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Dynamic simulation for wind farm in a large power system

Conference Paper · January 2009

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 Dynamic Simulation for Wind Farm
in a Large Power System
Mai Huong Nguyen
Power and Energy Systems Research Group
School of Information Technology & Electrical Engineering
The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane - QLD 4072 Australia
Abstract- As the sources of fossil energy decrease and
demands for electricity increase, wind energy gains
more and more importance throughout the world.
Increasing wind power generation into power system
is desirable because of its advantages: abundant, low
cost, inexhaustible, widely distributed and clean
attributes. However, reactive power consumption is
one of the major problems of wind turbine that cause
serious voltage stability problem, which also
deteriorates power quality. Therefore when
integrating a wind farm into the power system, one
must guarantee the voltage stability, as well as the
capability of the wind farm to survive large transients.
This study explores the impacts of integration of wind
turbine with different capacities and in different
locations on the voltage quality and transient stability
with different disturbances in the network.
Simulations of steady state operation and transient
faults are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink/
Simpower System. The power system model in this
study is based on the IEEE 30 bus 6 generator test
system. The model for wind turbine in the simulation
is induction generator (IG) available in Simulink
library.
I. INTRODUCTION
The new capacity installations today all over the world
are becoming complicated because of the difficulty in
finding place and the increase in price as well as decrease
in amount of fossil energy. Hydro power plant projects are
also gradually becoming complicated because of their
land and water requirement along with their harm for
environment and wildlife habitats. Among the other
renewable sources, wind energy is probably the biggest
success in terms of application.
The dynamics of wind turbine have been developed by
a number of researches all over the world. The dynamic
models, in combination with grid models, can be used to
study a number of dynamic phenomena, e.g. voltage and
frequency transients, small signal stability, grid response
during a fault condition. Developing wind turbine
dynamic simulation not only help address the problem of
the wind power variability and its impacts on the power
system operation and management but also characterize
2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC'08)
Tapan Kumar Saha
the interactions between the existing power system, local
grid and the new wind turbines.
In order to set up a dynamic simulation, one needs to
choose an operating point of the power system, and
calculate the steady-state value for generator and wind
farm internal variables. Unfortunately there has not yet a
unified method to determine steady state values of power
system with wind turbine. The problem is particularly
challenging due to the sensitivity of induction generators
to changes in terminal voltage [1]
Reference [2] proposed several methods to calculate
steady state values of different types of wind turbines.
The terminal voltage is assumed to be known and constant
for the algorithm, and this could be a drawback since the
actual values of P and Q may change drastically as a
function of V. Reference [3] uses a detailed model based
on the system of differential equations of the induction
generator, which takes into account of both rotor and
stator electromagnetic transients. The proposed model is
thus appropriate for test cases with no variation in wind
speed as well as mechanical control.
Reference [4] addresses the problem of calculating
initial values for power system with wind farms. In
contrast to [2], [4] proposed a “top-down” approach,
where one needs to specify terminal voltage and active
power generated. Then the rotor speed, wind speed, etc.
can be determined. While it seems counter intuitive, this is
a practical approach that can be used in power system
software package, in order to set up an operating point for
dynamic simulation. Similar to [2], voltage terminal is
assumed to be a known variable.
This paper addresses the flowing issues: The impacts
of large wind farm on the steady state and voltage stability
of the whole system, at different generation levels and
how the location of wind farm affect transient stability.
In our study we use time domain non linear simulation
to evaluate the impact of wind farm on power system
dynamics. From the simulations, the most common
problem is a severe voltage drop after a short circuit fault
at wind farm.
Paper P-088 page 1
 II. BACKGROUND

2.1. Induction generator

Earlier induction machines are widely used in the
motor mode and limited use in generator mode because of
reactive power consumption. However, when it comes to Fig.2. Generator structure of fixed-speed wind turbine
wind energy conversion, induction machines prove to be model [1]
extremely well-suited for this purpose. Currently, it is the The wind turbine in Matlab is modeled in two main
most commonly used generator in wind. Grid-connected blocks: rotor model and generator model
induction machines draw the excitation current from the Rotor model
network. This requirement for reactive power is possibly The traditional rotor model in wind turbine simulation
the main limitation of induction machines [5]. is base on the well known equation which gives the
The rotor slip is defined as the ratio of the speed of the relationship between the power extracted from wind and
rotating magnetic field past the rotor and the synchronous wind speed [1]:
speed of the stator magnetic [1]. ρ
The slip is generally considered positive in the motor Pwt = Awt C p (λ , θ )υ w3 (1)
2
operation mode and negative in the generator mode. In The performance coefficient can be estimated by the
both operation modes, higher rotor slips result in higher following general equation [1]:
current in the rotor and higher electromechanical power c −c
conversion. If the machine is operated at slips greater than C p (λ , θ ) = c1 ( 2 − c3θ − c 4θ c − c6 ) exp( 7 ) (2)
5

λi λi
unity by turning it backwards, it absorbs power without −1
delivering anything out i.e. it works as a brake. The power where λ =  1   c9  
 −  3
 
in this case is converted into I2R heat loss in the rotor λ c8θ   θ + 1 
i
 +
conductor that needs to be dissipated [5]. Generator model
Paper [6] provides background in fifth-order and third-
order model for doubly fed induction generator wind
turbine. The voltage equations for the induction generator
are given below,
 1 d
v ds = R s × i ds − λ qs + ω dt λ ds (3)
 s

v qs = R s × i qs + λ ds + 1 d
λ qs
Fig.1. Torque versus slip characteristic of an  ω s dt
induction generator [5]  1 d
Fig. 1 shows the torque-slip characteristic of the v dr = R r × i dr − s × λ qr + ω dt λ dr (4)
 s
induction machine in the generating mode. If the generator 
v qr = R r × i qr + s × λ dr + 1 d λ qr
is loaded at constant load torque, TL, only P1 is stable. The  ω s dt
loading limit of the generator i.e. the maximum torque it The electrical torque is given by this equation after
can support is called the breakdown torque and several converted steps [1, 6]
represented in the Fig 1 as Tmax. If the generator is loaded
under a constant torque above Tmax, it will become
unstable and stall, draw excessive current and destroy Te = L m (i dr × i qs + i qr × i ds ) (5)
itself thermally if not properly protected [5]. dωr Tm − Te
=
2.2. Modeling for fixed - speed wind turbines dt J (6)
The modeling of wind turbine plays an important role To enlarge the size of the system simulated and reduce
in the building of stability concept. Every research the time required for computation, the order of the
recently uses grid model, wind turbine model and wind generator can be reduced. In ref.[6], the third-order model
speed model as a foundation. The specific simulation was derived by ignoring the differential term in equation
approach used to study the dynamics of large power (3) and (4) resulting in neglecting the stator transients.
systems is reduced-order modeling of wind turbine. This According to the results of simulations, they indicated that
model uses several assumptions and gives the models the the 5th-order generator model provides more detail
various subsystems of each of the recent wind turbine information in generator behavior, including the transient
types. behavior of the stator current. The 3rd-order model is
preferred in phasor domain dynamic studies of large

2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC'08) Paper P-088 page 2
system while the other is attractive in case detailed fault 2 3.5

current contribution or the transient behavior of the 3

generator rotor circuits needed [1, 6]. 1

2.5

Reactive power
Active power
2
0
III. RESULT 1.5

1
-1
3.1 Case study 0.5

All simulations have been carried out with the IEEE -2

-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
0
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2
30 bus test system, the data of which can be found in Slip Slip

reference [7]. The test system includes 30 buses with three
voltage levels, 18kV, 33kV and 132 kV; the operation
frequency is 50Hz. The graphical lay out of the system is
shown in Fig. 3 [7]
Fig.3. IEEE30 test system [7]
a. Active power b. Reactive power
Fig. 5. Power as a function of slip
We can see that the break down Tmax (equivalent the
maximum active power) when induction machine operated
at generator mode corresponds to a slip value of about -
0.01. It is visible that the higher the active power is
generated, the more reactive power the wind farm
consumes. Therefore only a very small range of the value
of slip is considered to calculate the active power and
reactive power of the induction generator at voltage of 1.0
pu.
We can observe from the P-s and Q-s characteristics,
that the wind farm reactive power demand is very
sensitive to the asynchronous speed (slip), and this is a
major disadvantage of wind farms with induction
generator. From the calculation, one can conclude that a
good operating point would be at s = -0.005 when the
wind farm generates 1 p.u active power and roughly 0.5
p.u of reactive power. However, the rotor speed can vary
too much during transient, which could lead to an
excessive reactive power demand. As a result, the system
experiences a significant voltage drop that may not be
able to recover.
3.3. Impacts of capacity
In this study, a 30x1.5 MW wind farm is injected at
bus 22 in three cases (nominal wind speed is 10 m/s): the
maximum power wind farm can generate at base wind
speed is 0.51pu, 0.6 pu and 0.73 pu.
1.09
Original System

3.2. Power characteristic of wind farm 0.51 pu

The data for wind turbine are available in [8] 1.07 0.6 pu

0.73 pu
Voltage magnitude, pu

1.05

(1 − s)R2
s 1.03

1.01
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of induction generator [5]
Keeping terminal voltage equal 1.0 pu, we can
0.99
calculate the value of active and reactive power as a 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 26 29 30
function of the slip. Using Matlab program, two graphs of Bus number

active power - slip and reactive power - slip Fig.6. System voltages
characteristics are obtained in Fig. 5

2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC'08) Paper P-088 page 3
 First we look at the system bus voltages in steady state Generator 1
1.09
when the wind farm is added (Fig. 6). The voltage 0.51 pu
magnitude of all system buses decrease slightly due to 1.08 0.60 pu
0.73 pu
high level of reactive power demand in the system,
1.07 no wind

V oltage, pu
especially in bus 21, near wind farm. It can be said that
the wind farm has local impact on the system voltage. 1.06
We now apply a 3 phase fault at bus 22 and observe 1.05
the system responses in the test cases.
1.04
Impact on another generator (slack bus)
Generator 1 1.03
79.5 80 80.5 81 81.5 82 82.5 83 83.5 84 84.5 85
0.51 pu Time, s
1.2 0.60 pu
0.73 pu Fig.9. Generator 1 terminal voltage
A c tiv e P ow er, pu

1.1 The post fault system requires less reactive power for
no wind
1 the case without any wind farm, compared to the cases
where there are wind farms installed (Fig. 8). As a result,
0.9
when there is no wind farm, the voltage at generator 1
0.8 terminals right after the fault cleared is higher than the
initial value; whereas in other simulations, the voltage at
0.7
79.5 80 80.5 81 81.5 82 82.5 83 83.5 84 the generator 1 is lower. The reactive demand also
Time, s influents the voltage magnitude of generator 1 during the
fault. When there is no wind farm, the voltage of
Fig.7. Generator 1 active power
generator 1 increases after decreasing slightly; while, in
The generator 1 response is quite different when the
the other cases, it continues to drop. The higher active
wind farm is used in the system, as can be seen in the Fig.
power the wind farm generated, the lower voltage
7. When there is no wind farm (magenta line), generator 1
magnitude of generator 1 is, either during or right after the
active power increases right after the fault is cleared.
fault (Fig. 9).
Whereas when there is a wind farm in the system,
Impact on wind farm itself
generator 1 active power decreases after the fault, before
After the fault is cleared, the biggest drop in reactive
settling down to its new post fault value. This can be
power of wind farm (Fig. 10) is recorded for the 0.73 pu
explained by the fact that the load model that is used in
case, result in the lowest terminal voltage drop. Again
these simulations is a constant impedance load, whose
there is little difference in the shape of power oscillation
power demand (both P and Q) is proportional to the
for all the simulation cases. This concurs with what has
square of load voltages. As the wind farm decreases the
been discussed in [1], where the author states that wind
system voltage due to large Q consumption, the resulting
farm with induction generator does not affect the mode of
active power demands at all load buses decreases.
oscillation of the system.
Therefore when the fault is cleared, the system has more
generated active power than necessary, thus the generator Wind farm
1, with speed governor installed, tends to reduce it active 20
power output.
R e a c tiv e P o w e r, M V A r

Generator 1
0
1

0.51 pu -20
Reac tiv e P ower, pu

0.51 pu
0.60 pu
0.5 0.60 pu
0.73 pu -40
no wind 0.73 pu

0 -60

79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
-0.5 Time, s
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Fig.10. Wind farm reactive power
Time, s
Fig.8. Generator 1 reactive power output

2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC'08) Paper P-088 page 4
 Wind farm Dynamic responses when the balance fault occurs
40 at the terminal of wind farm at three bus locations:
Wind farm
40
A c tiv e P o w e r, M W

20
20
0

Active Power, MW
0.51 pu
0
-20 0.60 pu
0.73 pu
-20
-40 @22
-40 @30
-60 @14
79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
-60
Time, s 39.5 40 40.5 41 41.5 42 42.5 43 43.5 44
Time, s
Fig.11. Wind farm active power
Fig. 12.Wind farm active power
During the fault, the wind farm is not connected to the Wind farm
system. The wind farm is connected to the low voltage 20
@22
side of its transformer, and the transformer high voltage @30

Reactive Power, MVAr

side is short circuited. The wind farm generates zero 0 @14

active power during the fault (Fig. 11), which is expected

since the transformer consumes a negligible amount of -20

active power.
We can see in the Fig. 10 that the wind farm reactive -40

power output is positive during the fault. This reflects the

limit of phasor simulation method that we use in this -60
39.5 40 40.5 41 41.5 42 42.5 43
study. The phasor simulation method neglects the Time, s

electromagnetic transient in transmission lines and Fig. 13.Wind farm reactive power
transformer of the system. While this is totally appropriate
Wind farm
in studying slow system dynamics (electromechanical
process), it is not a valid assumption for such a big
transient. In fact, during the 0.3 sec of fault, there is an 1

electromagnetic transient that occurs between the stator 0.8

V oltage, pu

winding and the transformer circuit, and the stator currents 0.6
also interact with the induction current in the rotor.
Accurate result can only be achieved with a full order 0.4 @22
@30
simulation, which takes into account of the transformer 0.2
@14
transient and the stator transient. We use phasor
0
simulation, so the observed responses are not very 39.5 40 40.5 41 41.5 42 42.5 43 43.5 44
accurate during this 0.3sec. However in either case, the Time, s

reactive power is normally calculated in steady state and
by averaging its instantaneous values during one electric
period, thus its transient value does not necessarily imply
any physical meaning.
3.4. Impacts of location
In this section, we place the wind farm at three
different buses in the system. A 30 x 1.5 induction
generator (IG) wind turbines are installed at: Bus 22 (near
the biggest load of the 33kV system), bus 14 (near 1
generator) and bus 30 (the weakest bus).
The wind farm operates at 0.51 pu maximum power at
base wind speed. With this setting it generates 18MW of
active power.
Fig.14. Terminal voltage of the wind farm
As discussed above, the observed reactive and active
power during the fault (Fig. 12 and 13) do not necessarily
have any physical meaning, especially when we use
phasor simulation. With that in mind we are more
interested in the post fault responses. The bus 30 is
electrically the farthest one from other generators and this
reflects quite clearly in the system responses: the
frequency of oscillation is smaller (due to weak
transmission link [9]). After the fault, the wind farm at bus
30 is also slower to recover its voltage (Fig. 14), due to
the lack of reactive power.
The dynamic response of active as well as reactive
power of the bus 22 case is the most fluctuating one. This
could be due to the fact that there is a big load at bus 22
that is disconnected then reclosed before and after the
fault.

2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC'08) Paper P-088 page 5
 IV. CONCLUSION for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines,”
In this work the integration of wind farm with Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 67, pp. 207-215,
induction generator (WFIG) in the power system is Dec. 2003.
studied. Several test cases, based on the IEEE 6 machine - [7] E. D. Tuglie, S. M. Lannone, and F. Torelli, “A
30 bus system have been elaborated and simulated. coherency-based method to increase dynamic security in
The main objective of this work was to study the power systems,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol.
impact of wind farm upon integration to the power system. 78, no. 8, pp. 1425-1436, 2008.
The most pronounced effects all relate to the characteristic [8] "Matlab Help," 2007.
of reactive power consumption of WFIG. In short, the [9] P. Kundur, Power system stability and control, New
WFIG consumes a large amount of reactive power, more York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
so during the transients where the asynchronous speed
deviates from its nominal value. This could lead to voltage
collapse – a phenomenon commonly occurs in large
power system blackouts. For this reason, to ensure the
system stability when WFIG are used, we must be able to
meet the WFIG reactive power demand, not only in the
steady state, but also in post fault situation when the
WFIG needs much reactive power to recover.
It has been observed that the higher the power
penetration of wind farm into the system, the less stable
the system becomes. High capacity of wind farm also has
severe impact on voltage profile of the system. However it
significantly depends on the WFIG operating point, which
is characterized by P, Q and slip. We found that it is better
to choose an operating point where the wind farm
generates a moderate amount of active power (0.7 pu)
when it also consumes less reactive power. In this case,
the ride through capacity of WFIG is much better than
when it works near the nominal operating point (P = 1pu)
It is found out that when the wind farm is located at
the largest load bus, the system is most stable. Thus,
among several economical and technical factors, one
should consider the system large load buses as candidates
to install new wind farms.
V. REFERENCES
[1] T. Ackermann, Wind power in power systems:
Chichester, West Sussex, England : John Wiley, 2005.
[2] K. C. Divya, and P. S. N. Rao, “Models for wind
turbine generating systems and their application in load
flow studies,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 76,
pp. 844-856, 2006.
[3] Z. Litifua, K. Nagasakaa, and C.-H. K. Chub, “Steady
state and transient operation analysis of wind power
systems,” Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 27,
pp. 284–292, 2005.
[4] J. G. Slootweg, H. Polinder, and W.L.Kling,
“Initialization of Wind Turbine Models in Power System
Dynamics Simulations,” in IEEE Porto Power Tech
Conference, Porto, Portugal, 2001.
[5] M. R. Patel, Wind and solar power systems: Boca
Raton : CRC Press, 1999.
[6] J. B. Ekanayake, L. Holdsworth, and N. Jenkins,
“Comparison of 5th order and 3rd order machine models

2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC'08) Paper P-088 page 6

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