saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XXs.

60-70-ian wlebSi

civi omis periodSi mdgomareobas msoflioSi ZiriTadad or zesaxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebi

gansazRvravda. 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ssrk-sa da aSS-s Soris TiTqos normaluri urTierTobebi
iyo, magram 1960w. 1 maiss amerikuli sadazvervo TviTmfrinavis _ `U2~-is Camogdeba imis
pirveli maCvenebeli gaxda (erTi wlis Semdeg am TviTmfrinavis piloti frensis pauersi gacvlili
iqna sabWoTa mzverav rudolf abelze (`Stirlici~), romelic 1956 wlidan aSS-Si iyo dapatimrebuli),
rom male msoflioSi daZabuloba axali ZaliT iCenda Tavs. sul mokle xanSi aman asaxva hpova
berlinis sakiTxis kidev erTxel gamwvavebaSi.
§1. berlinis kedeli. 1949 wlis SeTanxmebis Semdeg dasavleT berlinis sakiTxi TiTqos mog-
varebuli iqna, magram 1961 wlisaTvis situacia berlinis garSemo kvlav daiZaba. gdr-s xe-
lisuflebasa da sabWoTa mTavrobas Zalian aRizianebda is faqti, rom aRmosavleT berlinis
mosaxleoba kargad xedavda, Tu ramdenad ukeT cxovrobdnen germanelebi dasavleT berlinSi.
moskovSi amas aRiqvamdnen safrTxed `socialisturi Tanamegobrobis usafrTxoebisaTvis~.
amitom, 1961w. 3-5 agvistos moskovSi gamarTul TaTbirze, romelSic monawileobdnen varSavis
xelSekrulebis wevri qveynebis komunisturi Tu saxalxo partiebis pirveli mdivnebi, miRebuli iqna
gadawyvetileba am mimarTulebiT zomebis misaRebad. 12 agvistos gamoqveynda varSavis
xelSerulebis wevri qveynebis mTavrobebis erToblivi gancxadeba `dasavleT berlinis garSemo
wesrigis damyarebaze~, xolo 12-13 agvistos Rames gdr-m SemoiRo mkacri sasazRvro reJimi
dasavleT berlinTan. dasavleT berlini SemosazRvruli iqna ekliani mavTulxlarTebiT da aRmarTuli
iqna Robe. daiwyo berlinis kedlis mSenebloba, romelic 1962w. `warmatebiT~ iqna dasrulebuli.
berlinis simboloebad iqcnen qveiTTa sawinaaRmdego naRmebi da saguSago ZaRlebi. berlinis
SemosazRvris sapasuxod aSS-s prezidentma jon kenedim saswrafod gaagzavna 1500 jariskaci
dasavleT berlinisaken. is eloda, rom sabWoTa mxare SeaCerebda maT, magram aranairi prob-
lema amerikelebs ar SeqmniaT da isini aravis SeuCerebia. dasavleT berlinSi Casul jarebs
miesalma aSS-s vice-prezidenti lindon beins jonsoni, romelic swored am mizniT Cavida
`alyaSemortymul~ qalaqSi. male aSS-s prezidentis warmomadgenlad berlinSi dainiSna generali
lucius klei, 1948w. berlinis blokadis gmiri. daiwyo dapirispirebis axali faza. 27 oqtombers dasav-
leT berlinsa da aRmosavleT berlins Soris gamSveb punqtze fridrixStraseze orive mxridan gan-
lagebuli iqna tankebi. paralelurad mimdinareobda molaparakebebi, romlebsac 1963 wlamde ar
mohyolia raime Sedegebi. 1962w. amerikelebis mier wamoyenebuli iqna gegma, romelic daareg-
ulirebda dasavleT berlinSi Sesvlis sakiTxs. am gegmis Tanaxmad, mimosvla unda gaekontrole-
bina saerTaSoriso organos, romelSic Sevidoda 13 warmomadgeneli: aSS, inglisi, safrangeTi, gfr
da dasavleT berlini (dasavluri nawili); ssrk, poloneTi, Cexoslovakia, gdr da aRmosavleT berlini
(sabWoTa bloki); avstria, Sveicaria da SvedeTi (neitraluri nawili). am gegmam ganxorcieleba ver
hpova, radganac mis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra gfr-s kanclerma konrad adenauerma, romelmac
sajarodac ki gaakritika Tavisi amerikeli mokavSire (es iyo saerTod pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac
gfr-s xelmZRvaneloba win aRudga Tavis `mama-marCenals~). cota xanSi ki mTeli msoflios
yuradReba miipyro `karibis krizisma~, ase rom, berlinis sakiTxi miviwyebulic ki iqna. saboloo
jamSi, 1963w. ianvarSi nikita xruSCovma ganacxada, rom berlinis kedlis aRmarTvis Semdeg
ukve aRar iyo saWiro dasavleT berlinTan calke SeTanxmebis gaformeba. mogvianebiT, 1971w.
3 seqtembers, dasavleT berlinis Sesaxeb mainc iqna dadebuli oTxmxrivi SeTanxmeba (ssrk, aSS,
didi britaneTi da safrangeTi), romelmac gansazRvra dasavleT berlinis gansakuTrebuli statusi.
§2. `karibis (kubis) krizisi~. 1959w. 1 ianvars kubaSi fidel kastros prokomunisturi reJimis
gabatonebis Semdeg aSS-s administracia Zal-Rones ar iSurebda mis dasamxobad da arc pirdapir
samxedro Carevas moridebia. 1961w. 17 aprils plaia-xironTan _ koCinosis yureSi (`Rorebis~

1
yureSi) gadasxmuli iqna kubeli emigrantebisagan Semdgari desanti, magram fidel kastros xelisu-
flebam moaxerxa desantis ganadgureba (brZolebi 21 aprils dasrulda) da ganimtkica Tavisi po-
ziciebi qveyanaSi. marTalia, desantis momzadeba da operaciis dagegmva eizenhaueris adminis-
traciis dros moxda, magram kenedim metad seriozulad ganicada es warumatebloba. Zneli
saTqmelia, ramdenad iqonia am faqtma gavlena mis Semdgom bed-iRbalze, magram uSualod op-
eraciis Cavardnis Semdeg kenedi metad kritikuli iyo centraluri sadazvervo sammarTvelos mi-
marT (amboben, rom im periodSi is css-s daSlasac ki apirebda, magram am mimarTulebiT mas
aranairi nabiji ar gadaudgams). kubis sakiTxi ki amiT ar dasrulebula. desantis fiaskos male mo-
hyva dapirispirebis axali faza sabWoTa kavSirTan, romelic bunebrivia, udidesi interesiT ad-
evnebda Tvalyurs karibeTSi mimdinare movlenebs da ar apirebda, xelidan gauSva amerikelebisa-
Tvis problemebis Seqmnis Sansi. 1962w. zafxulSi ssrk-sa da kubas Soris miRweuli iqna
SeTanxmeba kubis Tavdacvisunarianobis amaRlebis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebda
kubaze saSualo radiusis moqmedebis birTvuli raketebis ganlagebas, rac sisruleSi iqna moyvanili
kidec 1962w. Semodgomaze. Tavidanve am nabijiT xruSCovi cdilobda am raketebis ara aSS-ze
Tavdasxmis mizniT gamoyenebas, aramed is ganixilavda maT, rogorc erTgvari vaWrobis
saSualebas xruSCovs Zalian aRizianebda is faqti, rom amerikelebs ganlagebuli hqondaT Tavisi
birTvuli qobinebi TurqeTSi da ganzraxuli hqonda, aeZulebina amerikelebi, gaetanaT isini Tur-
qeTidan.
1962w. 14 oqtombers kubas gadaufrina amerikulma `U2~-ma, romelmac moaxdina kun-
Zulis aerofotogadaReba. fotosuraTebis damuSavebis Semdeg amerikelma samxedroebma aR-
moaCines sabWoTa raketebi da saswrafod moaxsenes amis Sesaxeb prezident kenedis. daiwyo
krizisis e.w. `faruli periodi~. 16 oqtombers TeTr saxlSi ramdenime TaTbiri Sedga, romelzec pen-
tagonis warmomadgenlebi aSkara samxedro aqciebis dawyebas iTxovdnen, magram gadawyda
mxolod guantanamos samxedro bazis gaZliereba (guantanamo aris amerikuli samxedro baza
kubaze). sabolood, vaSingtonSi miiRes gadawyvetileba kubis sazRvao blokadis Sesaxeb. Tavis
mxriv, sabWoTa mxaremac gadadga sapasuxo nabiji da 18 oqtombers ssrk-s sagareo saqmeTa
ministrma andrei gromikom gaafrTxila kenedi, rom sabWoTa kavSiri damkvirveblis rols ar
dasjerdeboda. mas arc kenedi CamorCa da gaafrTxila sabWoTa ministri, rom kubaze sabWoTa
raketebis ganlageba seriozul Sedegebs gamoiwvevda. miuxedavad amisa, situacia kubis garSemo
ucvleli darCa da 1962w. 22 oqtombers vaSingtonis droiT 19 saaTze kenedim televiziiT gakeTe-
bul mimarTvaSi oficialurad gamoacxada kubis sazRvao blokada. es iyo `karibis krizisis~ ofi-
cialuri dasawyisi.
`karantini~ kubis mimarT amoqmedda 24 oqtombris 14 saaTidan. amerikelebma karibis zR-
vaSi ganalages 183 sabrZolo xomaldi da wyalqveSa navi sazRvao aviaciiTa da sazRvao qve-
iTebis SenaerTebiT. garda amisa, `polarisis~ tipis wyalqveSa navebma daikaves operatiuli pozi-
ciebi, raTa saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi birTvuli iaraRi gamoeyenebinaT varSavis xelSekrulebis
wevri qveynebis winaaRmdeg. garda amisa, 23 oqtombers aSS-s kongresma miiRo kanonproeqti,
romliTac aSS acxadebda, rom Sewyvetda daxmarebas im qveynebisaTvis, romlebic mihyididnen
kubas iaraRs da strategiuli daniSnulebis saqonels an Caitandnen am saqonels kubaSi. situaciis
ganmuxtva ver moxerxda verc gaero-s uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomebis Semdeg, romlebsac Sede-
gebi ar mohyva. aSS-m mxolod valdebuleba aiRo, rom ar SeiWreboda kubaSi. samagierod, kr-
izisis mowesrigebis garkveuli konturebi gamoisaxa 27 oqtombers, rodesac jon kenedis Zma sen-
atori robert kenedi Sexvda aSS-Si sabWoTa elCs a. dobrinins. dobrininma am Sexvedraze gaux-
sna Tavisi kartebi r. kenedis da uTxra mas, rom krizisidan gamosvla SeiZleboda, Tu aSS gaitanda
Tavis raketebs TurqeTidan. amis Semdeg wavida diplomatiuri konsultaciebi moskovs, vaSing-
tonsa da havanas Soris. aqtiurobda gaero-s generaluri mdivani u tanic. sabolood, 20 noembers

2
prezidentma kenedim karantini moxsna, meore dRes ki sabWoTa mTavrobamac miiRo gadaw-
yvetileba saraketo jarebsa da strategiul aviaciaSi sruli sabrZolo mzadyofnidan Cveulebriv sab-
rZolo mzadyofnaze gadasvlis Sesaxeb. cota xanSi, sabWoTa raketebi kubidan gatanili iqna, rac
aSS-Si gamarjvebad iqna Sefasebuli, Tumca gaugebaria, ratom. sabWoTa kavSirma xom kubidan
gaitana raketebi, romlebic mxolod imitom aRmoCnda iq, raTa amerikuli qobinebi gatanili yofiliyo
TurqeTidan. amerikelebma ki marTlac gaitanes Tavisi raketebi TurqeTidan, ase rom, SeiZleba
iTqvas, xruSCovma pirwmindad moigo karibis krizisi. kenedim ki, kubaSi miRebuli gakveTilis
Semdeg erTgvarad Secvala aSS-s politika laTinur amerikaSi da Seqmna `aliansi progresisaTvis~,
romelsac evaleboda regionSi cxovrebis donis amaRleba da komunizmis gavrcelebis SeCereba.
§3. vietnamis omi. Jenevis SeTanxmebebis (1954w.) dadebis Semdeg aSS-m mizanmimar-
Tulad gamodevna safrangeTi indoCineTidan. 1956w. frangebma datoves samxreT vietnami da
isini iq Secvales amerikelebma. ngo din ziemi, romelic oficialurad marTavda samxreT vietnams
1955w. 26 oqtombridan, uaRresad arapopularuli iyo qveyanaSi. samagierod, is wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi aSS-s sruli mxardaWeriT sargeblobda (1961w. j. kenedim misi moqmedebebi Seafasa ro-
gorc `gansakuTrebiT sanaqebo~ da `saukeTeso formiT ganxorcielebadi~), Tumca, bolos da bolos,
amerikelebic mixvdnen, rom is ver arTmevda Tavs Tavis movaleobebs. CrdiloeT vietnamis mx-
ardaWeriT mosargeble adgilobrivi komunistebi sul met teritoriebs euflebodnen da 1963w. agvis-
toSi aSS-s administracia iZulebuli gaxda, saigonSi axali elCi henri kabot loji gagzavna. lojs pirda-
pir evaleboda `samxreT vietnamis politikis da zogierTi piris Secvla~. rogorc Semdeg gairkva,
mas ziemis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebis mowyoba evaleboda. h. kisinjeris TqmiT, vietnamel
samxedroebs Zalian didi xani _ 2 Tve _ dasWirdaT imis misaxvedrad, rom ziemi mosacilebeli
iyo. 1 noembers ziemi da misi Zma ngo din nhu mokles, magram samxedroebmac ver gadaw-
yvites samxreT vietnamSi Seqmnili problemebi.
vietnamSi samxedro moqmedebebis dawyebis sababad iqca e.w. `tonkinis incidenti~.
1964w. 2 agvistos amerikuli saeskadro naRmosani `medoqsi~ tonkinis yureSi Seeba CrdiloeT vi-
etnamis sapatrulo gemebs. mogvianebiT amerikelebi amtkicebdnen, rom yovelive es saerTaSoriso
wylebSi moxda, magram, rogorc Cans, maT marTlac daarRvies vietnamis demokratiuli res-
publikis teritoriuli wylebi. miuxedavad amisa, tonkinis incidenti gaxda safuZveli e.w. `tonkinis
rezoluciis~ miRebisa (1964w. 10 agvisto), romliTac aSS-s prezidents eZleoda ufleba,
gamoeyenebina nebismieri saSualeba aSS-s samxedro Zalebze Tavdasxmis mosagerieblad Tu
Tavidan asacileblad. swored es rezolucia iqna gamoyenebuli 1965w., rodesac 7 Tebervals moxda
Tavdasxma amerikul samxedro bazaze q. pleikus maxloblad. sanacvlod amerikulma Zalebma
dabombes CrdiloeT vietnamis teritoria. moxda ise, rom Tavdasxma amerikul bazaze da pirveli
dabombva daemTxva vietnamSi ssrk ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris a. kosiginis vizits, rac
namdvilad ar unda yofiliyo SemTxveviTi. daiwyo e.w. `vietnamis omi~, romelSic amerikelebi
ZiriTadad cdilobdnen mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebas samxedro-sahaero Zalebis gamoyenebiT,
rasac vietnamelebi pasuxobdnen partizanuli taqtikiT. TandaTanobiT amerikelTa msxverplma
imata, risi mizezic, sakuTriv vietnamelTa Tavganwiruli brZolis garda, gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris
mier gaweuli daxmareba samxedro instruqtorebisa da teqnikis saxiT. daRupulTa da daWrilTa
ricxvis zrdam aSS-s prezidenti lindon jonsoni aiZula molaparakebebze efiqra. 1968w. 13 maiss
parizSi daiwyo kontaqtebi aSS-s elC averel harimansa da vietnamis demokratiuli respublikis war-
momadgenel suan Thuis Soris. 5-Tviani molaparakebebis Semdeg gadawyda, rom aSS 1 noem-
bridan Sewyvetda CrdiloeT vietnamis teritoriis dabombvas da daiwyeboda oTxmxrivi konferencia
aSS-s, CrdiloeT vietnamis, samxreT vietnamis da samxreT vietnamis ganTavisuflebis saxalxo frontis
warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT.
oTxmxrivi molaparakebebi daiwyo 1969w. 18 ianvars parizSi, saerTaSoriso konferenciebis

3
saxlSi (aveniu kleberze). konferenciaze sakmaod mZafri brZola gaimarTa samxreT vietnamis
Semdgomi bedis ganxilvisas. CrdiloeT vietnamelebs da saxalxo frontis warmomadgenlebs surdaT
samxreT vietnamSi erovnuli Tanxmobis koaliciuri mTavrobis Seqmna, romelic gaatarebda ori vi-
etnamis Serwymis TandaTanobiT politikas. aSS-s axali warmomadgeneli konferenciaze h. loji ki
moiTxovda, rom ZiriTadi arasamxreTvietnamuri Zalebis gayvanis Semdeg CrdiloeT vietnams
gaeyvana Tavisi SenaerTebi samxreTidan, ris Semdegac ukve darCenili amerikuli nawilebic
datovebdnen qveyanas. amis Semdeg qveyanaSi Catardeboda arCevnebi, romelic gadawyvetda
samxreT vietnamis Semdgom beds. es pozicia damyarebuli iyo aSS-s axali prezidentis riCard mil-
haus niqsonis programaze, romelic 1969w. 14 maiss iqna wamoyenebuli da romelsac `8 punqti~
uwodes.
1969w. 25 ivliss niqsonma k. guamze wamoayena axali, e.w. `guamis doqtrina~, romlis Ta-
naxmadac aSS uars ambobda aziaSi axali valdebulebebis aRebaze da ar gamoiyenebda qveiT ja-
rebs `Sida ajanyebebis~ CasaxSobad, anu `azielebs Tavisi saqmeebi TviTon unda gadaewyvi-
taT~. rac Seexeboda vietnams ki, aq niqsoni drois gaWimvis politikas daadga. warmomadgenlebi
parizis Sexvedrebze icvlebodnen, magram araferi ar icvleboda (loji Secvala devid briusma, briusi
_ uiliam porterma). 1970 wlis 17 seqtembers samxreT vietnamis droebiTma revoluciurma mTav-
robam (Seiqmna 1969w. 6-8 ivniss da funqcionirebda im teritoriebze, romlebic daikaves
Crdiloelebma samxreT vietnamSi) wamoayena axali winadadeba, romlis Tanaxmadac vietnam-
idan unda gaeyvanaT amerikuli nawilebi (maTTvis gaakeTebdnen usafrTxo derefans) da unda
Seqmniliyo koaliciuri mTavroba, magram es winadadeba, rasakvirvelia, ar iqna miRebuli. situa-
cia Seicvala mxolod mas Semdeg, rac niqsoni ewvia CineTs da mogvarda urTierTobebi CineTsa
da aSS-s Soris. aman erTgvarad SeaSina sabWoTa kavSiri da CrdiloeT vietnami da maTac
gadawyvites erTgvar daTmobebze wasvla. moixsna moTxovna koaliciuri mTavrobis Semadgen-
lobaSi samxreT vietnamis prezidentis nguen van Thieusa da misi momxreebis arSeyvanis Ses-
axeb. sabolood, 1973w. 27 ianvars parizSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebas vietnamSi omis Sewyvet-
isa da mSvidobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, samxreT vietnamis teritoria unda
daetovebina yvela ucxour SenaerTs, samxreT vietnamSi unda Seqmniliyo erovnuli Serigebisa da
Tanxmobis sabWo, Catarebuliyo Tavisufali da demokratiuli arCevnebi, momxdariyo CrdiloeT da
samxreT vietnamis etapobrivi, TandaTanobiTi gaerTianeba, romelSic ar unda Careuliyo arc erTi
gareSe mxare. garda amisa, mxareebma valdebuleba aiRes, rom daicavdnen Jenevis 1954w. Se-
Tanxmebas kambojisa da 1962w. SeTanxmebas laosis Sesaxeb da ar Caereodnen am qveynebis
saSinao saqmeebSi. 1973w. 27 ianvris SeTanxmeba damtkicebuli iqna parizis konferenciaze viet-
namis Sesaxeb (1973w. 26 Tebervali _ 2 marti).
parizis SeTanxmebebi calmxrivad aRmoCnda Sesrulebuli. aSS-m marTlac gaiyvana Tavisi
jarebi samxreT vietnamidan, magram aranairi koaliciuri mTavroba ar Seqmnila. 1975w. ianvarSi
CrdiloeT vietnamSi miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba samxreT vietnamis mTeli teritoriis brZoliT
dakavebis Sesaxeb. operacia martSi daiwyo da aprilis Sua ricxvebisaTvis Crdiloelebma ukve
praqtikulad sruli gamarjveba moipoves. 21 aprils samxreT vietnamis prezidenti Thieu gadadga da
ramdenime dReSi qveynis teritoriac datova. 30 aprils ki Crdiloelebma daikaves saigoni da omic
dasrulda.
§4. dapirispireba maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. 60-iani wlebi aRiniSna axali dapirispirebiT
maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. arabuli samyaro, romelic kvlavindeburad ar cnobda israels da cdilobda
mis `aRgvas pirisagan miwisa~. amaSi arabebs aqtiurad uWerda mxars sabWoTa kavSiri. gansak-
uTrebulad antiebraulad iyo ganwyobili egviptis prezidenti gamal abdel naseri, romelic cdilobda
sakuTari birTvuli iaraRis Seqmnas (amaSi mas erTi periodi germaneli mecnierebi exmarebodnen,
romelTac egonaT, rom isini gfr-is mTavrobaze muSaobdnen). swored naserma moaxdina israel-ar-

4
 abebis axali omis (e.w. 6-dRiani omi) provocireba. is amzadebda Tavdasxmas israelze, amitomac
man moiTxova gaeros jarebis gayvana aqabis yuridan, sadac isini Cayenebuli iqnen suecis krizisis1
Semdeg. 1967w. 23 maiss arabeTis gaerTianebulma respublikam (1958w. egvipte da siria gaer-
Tiandnen erT saxelmwifoSi, romelsac arabeTis gaerTianebuli respublika ewoda. 1961w. siria
gamovida am kavSiridan, magram egvipte mainc ganagrZobda am saxelwodebis gamoyenebas
1971w.-mde) daxurulad gamoacxada tiranis srute da aqabis yure israelisaTvis da im qveynebisaTvis,
romlebic mas awvdidnen strategiulad mniSvnelovan saqonels. gaeros generaluri mdivnis u tanis
Carevis Semdeg naseri daTanxmda, rom tiranis srutis sakiTxi ori kviris vadaSi ganexila uSiSroebis
sabWos, oRond am xnis ganmavlobaSi aRniSnul SezRudvebs israelis mimarT unda emoqmeda. is-
raelis mTavrobam, romelmac kargad icoda, rom egviptis prezidents Zalian surda israelze Tavdas-
xma, gadawyvita esargebla xelsayreli momentiT da daeswro mowinaaRmdegisaTvis. israelis
sagareo saqmeTa ministris a. ebanis vizitebis Semdeg (aSS-Si, did britaneTSi, safrangeTSi) israelSi
gadawyda moulodneli dartymis miyeneba egviptis, siriisa da iordaniisaTvis (miuxedavad imisa, rom
Sarl de golma ganucxada ebrael ministrs, rom is mxare, romelic pirveli gaxsnida cecxls, dakargavda
safrangeTis megobrobas). 3 ivniss Tel-avivSi Seiqmna axali kabineti, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga
levi eSkola, xolo Tavdacvis ministri gaxda generali moSe daiani). 4 ivniss israelis mTavrobam
miiRo gadawyvetileba sabrZolo moqmedebebis dauyovnebliv dawyebis Sesaxeb da 5 ivniss diliT
gadamwyveti dartyma miayena egviptes. egviptis armia, romelic TavdacviTi brZolebis war-
moebisaTvis ar iyo mzad, iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia. 6 ivniss ebraelebma aiRes Raza, 7-Si _
Sarm-aS-Seixi, 9-Si ki gavidnen suecis arxsa da wiTel zRvaze. amavdroulad, 7 ivniss maT daaxev-
ines md. iordanes aRmosavleT napirze iordaniis armias, xolo 9 ivniss SeiWrnen siriaSi da aiRes go-
lanis maRlobebi. 10 ivniss, mas Semdeg, rac Sesrulebuli iqna yvela dasaxuli mizani, israelis armi-
am Sewyvita sabrZolo moqmedebebi. daiwyo molaparakebebi konfliqtis mosagvareblad.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XXs. 70-ian wlebSi

§1. niqsonis doqtrina. vietnamis omma daarwmuna dasavleTi zogierT SemTxvevaSi `Zalis
uZlurebaSi~ da aSS-s prezidentma riCard niqsonma 1970w. TebervalSi, prezidentis pirvel yovel-
wliur moxsenebaSi sagareo politikis sakiTxebze niqsonma wamoayena aSS-s sagareo-politikuri
kursis axali koncefcia. man uari Tqva aSS-s globalur pasuxismgeblobaze da Semdegi debulebebi
daayena wina planze: 1) aSS Seasrulebs mis mier aRebul samokavSireo valdebulebebs; 2) aSS
Seasrulebs faris rols, Tu birTvuli iaraRis mqone qveyana daemuqreba aSS-s mokavSire saxelm-
wifos, an saxelmwifos, romlis gadarCena aSS-s usafrTxoebisaTvis aris sasicocxlod
1
სუეცის კრიზისი იყო სამხედრო კონფლიქტი, რომლის დროსაც 1956 წლის 29 ოქტომბერს,
ეგვიპტეში შეიჭრა ისრაელის, დიდი ბრიტანეთის და საფრანგეთის კოალიცია. კონფლიქტის
დაწყების მიზეზი იყო ეგვიპტის პრეზიდენტის ნასერის მიერ სუეცის არხის (ერთ-ერთი
მნიშვნელოვანი სატრანსპორტო არტერია მსოფლიოში) ნაციონალიზაცია, რომელიც მანამდე
კერძო ბრიტანელი და ფრანგი აქციონერების საკუთრებაში იყო. კოალიციის სამხედრო
ოპერაცია წარმატებული გამოდგა. მათ შეძლეს სუეცის არხის დაკავება, თუმცა აშშ-ისა და
საბჭოთა კავშირის მხრიდან დიპლომატიური ზეწოლის შედეგად კოალიციამ დატოვა
ეგვიპტის ტერიტორია და სუეცის არხი ეგვიპტის სახელმწიფოს საკუთრებაში დარჩა. ამან
გაზარდა ნასერის ავტორიტეტი ეგვიპტეში და მთლიანად არაბულ სამყაროში. აშშ-მა არ
დაუჭირა მხარი თავის მოკავშირეებს ამ კონფლიქტში, რადგან არსებობდა საფრთხე, რომ
სუვერენულ ეგვიპტეში ამ ინტერვენციის შედეგად, გაიზრდებოდა საბჭოთა კავშირის მიმართ
მხარდაჭერა არაბულ სამყაროში. ამ კონფლიქტმა დააკარგვინა დიდ ბრიტანეთსა და
საფრანგეთს გლობალური მოთამაშეების სტატუსი და დააჩქარა ამ ორი კოლონიური იმპერიის
დაშლის პროცესი.

5
mniSvnelovani; 3) arabirTvuli agresiis SemTxvevaSi Tavis dasacavad saWiro kontingentis
gamoyvana evaleba uSualod agresiis msxverpl saxelmwifos.
niqsonis es sityva mTlianad gamomdinareobda vietnamis omis gakveTilebidan. faqtobrivad,
aSS-s prezidentis es koncefcia niSnavda, rom aSS momavalSi ganze gadgeboda vietnamis ms-
gavs konfliqtebSi monawileobisagan. Tumca am doqtrina erTgvarad gaugebari adgilebic iyo.
gaurkveveli rCeboda aSS-s pozicia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu birTvuli iaraRis mqone qveyana Tavs
daesxmoda aSS-s mokavSire saxelmwifos birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebis gareSe, maSin rogori
iqneboda amerikelTa pozicia. amasTan, Tu romelime saxelmwifo, romlis dacvac aucilebeli unda
yofiliyo amerikelebisaTvis, ar gamoiyvanda saWiro raodenobiT kontingents, maSin rogor moiq-
ceoda aSS-s administracia, ra zomebs miiRebda is Tavisi uSiSroebis SesanarCuneblad? Tu
saxelmwifo interesi iqneboda amerikelTa moqmedebis ganmsazRvreli, maSin aSS ubralod valde-
buli iqneboda daecva es qveyana, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra Zalebs gamoiyenebda is sakuTari
Tavis dasacavad, es ki winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda doqtrinasTan.
kargad ar iyo damuSavebuli agreTve aSS-s SesaZlo moqmedeba, Tu misi mokavSiris mi-
marT marTlac iqneboda gamoyenebuli birTvuli iaraRi. daiwyeboda Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi
srulmasStabiani birTvuli omi, Tu iqneboda gamoyenebuli adgilobrivi sapasuxo dartymis strategia
(ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi isev agresiis msxverpli qveynis teritoria dazaraldeboda). mokled,
doqtrina mainc utovebda aSS-s mmarTvel wreebs garkveuli lavirebis saSualebas sxvadasxva
situaciebSi, Tumca ZiriTadi arsi mdgomareobda mainc imaSi, rom msgavsi konfliqtebi SeiZle-
boda momxdariyo mxolod periferiul zonebSi (anu im adgilebSi, sadac ar iyo garkveuli, Tu visi
gavlena iyo ufro didi) da naklebad iyo mosalodneli, rom vinme moaxdenda agresias im saxelmwi-
fos winaaRmdeg, romelTanac aSS-s dadebuli eqneboda samokavSireo SeTanxmeba.
aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo niqsonis mier dawyebuli daZabulobis Senelebis politika. niq-
sonma SeZlo, mkveTrad gaeumjobesebina urTierToba sabWoTa kavSirTan. 1971w. TebervalSi
aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris daido SeTanxmeba birTvuli iaraRis gamocdebisas SezRud-
vebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. amieridan ikrZaleboda birTvuli da masobrivi ganadgurebis sxva
iaraRebis gamocda zRvebsa da okeaneebSi. 1972w. 22-30 maiss niqsoni sabWoTa kavSirs ewvia
da molaparakebebi gamarTa leonid breJnevTan. mxareebs Soris am Sexvedrisas xelmowerili iqna
10 dokumenti, romelTa Soris iyo SeTanxmeba `aSS-sa da ssrk-s Soris urTierTobebis safuZvlebis
Sesaxeb~. mxareebi morigdnen, rom yvela SesaZleblobas gamoiyenebdnen birTvuli omis saS-
iSroebis Tavidan asacileblad. garda amisa, miRweuli iqna SeTanxmeba raketsawinaaRmdego
sistemebis SezRudvis Sesaxeb da droebiTi SeTanxmeba strategiuli SeteviTi iaraRis SezRudvisa-
Tvis zogierTi zomis Sesaxeb.
1973w. 18-25 ivniss breJnevi sapasuxo vizitiT ewvia vaSingtons. amjerad, mxareebma xeli
moaweres SeTanxmebas birTvuli omis Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb. aSS-m da ssrk-m valdebuleba
aiRes, rom ar gamoiyenebdnen birTvul iaraRs da arc daemuqrebodnen vinmes misi gamoyenebiT.
garda amisa, xeli moewera xelSekrulebas raketsawinaaRmdego strategiuli SeiaraRebebis Sem-
dgomi SezRudvis Sesaxeb (SALT – Strategic Armaments Limitation Talks), romelic ganavrcobda
erTi wliT adre dadebul SeTanxmebas.
sabWoTa kavSirTan urTierTobebis gaumjobesebasTan erTad niqsonma daiwyo ssrk-s
garSemo rkalis Sekvra. aSS-s prezidentad niqsonis arCevisTanave daiwyo erTgvari daTbobis
xana. 1971w. aSS-m scno CineTis ufleba uSiSroebis sabWos adgilze, romelic manamde taivans
ekava. 1971w. maisSi CineTs ewvia aSS-s prezidentis mrCeveli erovnuli uSiSroebis dargSi henri
kisinjeri (aSS-s momavali saxelmwifo mdivani), 1972w. 21-28 Tebervals ki CineTSi TviTon
niqsonic Cavida. 1975w. pekins ewvia aSS-s axali prezidenti jerald fordi, romelmac gamarTa
molaparakebebi mao Zedunsa da den siaopinTan. miuxedavad amisa, diplomatiuri urTierTobebi

6
aSS-sa da CineTs Soris mxolod 1979w. 1 ianvridan iqna damyarebuli. amave wels CineTma
gaauqma ssrks-Tan dadebuli xelSekruleba megobrobis Sesaxeb (moqmedebda 1950 wlidan).
§2. helsinkis konferencia. misi saboloo aqti. 1972 wlidan moyolebuli mimdinareobda
muSaoba evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobisaTvis konferenciis mosawvevad. 1972w. 22
noembridan 1973w. 8 ivnisamde mimdinareobda konsultaciebi helsinkiSi, sadac gadawyda, rom
pirvel etapze moxdeboda sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis Sexvedrebi, Semdeg imuSavebdnen spe-
cialuri komisiebi da qvekomisiebi. yovelive amis Semdeg ki unda momxdariyo TaTbiris saboloo
dokumentebis damtkiceba, xolo saxelmwifoTa warmomadgenlobis done meore etapis msvlelobis
periodSi unda gansazRvruliyo.
pirveli etapi Sedga helsinkiSi 1973w. 3-7 ivliss da masSi monawileoba miiRo 35 qveynis
sagareo saqmeTa ministrma. am etapze Zalian aqtiurobdnen sabWoTa banakis wevri saxelmwi-
foebi, romlebmac uamravi proeqti Seitanes, riTac sakmaod didi saqme gauCines meore etapze
eqspertebs. meore etapi gaimarTa JenevaSi da TiTqmis or wels gagrZelda (1973w. 18 seqtembri-
dan 1975w. 21 ivlisamde) da masze SeTanxmebuli iqna yvela dokumenti, romlebzec xeli unda
moweriliyo damagvirgvinebel etapze. 19 ivliss gadawyda, rom damamTavrebeli etapi unda
Semdgariyo umaRles doneze da misi mowvevis vadad iqca 30 ivlisi.
sami dRis ganmavlobaSi _ 1975w. 30 ivlisidan 1 agvistos CaTvliT helsinkiSi mimdinareob-
da evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobisaTvis konferenciis (TaTbiris) daskvniTi etapi, ro-
melSic monawileoba miiRes 35 qveynis (33 evropuli saxelmwifo, aSS da kanada) umaRlesma pi-
rebma. maT xeli moaweres helsinkis `daskvniT aqts~, romelic 10 punqtisagan Sedgeboda: 1.
saxelmwifoTa suvereniteti da Tanasworuflebianoba, suverenitetisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli uflebe-
bis pativiscema; 2. Zalis gamoyenebaze an Zalis muqaraze uaris Tqma; 3. sazRvrebis xelSeuxe-
bloba; 4. saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli mTlianobis urRvevoba; 5. sadavo sakiTxebis mSvidobianad
mogvareba; 6. saxelmwifos Sinagan saqmeebSi Caurevloba; 7. adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisu-
flebebis pativiscema (azrovnebis, sindisis, religiisa da Sexedulebebis Tavisuflebis CaTvliT); 8.
xalxTa Tanasworuflebianoba da Tavisi bedis Tavad gadawyvetis ufleba; 9. saxelmwifoebs Soris
TanamSromloba; 10. saerTaSoriso samarTlis savaldebulo normebis keTilsindisieri dacva.
evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis konferencia mniSvnelovani istoriuli movlena
iyo, radganac istoriaSi pirvelad sxvadasxva wyobis mqone saxelmwifoebma SeZles urTierTobisa
da politikuri qcevis saerTo kodeqsis SemuSaveba. helsinkiSi dawyebuli procesi SemdgomSi gaa-
grZeles evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis belgradis (1977w.), madridis (1980-1983ww.),
venis (1986w.) da parizis (1990w.) konferenciebma. dResdReobiT nebismieri evropuli qveyana,
romelic Seiqmna 90-ian wlebSi savaldebulod Tvlis helsinkis procesTan SeerTebas, ase rom,
dReisaTvis masSi monawile qveyanaTa ricxvi bevrad metia, vidre es iyo 1975w. helsinkis daskv-
niTi aqtis miRebisas.
§3. kemp-devidis SeTanxmebebi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi mniSvnelovani adgili dai-
kava maxlobeli aRmosavleTis krizisma. aq gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda viTareba mas Semdeg,
rac arabuli saxelmwifoebi (egvipte, siria) Tavs daesxnen israels iom-qifuris dResaswaulis dros
(1973w. oqtomberi). arabebma, gansakuTrebiT egviptem, Tavdapirvelad did warmatebebs miaR-
wies, magram Semdeg israelis jarebi kontrSetevaze gadavidnen da suecis arxic ki gadalaxes. siriis
mimarTulebiT ki ebraelebma mniSvnelovnad waiwies win damaskosaken. egviptis prezidenti an-
var sadaTi iZulebuli gaxda Seecvala Tavisi politika. amas xels uwyobda aSS-s sagareo-politikuri
kursis cvlilebac. axali saxelmwifo mdivani henri kisinjeri aqtiurad cdilobda yofili sabWoTa mo-
kavSireebis gadabirebas da sTavazobda maT xelsayrel pirobebs. amisaTvis man gamoiyena e.w.
`nabij-nabij nawilobrivi SeTanxmebis politika~. is ufro endoboda e.w. `ormxriv diplomatias~.
marTalia, 1973w. 21 dekembers JenevaSi gaixsna konferencia sadavo sakiTxebis mosagvareblad,

7
magram mTavari saqmeebi swored ormxrivi diplomatiis meSveobiT keTdeboda. faqtobrivad er-
TaderTi, risi miRwevac JenevaSi moxerxda, iyo siria-israelis SeTanxmeba jarebis daSoriSore-
baze, romelsac xeli moewera 1974w. 31 maiss. samagierod, kisinjers bevrad ufro ukeT wauvida
saqme egviptesa da israels Soris konfliqtis mogvarebis saqmeSi. aSS-sagan miRebuli dapirebebis
Semdeg sadaTma 1975w. 5 ivniss (`eqvsdRiani omis~ dawyebis me-8 wlisTavze) suecis arxi yve-
la saxelmwifosaTvis gaxsnilad gamoacxada. aman da, garda amisa, udidesma zewolam aSS-s mx-
ridan israelze, aiZula israeli TviTonac wasuliyo garkveul daTmobebze. 1975w. 4 seqtembers dai-
do SeTanxmeba israelsa da egviptes Soris jarebis daSoriSorebis Sesaxeb. am SeTanxmebis Ta-
naxmad israeli sinas n-k-ze okupirebuli teritoriis mcire nawils (5,5%) tovebda, xolo egvipte val-
debulebas iRebda, rom Zalismieri meTodebiT ar gadaWrida sadavo sakiTxebs. faqtobrivad es
niSnavda arabuli samyaros antiisraeluri frontidan egviptis gasvlas. 1976w. 14 marts sadaTma,
moaxdina ssrk-sa da egviptes Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebis anulireba megobrobisa da TanamSromlo-
bis Sesaxeb da orientacia aSS-ze aiRo. kisinjerma SeZlo erTiani arabuli koaliciis daSla.
kisinjeris mier dawyebuli saqme daasrula aSS-s axalma administraciam prezident jimi kar-
teris xelmZRvanelobiT. 1977w. 19 noembers sadaTi ierusalimSi Cavida da Sexvda israelis xel-
mZRvanelobas. ierusalimSi CasvliT sadaTma aRiara am qalaqze ierusalimis iurisdiqcia. ierusa-
limSi sadaTis vizitis dros damyarebuli iqna diplomatiuri urTierTobebi egviptesa da israels Soris
da ganxiluli iqna sinas n-k-dan israelis jarebis gayvanis Semdgomi etapebis vadebi. garda amisa,
sadaTma aRuTqva ebraelebs, rom mxars ar dauWerda palestinelebs. sadaTs jildos lodini didxans
ar mouxda. 1978w. seqtemberSi (6-17 seqtembers) kemp-devidSi Sedga sadaTisa da israelis pre-
mier-ministris menahem beginis Sexvedra. sakmaod rTuli molaparakebebis Semdeg moxerxda ori
SeTanxmebis miRweva, romelTa mixedviTac unda momxdariyo israelsa da egviptes Soris sam-
Svidobo xelSekrulebis gaformeba da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi mSvidobis damyareba. 1979w. 8-
13 marts karteri saxelmwifo mdivan sairus vensis TanxlebiT ewvia egviptesa da israels da moag-
vara sakiTxebi saboloo SeTanxmebisaTvis. 26 marts ki ukve vaSingtonSi sadaTma da beginma
xeli moaweres samSvidobo xelSekrulebas (mowmis statusiT am xelSekrulebas xeli kartermac
moawera), romlis Tanaxmadac egviptem cno israeli da daamyara masTan srulmasStabiani diplo-
matiuri urTierTobebi, xolo israelma piroba dado, rom daubrunebda mas 1967-1974 wlebSi dapy-
robil teritoriebs. garda amisa, egviptem aiRo valdebuleba, rom nebas darTavda suecis arxze gasv-
laze israelis gemebs. es mniSvnelovani winsvla iyo israel-arabebis konfliqtis mogvarebis saqme-
Si, rasac mTeli demokratiuli msoflio sixaruliT Sexvda. sadaTma da beginma 1979w. miiRes no-
belis premia mSvidobis dargSi. magram am SeTanxmebas mowinaaRmdegeebic gamouCndnen.
sabWoTa kavSirma mtrulad aRiqva es `antiarabuli aqcia~. arc arabebSi iyo erTsulovneba am mx-
riv, rac gamoixata kidec 1981w. anvar sadaTis mkvlelobaSi, Tumca xosni mubarakma, romelmac
daikava misi adgili, ganagrZo misi winamorbedis kursi.
§4. vili brandtis `aRmosavleTis politika~. 1969w. seqtemberSi germaniis federaciul res-
publikaSi Catarebul saparlamento arCevnebSi gaimarjva germaniis social-demokratiulma par-
tiam, romelsac vili brandti xelmZRvanelobda. brandtma da axalma sagareo saqmeTa ministrma
valter Seelma (Tavisufali demokratebis partia) Secvales gfr-s sagareo-politikuri kursi. 1969w. 28
noembers gfr-m xeli moawera xelSekrulebas birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb, xolo
1970w. daiwyo muSaoba ssrk-sa da gfr-s Soris xelSekrulebis dasadebad. muSaoba am xelSekru-
lebaze ramodenime Tve gagrZelda (ianvridan agvistomde) da 1970w. 12 agvistos is xelmowerili
iqna gfr-s mxridan brandtisa da Seelis, xolo ssrk-s mxridan _ ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris a.
kosiginisa da a. gromikos mier moskovSi. xelSekrulebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom mxareebi uryevad
Tvlidnen evropaSi arsebul yvela sazRvars, maT Soris oder-noises xazs, romelic warmoadgenda
poloneTis sazRvars da sazRvars gfr-sa da gdr-s Soris. garda amisa, mxareebma valdebuleba

8
aiRes, rom sadavo sakiTxebs mxolod samSvidobo meTodebiT gadawyvetdnen da aRiares erTma-
neTis Tanasworuflebianoba.
sabWoTa kavSirTan urTierTobebis mowesrigebis Semdeg, brandtma saxelmwifoTaSorisi
xelSekruleba gaaforma poloneTTanac. 1970w. 7 dekembers moxda am xelSekrulebis xelmoweris
ceremonia varSavaSi. xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi punqti iyo 1 muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac mxareebi
aRiarebdnen (pirvel rigSi, es exeboda gfr-s), rom potsdamis konferenciaze dadgenili poloneTis da-
savleTi sazRvari iyo poloneTis saxelmwifo sazRvari. garda amisa, brandtma varSavaSi yofnisas
gaakeTa istoriuli Jesti, rodesac muxlebze daiCoqa meore msoflio omSi daRupul polonelTa me-
morialTan.
amis Semdgom brandtma daiwyo urTierTobebis mowesrigeba gdr-Tan. manamde gfr
xelmZRvanelobda e.w. `halStainis doqtriniT~, romlis Tanaxmadac gfr diplomatiur Tu sxva saxis
urTierTobebs wyvetda nebismier saxelmwifosTan, romelic cnobda gdr-s. amis wyalobiT gfr
marTlac axerxebda garkveul izolaciaSi moeqcia gdr. brandtma ki Secvala taqtika da CaTvala,
rom sabWoTa blokTan daaxloeba ufro saimedo xerxi iqneboda germaniis gaerTianebisaTvis
(Zneli warmosadgenia, rom am taqtikas raime Sedegi mohyoloda am mimarTulebiT, rom ara sab-
WoTa kavSirSi momxdari udidesi cvlilebebi, ramac sabWoTa blokis ngreva gamoiwvia 80-iani
wlebis miwuruls.). mTeli 1971 wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda mzadeba or qveyanas Soris
urTierTobebis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. amas xeli Seuwyo oTxmxrivi SeTanxmebis (aSS, didi
britaneTi, ssrk da safrangeTi) miRwevamac dasavleT berlinis Sesaxeb (1971w. 3 seqtemberi).
1971w. 17 dekembers bonSi xeli moewera gfr-gdr-s SeTanxmebas Soris gfr-sa da dasavleT ber-
lins Soris satranzito urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. 20 dekembers berlinSi moewera SeTanxmebebs gdr-sa
da dasavleT berlins Soris mimosvlis Sesaxeb. amas mohyva 1972w. 26 maisis satransporto xelSek-
ruleba, romelic gansazRvravda or germanul saxelmwifos Soris satransporto mimosvlis sakiTxebs.
urTierTobebis mogvarebis procesi ki dasrulda 1972w. 21 dekembris xelSekrulebiT urTierTobaTa
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. es xelSekruleba Sedgeboda preambulisa da 10 punqtisagan. mxareebma
scnes erTmaneTis suvereniteti, Tanasworuflebianoba da teritoriuli mTlianoba da uari Tqves Zalis
gamoyenebaze sadavo sakiTxebis dros.
gfr-sa da gdr-s Soris urTierTobebis mogvarebis Semdeg orive es saxelmwifo miRebuli iqna
gaero-Si (1973w. 18 seqtemberi). sabWoTa banakTan urTierTobebis mowesrigeba ki brandtma
faqtobrivad daasrula CexoslovakiasTan dadebuli SeTanxmebiT, romelsac xeli moewera 1973w.
11 dekembers praRaSi da romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1974w. 19 ivliss. am xelSekrulebiT mxareebma
`iuridiulad ararsebulad~ gamoacxades miunxenis garigeba da daafiqsires sazRvrebis urRvevobis
principisadmi Tavisi erTguleba. am xelSekrulebis gaformebis Semdeg gfr-m uproblemod daam-
yara diplomatiuri urTierTobebi sxva socialistur qveynebTan.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XXs. 80-90-ian wlebSi

§1. avRaneTis omi. XXs.-is 80-iani wlebi msoflioSi daZabulobiT daiwyo. amaze didi
gavlena iqonia avRaneTis omma. 1979w. dekemberSi sabWoTa jarebis Seyvanas avRaneTSi da
qveynis mmarTvelis aminis mkvlelobas mohyva mkveTri sawinaaRmdego aqciebi aSS-sa da natos
mxridan. yvelaferi ki daiwyo 1978w. 27 aprils samxedro ajanyebiT, romelmac daamxo av-
RaneTis prezidenti muhamed daud xani (am ukanasknelma Tavis droze, 1973w. 17 ivliss
TiTqmis usisxlo putCis Sedegad daamxo monarqia avRaneTSi. mefe mohamed zaxir Sahi, rome-
lic am dros mkurnalobda mxedvelobas italiaSi, iZulebuli gaxda, gadamdgariyo). daudi moklul
iqna, Zalaufleba qveyanaSi ki xelT igdo avRaneTis saxalxo demokratiulma partiam. prezidenti da
premier ministri gaxda partiis generaluri mdivani nur muhamed taraki. radganac avRaneTis sax-

9
alxo demokratiuli partia aerTianebda or fraqcias, `xalq~-s da `farCam~-s, mTavroba Tavdapirve-
lad faqtobrivad koaliciuri iyo (`farCam~-is lider babraq qarmals ekava mTavrobis meTauris
moadgilis Tanamdeboba), Tumca Semdeg viTareba Seicvala da Zalaufleba mTlianad `xalq~-is
xelSi gadavida (qarmali Secvala hafizula aminma, romelmac 1979w. martSi daikava premier min-
istris posti), `farCam~-is liderebs ki mouwiaT droebiT qveynis datoveba (qarmalma ssrk-s Sea-
fara Tavi). axalma mTavrobam daiwyo marqsistuli reformebic gatareba avRaneTSi, ris Sedega-
dac daiwyo daaxloeba sabWoTa kavSirTan. 1978w. maisSi dadebuli SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad,
sabWoTa kavSirs mieca ufleba, hyoloda 400-mde samxedro mrCeveli da damkvirvebeli av-
RaneTSi, 1978w. 5 dekembers ki gaformda xelSekruleba, romelic SesaZlebels xdida sabWoTa
jarebis Seyvanas avRaneTSi am ukanasknelis mxridan Txovnis SemTxvevaSi. unda aRiniSnos,
rom 1978-1979 wlebSi avRaneTis mTavrobam ramdenjerme sTxova sabWoTa kavSirs samxedro
daxmareba, magram moskovidan pasuxi, rogorc wesi, igvianebda. am Txovnis mizezi iyo 1978w.
ivlisSi nuristanSi (aRmosavleT avRaneTi, Zveli saxelwodeba kafiristani) dawyebuli ajanyeba, ro-
melic swrafad moedo sxvadasxva tomebiT, maT Soris puStunebiT dasaxlebul regionebs.
ajanyebis mTavari mizezi iyo reformebi, romlebic sakmaod progresuli iyo avRaneTisaTvis (mi-
wis reforma, ganaTlebis reforma, qalebis gaTanasworeba mamakacebTan da a.S.), magram rom-
lebic xorcieldeboda metismeti sisastikiT (weliwadnaxevris ganmavlobaSi 27000 kaci iqna sik-
vdiliT dasjili). avRaneTis 28-dan 24 provinciaSi adgili hqonda SeiaraRebul gamosvlebs. saboloo
jamSi, es procesi qalaqebsac gadaedo. 1979w. martSi heraTSi momxdari ajanyebisas am-
boxebulebma sikvdiliT dasajes 100-mde sabWoTa instruqtori. ajanyebulebs daxmarebas
uwevdnen gareSe Zalebic: pakistani da aSS. mojahedebma swrafad ipoves dasayrdeni pakistanSi,
sadac maTi savarjiSo banakebi iqna ganlagebuli, xolo 1979w. 3 ivliss, TiTqmis 6 TviT adre sab-
WoTa jarebis Seyvanamde, aSS-s prezidentma jimi karterma xeli moawera brZanebas, romliTac
neba darTo centralur sadazvervo sammarTvelos, ganexorcielebina saidumlo operaciebi av-
RaneTis revoluciuri reJimis winaaRmdeg.
sakuTriv avRaneTSi mdgomareoba sul ufro iZabeboda. tarakisa da amins Soris daiwyo
brZola xelisuflebisaTvis. aminze moewyo ramdenime Tavdasxma, rac, saboloo jamSi, dasrulda
aminis mier 1979w. 14 seqtembers mTavrobis sasaxlis aRebiT da tarakis gadayenebiT (ufro
zustad, mkvlelobiT, magram tarakis sikvdilis Sesaxeb mxolod 10 oqtombers daibeWda oficialur
presaSi). tarakis mkvleloba da aminis mosvla xelisuflebaSi ssrk-Si uaryofiTad aRiqves. sabWoTa
uSiSroebis ufrosma iuri andropovma CaTvala, rom amini destabilizirebas moaxdenda avRaneTSi
da gamoiwvevda opoziciis konsolidacias. miuxedavad amisa, es ar iyo mTavari. andropovs da
sabWoTa elitas gacilebiT ufro awuxebda is faqti, rom aminma scada pakistanTan da CineTTan
kontaqtebis damyareba. bolo wveTad sabWoTa uSiSroebisaTvis iqca aminis Sexvedra aSS-s
droebiT warmomadgenelTan brius amStucTan (Sexvedras raime Sedegi ar gamouRia, magram
ubralo eWvic ki sakmarisi iyo sabWoTa uSiSroebisaTvis). amitom sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam,
andropovis daJinebuli moTxovniT, gadawyvita jarebis Seyvana avRaneTSi. Tavis mxriv, ssrk-s
gegmebs Zalauneburad seriozulad Seuwyo xeli Tavad aminmac, romelmac 1979w. 17 dekembers
kidev erTxel iTxova samxedro daxmareba CrdiloeTSi (panjSeris xeobaSi) mimdinare ajanyebis
CasaxSobad. 25 dekembridan daiwyo sabWoTa jarebis gadasxma qabulSi, Tumca es yvelaferi
Tavdapirvelad oficialur xasiaTs atarebda. aminma, rogorc Cans, raRac igrZno da Seicvala Tavisi
rezidencia (gadavida ufro gamagrebul prezidentis sasaxleSi), magram aman mas ver uSvela.
1979w. 27 dekembers sabWoTa specdaniSnulebis razmebma Seuties sasaxles da sxva
mniSvnelovan obieqtebs qabulSi. 28 dekembris dilisaTvis operacia dasrulebul iqna, xolo amini
mokles. 27 dekembersve, specoperaciis dawyebisTanave, me-40 sabWoTa armiam general soko-
lovis meTaurobiT, gadalaxa ssrk-avRaneTis sazRvari da Sevida qveynis teritoriaze. xelisufleba

10
qabulSi Caabares moskovidan Cayvanil babraq qarmals.
msofliom metad mkveTri reagireba moaxdina sabWoTa intervenciaze. jimi karterma mas
uwoda `yvelaze seriozuli safrTxe mSvidobisaTvis meore msoflio omis Semdgom~. islamuri kon-
ferenciis organizaciis wevrebma 1980w. 10-14 ianvars islamabadSi gamarTul specialur
Sexvedraze moiTxoves avRaneTidan sabWoTa jarebis dauyovneblivi gayvana. igive moTxovna
iqna gaJRerebuli gaeros generaluri asambleis rezoluciaSi, romelsac mxari dauWira 104-m
saxelmwifom (18 winaaRmdegi iyo, kidev 18-ma ki Tavi Seikava). ssrk-s xelmZRvanelobam, le-
onid breJnevis meTaurobiT, erT yurSi SeuSva da meoridan gamouSva es moTxovnebi. sabWoTa
mxare acxadebda, rom momxdaris Sefaseba SeeZlo mxolod avRaneTis mTavrobas, romlis saS-
inao saqmesac warmoadgenda, Tu romeli qveynis jarebs ganalagebda is Tavis teritoriaze (dasav-
leTSi amaze ecinebodaT, radganac amini aSkarad ar miiRebda monawileobas sakuTar mkvlelob-
aSi). gacilebiT ufro didi rezonansi mohyva 1980w. moskovis zafxulis XXII olimpiadis boikots
mTeli rigi qveynebis mier rac aSS-s iniciativiT moxda (aRsaniSnavia, rom didi britaneTisa da
safrangeTis sportsmenebma moskovSi ki iasparezes, magram sakuTari droSebi ar gamouyene-
biaT. sapasuxod, 1984w. ukve sabWoTa kavSiris iniciativiT moxda los anjelesis olimpiadis
boikoti socialisturi banakis mTeli rigi qveynebis mier, rumineTisa da iugoslaviis garda). gansak-
uTrebiT daiZaba viTareba ki mas Semdeg, rac miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba amerikuli raketebis
evropaSi ganlagebis Sesaxeb.
molaparakebebi avRaneTis sakiTxis garSemo mxolod 1982w. daiwyo JenevaSi, magram is
male Sewyda. ssrk-s xelmZRvanelobaSi mixeil gorbaCovis mosvlis Semdeg sabWoTa politikam
avRaneTis mimarT cvlileba ganicada. 1986w. noemberSi gadayenebul iqna babraq qarmali, ro-
melmac aSkarad ver gaamarTla Tavisi proteqtorebis imedebi. misi adgili daikava mohamed
najibulam, romelmac axali konstitucia SemoiRo 1987w. da gamoacxada `erovnuli Serigebis~
politika (realuri Sedegi am `politikas~ ar mohyolia). mxolod 1988w., rodesac sabWoTa mxare
sabolood darwmunda Tavisi avRanuri politikis srul kraxSi, moxerxda SeTanxmebis miRweva av-
RaneTis garSemo. 1988w. 14 aprils JenevaSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebebis pakets (e.w. `Jenevis
SeTanxmebebi~ _ “Gevena Accords”), romlis Tanaxmadac sabWoTa kavSirs unda daewyo
jarebis gamoyvana avRaneTidan 1988w. 15 maisidan da daesrulebina es procesi 1989w. 15 Te-
bervlamde; ssrk-s, aSS-sa da pakistans unda SeewyvitaT TavianTi proteJeebis daxmareba; unda
dawyebuliyo molaparakeba opoziciasa da mTavrobas Soris da Seqmniliyo erovnuli xsnis mTav-
roba. SeTanxmeba nawilobriv Sesrulebuli iqna: 1989w. 15 Tebervals avRaneTi datova
ukanasknelma sabWoTa jariskacma (bolo, vinc gamovida avRaneTidan iyo generali boris gro-
movi). mujahedebma, romlebsac aranairi monawileoba molaparakebebSi ar miuRiaT, uari
ganacxades Serigebaze da avRaneTSi daiwyo samoqalaqo omi (ufro sworad, gagrZelda brZola
prokomunisturi reJimis winaaRmdeg), romelic 1992w. aprilSi dasrulda mujahedebis mier qabulis
aRebiT (najibulam Tavi Seafara gaeros misias da iq imyofeboda 1996w. 27 seqtembramde, rode-
sac talibanis wevrebma, saerTaSoriso wesebis darRveviT, gamoiyvanes is TavSesafridan da
mokles mis ZmasTan erTad).
mTlianobaSi, avRaneTis omi gaxda erT-erTi mTavari winapiroba sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlisa. avRaneTi sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis namdvilad iqca `sabWoTa vietnamad~, rogorc es
Tavidanve hqonda Cafiqrebuli zbignev brJezinskis (am ukanasknelma 1979w. 27 dekembersve
miswera prezident karters, rom aSS-s gauCnda mSvenieri Sansi, Seeqmna sakuTari vietnami
ssrk-sTvis). oficialuri zarali TiTqos maincdamainc maRali ar iyo (14,453 daRupuli da 10,751
dainvalidebuli, magram moraluri zarali, romelic ganicada sabWoTa kavSirma, gacilebiT ufro
mniSvnelovani gamodga.
§2. `Zalismieri mSvidobis~ reiganiseuli politika da civi omis dasasruli. germaniis gaer-

11
Tianeba. reiganma Tavisi prezidentobis pirveli dRidanve daiwyo mkacri kursis gatareba sab-
WoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg. am politikas ewoda `Zalismieri mSvidobis~ politika. man sworad
gaTvala, rom sabWoTa ekonomika ver gauZlebda birTvuli SeiaraRebis gamalebul zrdas da mniS-
vnelovanwilad gaafarTova biujetSi gamoyofili asignebani SeiaraRebaze. man gamoacxada e.w.
`nulovani varianti~, romelic iTvaliswinebda saSualo radiusze moqmedi raketebis srul ganadgure-
bas, magram sabWoTa mxarem uaryo is, rogorc ssrk-s calmxrivad ganiaraRebisaken mimarTuli
(rogorc SemdgomSi gairkva, sabWoTa mxares bevrad meti saSualo radiusze moqmedi raketa ga-
aCnda da amitomac iyo winaaRmdegi maTi likvidaciisa). situacia kidev ufro gamwvavda mas
Semdeg, rac nato-s sesiam gadawyvita, ganelagebina am tipis 600-mde amerikuli qobini evro-
paSi. es iyo sapasuxo reaqcia avRaneTSi sabWoTa jarebis Seyvanaze. 1983 wels daiwyo am ga-
dawyvetilebis sisruleSi moyvana, ris Semdegac sabWoTa mTavrobam Sewyvita yovelgvari
molaparakebebi strategiuli da saSualo radiusis raketebis Semcirebis Taobaze, romelic JenevaSi
mimdinareobda. aRniSnuli molaparakebebi mxolod 1985w. ianvarSi ganaxlda.
reiganma daiwyo brZola mTels msoflioSi komunizmis da misi gamtarebeli `borotebis im-
periis~ winaaRmdeg (termini `borotebis imperia~ Tavad reiganma moigona da pirvelad is gamoi-
yena 1982w. 8 ivniss inglisis parlamentSi gamosvlisas). man mouwoda dasavleTis qveynebs ssrk-
s winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli laSqrobisaken. misi iniciativiT, antikomunistur Zalebs mTel msoflioSi
gaezarda daxmareba. aSS finansurad da materialurad exmareboda `kontras~-s nikaraguaSi
(sandinistebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli jgufebis saerTo saxelwodeba, warmoiSva espanuri
sityvidan contra _ winaaRmdegi), mujahedebs avRaneTSi, renamo-s (mozambikis winaaRmde-
gobis moZraoba _ Resistência Nacional Moçambicana), unita-s angolaSi (erovnuli kavSiri angolis
sruli damoukideblobisaTvis _ União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola) da a.S.
`kontras~-ebisTvis es daxmareba iqca skandalis mizezi SemdgomSi. aSS-s mTavrobas ar hqonda
ufleba, pirdapir daefinansebina kontrasi bolandis Sesworebebis (1982-1984ww. daerqva maTi
avtoris, demokrati edvard patrik bolandis gamo) Semdeg, ris gamoc gadawyda iaraRis saidumlod
miwodeba iranisaTvis, romelic omSi iyo Cabmuli erayTan da miRebuli Tanxis gadagzavna
nikaragueli ajanyebulebisaTvis. Tavdapirvelad es ganxorcielda israelis (!) meSveobiT (sanacvlod
iranis mier kontrolirebad hezbolas dajgufebas unda gaeTavisuflebina libanSi ayvanili 30 mZevali,
maT Soris eqvsi amerikeli), magram Semdeg ukve pirdapirac mieyida iaraRi irans (hezbolam mx-
olod 1 kaci gaaTavisufla da israelmac Sewyvita monawileoba garigebaSi). garda amisa, rodesac
poloneTSi daiwyo solidarobis moZraobis devna (1981w.), reiganma poloneTis winaaRmdeg
SemoiRo ekonomikuri sanqciebi.
1983 wlis martSi TeTrma saxlma SeimuSava farTomasStabiani raketsawinaaRmdego Tav-
dacviTi sistemis Seqmnis programa, romelmac `strategiuli TavdacviTi iniciativis~ saxelwodeba
miiRo. aRniSnuli programa mimarTuli iyo aSS-s mier birTvuli upiratesobis mopovebisaTvis,
radganac misi ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi aSS-s eqneboda raketsawinaaRmdego fari, romelic
saSualebas miscemda, dausjelad ganexorcielebina birTvuli dartyma sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRm-
deg (klintonis administraciam SeaCera am programis ganxorcieleba). swored am periodSi
reiganma ganacxada, rom `sabWoTa kavSiri warmoadgenda kacobriobis istoriis kidev erT sev-
dian, arabunebriv furcels, romlis ukanaskneli nawilic iwereboda swored im periodSi~.
kidev ufro mkacri iyo reiganis gamosvla 1983w. seqtemberSi, rodesac sabWoTa haersawin-
aaRmdego Tavdacvis Zalebma 1 seqtembers saxalinTan Camoagdes samxreTkoreuli samgzavro
`boingi~. reiganma es Seafasa `araadamianur sisastiked~ da `barbarosul aqtad~, ris Semdegac
aSS-m aukrZala `aeroflots~ reisebis ganxorcieleba aSS-Si da Sewyvita molaparakebebi sxva-
dasxva ekonomikur sakiTxebze, riTac kidev ufro didi finansuri zarali miayena ssrk-s.
urTierTobebis gaumjobeseba aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris moxda mxolod 1985w. _

12
ssrk-s xelisuflebis saTaveSi mixeil gorbaCovis mosvlisa da sagareo saqmeTa ministrad eduard
SevardnaZis daniSvnis Semdeg. udidesi mniSvneloba birTvuli daZabulobis SenelebaSi hqonda
reiganisa da gorbaCovis Sexvedras JenevaSi 1985w. am droidan Sexvedrebi ori zesaxelmwifos
liderebs Soris tradiciuli gaxda da, rogorc minimum, weliwadSi erTxel ewyoboda (1986w.
oqtomberSi reikiavikSi, 1987w. dekemberSi vaSingtonSi, 1988w. mais-ivnisSi moskovSi da
a.S.). pirvel Sexvedras raime gansakuTrebuli Sedegi ar gamouRia (mxareebi morigdnen, rom
kidev Sexvdebodnen da meti araferi), reikiavikis samiti faqtobrivad Cavarda, radganac bolo mo-
mentSi gorbaCovma strategiuli TavdacviTi iniciativis Sewyveta daukavSira evropidan saSualo
radiusis moqmedebis birTvuli raketebis gatanas. miuxedavad amisa, es Sexvedra metad
mniSvnelovani gamodga, radganac swored reikiavikSi daedo safuZveli momaval SeTanxmebebs,
romlebic miRweuli iqna 1987w. vaSingtonis Sexvedraze. 1987w. 8 dekembers aSS-s dedaqalaqSi
xeli moewera xelSekrulebas saSualo da naklebi radiusis birTvuli raketebis likvidaciis Sesaxeb.
aSS-s prezidentad jorj buS ufrosis arCevis Semdeg aRniSnuli kursi gagrZelda da 1989w. dekem-
berSi maltaSi buSsa da gorbaCovs Soris Semdgari molaparakebebi miCneuli iqna `civi omis
epoqis~ dasasrulad. marTalia, maltaSi aranairi SeTanxmeba ar yofila miRweuli, magram am
Sexvedris Semdeg gakeTebuli gancxadebebi (gorbaCovi: `msoflio gamovida erTi epoqidan da
midis meoreSi. Cven varT xangrZlivi mSvidobiani epoqisaken mimavali grZeli gzis dasawyisSi.
Zalis gamoyenebis muqara, undobloba, fsiqologiuri da ideologiuri dapirispireba unda Cabardes
warsuls... me aRvuTqvi aSS-s prezidents, rom me arasdros ar daviwyeb `cxel~ oms aSS-s win-
aaRmdeg~; buSi: `Cven SegviZlia xangrZlivi mSvidobis damyareba da dasavleTisa da aRmosav-
leTis urTierTobebis transformireba mtkice TanamSromlobaSi. es aris momavali, romelsac bat-
onma gorbaCovma da me ukve davudeT saTave aq, maltaSi~.
civi omis faqtobriv dasasrulad, miuxedavad amisa, iqca germaniis gaerTianeba. am mimar-
TulebiT aSS-s politika ukve 1987w. gaaqtiurda, rodesac dasavleT berlinSi yofnisas reiganma
mouwoda gorbaCovs, Tu mas surda ssrk-sa da aRmosavleT evropis keTildReoba, Casuliyo ber-
linSi da daengria berlinis kedeli. mcire xanSi gdr-Si erix honekeris (gdr-s lideri 1971-1989
wlebSi) sawinaaRmdego moZraoba daiwyo. 1989w. 9 oqtombers laifcigSi daiwyo demonstra-
ciebi da xelisuflebam ver gabeda xalxis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba. 18 oqtombers xonekeris
adgili daikava egon krencma. is sul mcire xans imyofeboda xelisuflebis saTaveSi, magram
moaswro istoriuli gadawyvetilebis miReba `berlinis kedlis~ aRebis Sesaxeb. es moxda 1989w. 9
noembers.
e. krenci Secvala hans modrovma, magram arc is SerCa didxans xelisuflebas. 1990w. 18
marts Semdgar arCevnebSi gamarjveba moipova `germaniis aliansma~, romelsac loTar de mez-
ieri xelmZRvanelobda. axalma xelisuflebam daiwyo brZola ori germaniis gaerTianebisaTvis. am
procesis sulisCamdgmelad iqca gfr-s kancleri helmut koli, romelmac wamoayena ori germaniis
gaerTianebis gegma. gegmis mixedviT, gaerTianeba TandaTanobiTi unda yofiliyo. Tavdapirve-
lad ssrk amis winaaRmdeg gamodioda, magram Semdeg m. gorbaCovma icvala Tavisi azri da
daiwyo molaparakebebi, romelTac ewoda 4+2: 4 _ aSS, ssrk, didi britaneTi da safrangeTi (meore
msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli mokavSireebi), 2 _ gfr da gdr. 1990 wlis pirveli naxevris ganmavlob-
aSi midioda konsultaciebi. amavdroulad gdr-Si gatarda fuladi reforma, romlis Tanaxmadac gdr-s
markebi Secvlili iqna doiCmarkebiT principiT 1:1-Tan (garkveuli Tanxis zeviT anabarze 1 doiC-
markas 2 markaze cvlidnen: 2aT. marka bavSvebze, 4aT. _ zrdasrul adamianebze da 6aT. pen-
sionerebze). bevrad ufro didi problema idga molaparakebebze: sabWoTa kavSiri winaaRmdegi
iyo, rom gaerTianebuli germania nato-s wevri gamxdariyo. garda amisa, idga sakiTxi ger-
maniidan sabWoTa jarebis gayvanis Sesaxeb. gadamwyveti aRmoCnda Sexvedra vladikavkazSi
kolsa da mixeil gorbaCovs Soris. mxareebi morigdnen, rom gaerTianebuli germania natos wevri

13
iqneboda, dadgenili iqna jarebis gayvanis saboloo vadac (1995w., Tumca jarebi weliwadnaxevriT
adre 1994w. iqna gayvanili). amis sanacvlod gfr uxdida sabWoTa kavSirs 12 miliard dolars
(sabolood germanelebs es cota ufro Zviri _ 14 miliardi dolari daujdaT, Tumca germanelebi mainc
kmayofili iyvnen. rogorc avi enebi amboben, koli Zalian gaocebuli darCa, rodesac gorbaCovma
aseTi mcire Tanxa moiTxova, radganac is 100 miliardis gadaxdazec yabuls yofila). saboloo
SeTanxmeba gaformebuli iqna 1990w. 12 seqtembers, xolo 3 oqtombers gdr-m Sewyvita Tavisi
arseboba da germania gaerTianda.
§3. socialisturi banakisa da ssrk-s daSla. 80-iani wlebis dadgomisTanave SeimCneoda kr-
izisis niSnebi socialistur banakSi. gansakuTrebiT naTlad es gamoCnda poloneTSi, sadac 1980w.
agvistoSi gdanskis dokerebi gaificnen. maT Seqmnes damoukidebeli profkavSiri `solidaroba~, ro-
melsac saTaveSi Caudga lex valensa. ukva ramdenime Tvis Semdeg `solidarobaSi~ gaerTianda
10 milioni muSa 17 milionidan. demokratiuli Zalebis gaZlierebis Tavidan asacileblad poloneTis
xelisuflebam gadawyvita Zalauflebis samxedroebisaTvis gadacema. qveynis meTauri gaxda gen-
eralil voicex iaruzelski. man akrZala `solidaroba~, magram es ar aRmoCnda gamosavali. `solid-
aroba~ aralegalur mdgomareobaze gadavida da brZola ganagrZo, lex valensam ki 1983w. nobelis
premia miiRo mSvidobis dargSi. sabWoTa kavSirSi `gardaqmnis~ dawyebis Semdeg `solid-
arobis~ poziciebi kidev ufro gamyarda. 1988w. poloneTSi kvlav daiwyo gaficvebi. 1989w. `solid-
aroba~ legalizebuli iqna, xolo ivnisSi Sedga saparlamento arCevnebi. seimSi arsebobda
SeTanxmeba, romlis ZaliTac adgilebis 65% komunistebs unda mieRoT, samagierod senatSi,
sadac amgvari SezRudva ar arsebobda, komunistebma mxolod 1 adgili miiRes 100-dan. premier-
ministri gaxda yofili opozicioneri TadeuS mazovecki. 1990w. Sedga saprezidento arCevnebic,
sadac gamarjveba moipova lex valensam.
ssrk-Si gardaqmnis dasawyisi CexoslovakiaSi demokratiuli moZraobis ganviTarebiT aRin-
iSna. 1988w. agvistodan qveyanaSi daiwyo 1968w. movlenebis samaxsovro demonstraciebi.
Tavis kulminacias am moZraobam miaRwia 1989w. noemberSi (25 noembers saprotesto mitingze
praRaSi 750000 kacze meti movida). am moZraobis birTvs warmoadgenda organizacia `qartia
77~, romelsac saTaveSi cnobili mwerali-disidenti vaclav haveli edga. am organizaciis meore
lideri gaxda aleqsandre dubCeki _ 1968w. `praRis gazafxulis~ arqiteqtori. saprotesto moZraobis
wyalobiT 1989w. 10 dekembers Seiqmna `erovnuli Serigebis~ mTavroba, romelSic komunistebi
umciresobaSi aRmoCndnen. qveynis meTaurad arCeuli iqna vaclav haveli, parlamentis Tavmjdo-
mared _ aleqsandre dubCeki. amrigad, dapirispireba CexoslovakiaSi mSvidobianad dasrulda, ris
gamoc 1989w. Semodgomis movlenebs `xaverdovani revolucia~ ewoda.
ungreTSi xelisuflebis cvla imdenad SeumCnevlad moxda, rom mas `wynari revolucia~
uwodes. 1988w. dasrulda ianoS kadaris era, xolo 1989w. gazafxulze komunistebi da opoziciuri
organizaciebi mrgval magidas miusxdnen da gadawyvites reformebis gziT gadaeqciaT ungreTi
demokratiul, mravalpartiul saxelmwifod. 1989w. zafxulSi ungreTis parlamenti mravalpartiuli
gaxda, xolo agvistoSi gaxsnili iqna ungreT-avstriis sazRvari. `rkinis farda~ aweuli iqna. socialis-
turi banakis saxelmwifoebis mosaxleobis didma nawilma (gansakuTrebiT gdr-dan) moaxerxa am
gziT dasavleT evropaSi gadasvla. reformebi ungreTSi dasrulda 1990w. gazafxulis saparlamento
arCevnebiT, romelic opoziciis sruli gamarjvebiT dasrulda (komunistebma adgilebis mxolod 11%
miiRes).
politikuri cvlilebebi moxda bulgareTSic. 1989w. noemberSi bulgareTi todor Jivkovis reJim-
isagan ganTavisuflda, romelic dapatimrebuli iqna. magram bulgareTSi ar arsebobda Zlieri opozi-
ciuri moZraoba, amitomac komunisturma partiam, romelic 1990w. aprilSi bulgareTis socialistur
partiad gadaiqca, karga xnis ganmavlobaSi SeZlo Zalauflebis SenarCuneba, Tumca yofili komun-
istebi mainc wavidnen mTel rig daTmobebze: 1990w. 1 agvistos bulgareTis prezidentad arCeuli

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iqna Jeliu Jelevi _ demokratiuli Zalebis lideri, xolo 1990w. dekemberSi Seiqmna koaliciuri
mTavroba, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sevidnen opoziciis warmomadgenlebi.
seriozuli politikuri Setakebebi moxda rumineTSi, sadac nikolae CauSeskum scada win
aRsdgomoda sazogadoebis demokratizacias. 1989w. dekemberSi is sastikad gausworda tim-
iSoaras mosaxleobas, ris Semdegac moawyo mitingi buqarestSi `rumineTSi socializmis
dasacavad~. magram diqtatorma arasworad Seafasa Zalebis Tanafardoba rumineTSi. mitingis
monawileebi mis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen. daiwyo ajanyeba. armiamac mxari dauWira
mosaxleobas da CauSeskum gaqceva gadawyvita, magram male dapatimrebuli da daxvretili iqna.
xelisuflebis saTaveSi movida `erovnuli xsnis fronti~, romelsac saTaveSi edga ion iliesku, romel-
mac gaimarjva kidec sayovelTao arCevnebze 1990w. da prezidenti gaxda.
garTulebebis gareSe ar gadarCa iugoslaviac, magram aq urTierTdapirispirebas adgili
hqonda ara politikuri, aramed erovnuli mizezebis gamo. 6-dan 2 iugoslaviuri respublika _ serbeTi
da Cernogoria federaciis SenarCunebas uWerdnen mxars, sloveniasa da xorvatias ki saWirod mi-
aCndaT konfederaciis Camoyalibeba. bosniisa da hercegovinisa da makedoniis warmomadgenlebi
Tavdapirvelad `konfederaciul federacias~ uWerdnen mxars, magram Semdeg aseve mxari
dauWires sloveniasa da xorvatias. magram centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdegobam sabolood
aiZula es 4 respublika, rom damoukidebloba gamoecxadebina. iugoslaviis SemadgenlobaSi mxo-
lod 2 respublika darCa (dResdReobiT Cernogoriamac praqtikulad datova iugoslavia). serbebs ar
surdaT amasTan Segueba da mowyves agresia xorvatiisa da bosnia-hercegovinis winaaRmdeg.
yofili iugoslaviis teritoriaze namdvili omi gaCaRda.
socialisturi banakis daSlas mohyva sabWoTa kavSiris daSlac. 1989 wlidan moyolebuli (rig
respublikebSi ufro adrec) SeimCneoda erovnuli moZraobebis gamococxleba. sabWoTa mTavro-
bam Zalis gamoyeneba gadawyvita da amas mohyva Tbilisis (1989w. 9 aprili), baqos (1990w. 20
ianvari), vilniusisa da rigis (1991w. ianvari) movlenebi. sadamsjelo aqciebma kidev ufro uaresi Se-
degi gamoiRo. 1990-1991 wlebSi TiTqmis yvela sabWoTa respublikam damoukidebloba ga-
moacxada. maSin gadawyda am procesis SeCereba gorbaCovis gadayenebiT da sabWoTa kavSiris
umaRlesma pirebma (viceprezidenti g. ianaevi, parlamentis spikeri a. lukianovi, premier-ministri
pavlovi, Sinagan saqmeTa ministri b. pugo da sxv.) moawyves putCi (1991w. 19-21 agvisto). xalxi-
sa da ruseTis prezident boris elcinis winaaRmdegobis wyalobiT putCi warumateblad dasrulda da
amis Semdeg ukve yvela darCenilma respublikam gamoacxada damoukidebloba. seqtemberSi Ta-
vad sabWoTa kavSiris sabWoebis yrilobam scno baltiispireTis respublikebis damoukidebloba, de-
kemberSi ki (1991w. 8 dekemberi) ruseTis, ukrainisa da belorusiis liderebma Seqmnes e.w. damou-
kidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba. 21 dekembers mas SeuerTda kidev 8 respublika (almaaTis
deklaracia, ar SeuerTda mxolod saqarTvelo), kidev ramdenime dReSi ki (25 dekembers) sakavSiro
prezidenti mixeil gorbaCovi gadadga da sabWoTa kavSiric aResrula (1991w. 26 dekemberi).

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