systems.
Thumb-2 is an extension of the

Thumb instruction set that
supports both 16-bit and 32-bit
instructions
Code written in
Assembly Language
Easier to write codes in C which can be disassembled and

converted into efficient assembly codes instead of to write
efficient codes in assembly from scratch
Embedded C
An ANSI/ISO C with some extensions and adaptations to suit the specific
microcontroller architecture
Using C for Low-Level Programming

In order to write efficient C codes for embedded system, it is important to have
good knowledge about:
the data types native support
the capability of tools for programming & debugging
the availability of standard libraries
the processor architecture characteristics
C needs processor specific compiler (cross compiler) to translate codes in C

to machine code
Structure of a
Program written in
Embedded C
Data Types
Data types Description Range
char (signed char) 8-bit ASCII character ± 127
unsigned char 8-bit ASCII character 0 to 255
int (signed int) 16-bit integer ± 32767
unsigned int 16-bit integer 0 to 65535
float 4 bytes single precision floating point number
double 8 bytes double precision floating point number

Unit of binary number: bit, nibble, byte and word

Bit is the smallest unit of binary number. A bit only has 1 digit, either 1 or 0.
String of binary digits (bits) are usually grouped into a string of 4 or 8 bits to
simplified writing, reading and processing the binary numbers. A nibble is a unit
of binary number consisting 4 bits of 1’s and/or 0’s and, a byte is a unit of
binary number consisting of 8 bits of 1’s and/or 0’s.
A word is a unit of binary number consisting of 2-4 bytes of 1’s and/or 0’s
Most digital systems process and store binary data in a group of 8-bit or a byte
C type stdint.h type Bits Range
The stdint.h type char uint8_t 8 0…255

signed char int8_t 8 -128…127
unsigned short uint16_t 16 0…65535
The types defined in stdint.h is
used for storing and working with short (int) int16_t 16 -32768…32767
data explicitly at the bit level.
unsigned int uint32_t 32 0…4,294,967,295
The stdint.h types declare a
variable as fix length variables int (signed int) int32_t 32 -2,147,483,648
regardless of the OS.
…2,147,483,647
Preprocessor instruction unsigned long uint64_t 64 0…
#include <stdint.h> long (int) int64_t 64
must be declared as
preprocessor directive
32-bit Data
Processing
A 32 bits long binary number can
by divided into 8 groups of 4-bit
binary.
4-bit binary can easily be written
as an hexadecimal number.
Example:
100101101010010111000011000
01111 in binary can be written as
0x96A5C30F in hexadecimal
4-bit binary Hexadecimal

Hexadecimal numbers 0000 0
0001 1
0010 2
Hexadecimal number system 0011 3
has 16 digits (composed of digits 0100 4
0 to 9 and letters A-F) and has a 0101 5
base of 16 (base-16). 0110 6
0111 7
Hexadecimal number is used to 1000 8
represent or to write a 4-bit 1001 9
binary number (nibble) 1010 A
1011 B
1100 C
1101 D
1110 E
1111 F
Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD)
Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD) is used to Decimal Binary
represent each decimal digit as a binary 0 0000
number. 1 0001
Also known as 8-4-2-1 code 2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
Alphanumeric
characters
representation
ASCII (American
Standard Code for
Information Interchange)
code is used to represent
alphanumeric characters
in binary format
Bitwise Operators
Category Operators
Bitwise NOT ~
Bitwise AND &
Bitwise OR |
Bitwise XOR ^
Bitwise left-shift << n
Bitwise right-shift >> n
Bitwise AND assignment &= A &= B; // A = A & B

Bitwise OR assignment |=
Bitwise XOR assignment ^=
Bitwise left-shift assignment <<= A <<= n; // A = A << n
Bitwise right-shift assignment >>=
Example 1:
Bitwise shift
operation
Bits Masking
Bits-masking is method of applying a mask to a value. Bits-masking filters a bit
or a multiple bit in a byte of data.
Using a bitmask, a bit in a byte can be set either to 1 (masked ON) or to 0
(masked OFF) using bitwise operation.
Example 2:
Bit Masking
Structure Data Type

Structure is a composite data type that allows you to group together variables of
different data types under a single name. A structure can contain any number of
variables of different data types, including other structures, arrays, and pointers.
Example 3:
Structure datatype
Each member of a structure is
accessed using member/dot (.)
operator
Example 4:
Structure datatype
Using arrow operator (->) to
access member of structure data
type pointed by a pointer variable
Pointer
A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable.
Pointers allow you to manipulate the data stored in memory, which is useful for
tasks such as dynamic memory allocation, passing parameters to functions by
reference, and creating complex data structures like linked lists and trees.
Example 5:
Pointer
Using structure data type in embedded programming

Structure data type simplify access to peripheral registers of a memory-mapped
microcontroller peripherals
Example 6:
Example 7:
Learning Outcomes (Review)

1. Declare type variables according to bit-size of data
2. Use bitwise operators to manipulate data at bit level
3. Read codes written in C for embedded system
4. Explain the flow of instructions written for embedded system
When writing a program, the program should be clear,

concise, correct & commented
NEXT
Getting started with STM32 IDE

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BED25403:

FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROPROCESSOR &

PROGRAMMING THE MCU

Microcontroller as a Binary Machine

In digital electronics, binary 0 represent an OFF state or a LOW signal or a

Programming the microcontroller

Advances in compiler technology increases the use of high-level programming

Thumb is a 16-bit instruction set

Thumb-2 is an extension of the

Easier to write codes in C which can be disassembled and

Using C for Low-Level Programming

C needs processor specific compiler (cross compiler) to translate codes in C

char (signed char) 8-bit ASCII character ± 127

unsigned char 8-bit ASCII character 0 to 255

int (signed int) 16-bit integer ± 32767

unsigned int 16-bit integer 0 to 65535

float 4 bytes single precision floating point number

double 8 bytes double precision floating point number

Unit of binary number: bit, nibble, byte and word

C type stdint.h type Bits Range

The stdint.h type char uint8_t 8 0…255

4-bit binary Hexadecimal

Bitwise AND assignment &= A &= B; // A = A & B

Structure Data Type

Using structure data type in embedded programming

Learning Outcomes (Review)

When writing a program, the program should be clear,

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