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Et01-Ag02-200-El-Sld-Sp-7041 R0
Et01-Ag02-200-El-Sld-Sp-7041 R0
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
• Objective
• Observations and recommendations
REFERENCES
List of Table
Thus in a power system, one of the most critical aspects is “Power System Protection”.
Power System Protection involves various protective devices to ensure that in case of a
short circuit or any electrical fault, system components are not damaged and as little of the
system is taken down with minimal outage and downtime. In order to provide adequate
protection for the circuit, these fault conditions must be simulated and analyzed.
EXISTING SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Power Distribution of Plant
Power distribution for complete plant electrical system is as under:
Power is fed in PCC-01 via. One distribution transformer of rating 2.0 MVA, 33/0.415 kV,
Dyn11 having 7.25% Impedance. Further, from PCC-01 power is fed to various MCCs and
PDBs.
PCC-01 is equipped with 2 nos. DG set of 1500 kVA at 415 V to cater load in emergency
condition.
SOURCE
ET01-AG02-200-EL-SLD-SP-7041 network has following sources:
1. Infinite source (GRID).
2. 2 no. of DG Set (1500 kVA).
LOADS
Majority of Loads connected in the system are PDBs, CHILLER MACHINE, WATER PUMP,
LDBs at 415 V voltage level.
Grid Parameter:
Following data of power grid parameters are essential for modelling
Source voltage [ Vs ]
Source fault level [ MVAsc ]
Fault current or Source impedance
X/R ratio value
The Power grid connection in system has been modelled as 415 V source. The fault level of
415 V network has been evaluated through 3-phase and 1-Phase fault level of 1 x 2.0 MVA,
33/0.415 kV Distribution transformer.
A typical X/R ratio of 6 has been taken to model the grid. (X/R ratio is as per Transformer
typical X/R ratio).
The zero sequance impedance of transformer has been considered 0.85 times of positive
sequence impedance (As per IEEE 242 guideline).
The screen shot of 415 V network fault level has been shown in below figure.
Fig. 1: 3-Phase fault level of 415 V Voltage level
SR. NO. LOAD CENTRE CONNECTED LOAD (kW) RUNNING LOAD (kW)
1 MCC - 01 224 180
2 MCC - 02 244.3 195.4
3 MCC - 03 270.2 216.1
4 MCC - 04 208.6 166.9
5 MCC - 05 190 152
6 MLDB 75 60
7 MCC - 06 150 120
8 MCC - 07 547 438
9 PDB - 01 197 158
10 PDB - 02 193 161
11 MCC - 09 90 72
TOTAL 2,389.1 1,919.4
Hence, total running load of plant is approximately 1.9 MW and total connected load of plant is
2.3 MW.
EXECUTI
VE
SUMMA
RY
OBJECTIVE
The main objective of Power System Study analysis is to study, analyze and calculate fault
level, evaluation of the relay settings, relay coordination and Arc flash study for entire plant
electrical system network.
To keep the system stable and healthy under all conditions, it is required to have complete
plant electrical system study, analysis, fault level calculation and relay coordination. This in-
turns resolves all the other loopholes in the system viz. equipment ratings, sizing,
optimization of protection, load distribution, relay settings for various protection functions.
Recommendations has been given and justified wherever required.
SR.
LOCATION INCIDENT ENERGY
NO.
1 Power Control Centre (PCC) Less than 40 cal/cm2
2 Motor Control Centre (MCC) Less than 8 cal/cm2
3 Distribution Board Less than 1.2 cal/cm2
It is observed based on Arc Flash simulation that the incident energy at some locations are
exceed than the suggested limit by ET01-AG02-200-EL-SLD-SP-7041.
3.
INTRODUCTION
This section of report describes the objectives and outcomes of Load Flow Study and also
discusses the methodology adopted by System Protection for Load Flow Study and
Analysis. This includes as under:
FLOW
total load distribution of plant against available generation. Load flow analysis is necessary
to obtain how much the voltages, currents, and power (active and reactive) are flowing in
the power system network under steady state conditions. It also provides power losses in
STUDY
the system, the voltage profile and the percentage loading of line and transformer. Load
flow studies can also be used to determine the optimum size and location of capacitors for
power factor correction.
• NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
This method calculates / solves iteratively the following Load Flow.
This method is generally used when the Newton-Raphson Method has failed when used for
long radial system or system with long transmission line or cable.
This method has a slower convergence speed. With appropriate acceleration factor chosen,
satisfactory convergence speed is obtained.
a) All LV MCCs are modelled as lump loads as per the loading details provided by ET01-
AG02-200-EL-SLD-SP-7041. Lump loads are considered in proportion of 80% Inductive
and 20% static load or based on available data in this switchgear.
b) All stand-by/Spare loads are not considered during the study.
c) Limits for Voltage variations from rated values are ±3% as marginal, i.e. allowable and ±5
% as Critical load i.e. needs consideration and corrective actions.
d) Limits for loading are 95% Marginal, i.e. allowable and 100% as the Critical, i.e. needs
consideration and corrective actions.
e) Adaptive Newton-Raphson method is used for the calculations.
VOLTAGE PROFILE
VOLTAGE CASE:1 CASE:2
BUS ID
(kV) VOLTAGE PROFILE
PCC-01 BUS-A 0.415 100 % 99.62 %
PCC-01 BUS-B 0.415 100 % 99.62 %
APFC CP PN - 1 0.415 100.4 % 99.99 %
APFC CP PN - 2 0.415 100.4 % 99.99 %
MCC-01 0.415 98.03 % 97.64 %
MCC-02 0.415 97.85 % 97.46 %
MCC-03 0.415 97.62 % 97.23 %
MCC-04 0.415 98.17 % 97.79 %
MCC-05 0.415 98.33 % 97.95 %
MLDB 0.415 96.72 % 96.33 %
MCC-06 0.415 98.28 % 97.89 %
MCC-07 0.415 97.76 % 97.37 %
PDB-01 FOR UTILITY 0.415 97.82 % 97.43 %
PDB-02 AUX 0.415 99.39 % 99 %
MCC-09 0.415 98.98 % 98.59 %
Total Demand is sum of Total of Motor Load, Static Load, Constant Current Load, Generic
Load and Apparent Losses. Where the Apparent Losses are the calculated, total MW and
Mvar losses of the system.
ETAP
LOAD
FLOW
STUDY
REPORT
CASE:1 -
NORMAL
OPERATIO
N
(GRID)
SHORT
CASE:2 –
CIRCUIT
DG SET
STUDY
OBJECTIVE OF SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY
The basic aim of the short circuit study is to verify the duty of electrical devices under fault
condition and also to establish the fault levels of system at various voltage levels for various
operating philosophy of plant. Fault duties are in compliance with the latest editions of the
IEC-60909.
The ETAP Short-Circuit Analysis program analyses the effect of 3-phase, line-to-ground, line-
to-line, and line-to-line-to-ground faults on electrical distribution systems. The program
calculates the total short circuit currents as well as the contributions of individual motors,
generators, and utility ties in the system.
ETAP is using IEC Standard (As selected) for the calculation of the fault current at various
buses. The Standard used is IEC-60909: Short Circuit Current Calculation in Three Phase AC
System. Some of the important technical terms used by ETAP are briefed herewith.
Voltage factor c
METHOD – B
R/X Ratio at the SC location. The Value of k-factor is determined by multiplying the k-factor
by a safety factor of 1.15, which covers inaccuracies caused after obtaining the R/X ratio
from a network reduction with complex impedances.
METHOD – C
Equivalent frequency dependent. The Value of k-factor is calculated using a frequency-
altered R/X. R/X is calculated at a lower frequency and then multiplied by a frequency-
dependent multiplying factor.
As per IEC 60909 in Method C, the equivalent impedance is the impedance as seen from the
SC location if an equivalent voltage source with the frequency f c = 20 Hz (for a nominal
frequency 50 Hz) or 24 Hz (for a nominal frequency 60 Hz) is applied there as the only active
voltage. And k-factor is derived using:
k ≈ 1.02 + 0.98 e-3R/X
ETAP results of Short circuit study confirm the adequacy of system parameters and
equipment ratings, for the reliable operation of the system.
Before carrying out the SC Calculation some consideration have been made as under:
• 3-phase Source Fault 31.716 MVAsc (44.124 kA) and 1-phase Source fault 33.39
MVAsc (46.452 kA) with X/R ratio of 6 is considered at 415 V.
• Source system (415 V) is considered as solidly grounded system.
• X/R ratio for distribution Transformers is considered as per IEC standard.
• Short Circuit rating of 415 V equipment is 50 kA.
• Motor contribution was not considered, since it shall decay within few cycles. Motor
short circuit contribution was considered only for device duty evaluation.
• No tolerance on transformer impedance was considered since actual impedance value
was collected from site for transformers.
• For Calculation of the Fault Current IEC 60909 Standard having Sub-clause 9.1.3.2 with
Method C will be used.
• For Calculation of the maximum fault current Voltage c - factor is kept to be uniform
for all voltage level at 415 V.
• Typical ETAP data considered for generators reactance while perform the study.
For Unit protection of the equipment protection elements are selected as per the
equipment and rating. Unit protection can be provided to the equipments like, viz. Motors,
Transformers and Generators etc. All the unit protection are considered as the primary
protection to the equipment and does not provide any back-up protection except
transformer where relay installed at primary side provides back-up to the relay installed at
secondary side.
The primary fault current and the backup fault currents are determined from the SC circuits
results. For a given CT secondary rating, different plug setting steps (pick – up currents) are
available. The plug settings for phase and earth fault relays are determined (current above
on which the relay should operate) based on maximum load current flowing through the
protective device and unbalance factor.
The selection of TDS (Time Dial Setting) or TMS (Time Multiplier Setting) is most involved
task in this process and that is where the actual primary / back–up coordination occurs.
Selection of TMS
For the selection of the TMS the following important points are considered:
• The relay at the farthest end from the source is set to operate in the minimum
possible time.
• For all the succeeding relays towards the source a time delay step are given, this time
delay is called discrimination time. This discrimination time is set in between 0.2 to 0.3
Sec.
• Earth fault can be provided with definite time over-current relays due to limited values
of fault currents and restricted by neutral impedances or solidly earthed system as
provided in neutral of power transformers.
• With use of delta/star step down transformer, grading of earth fault relays (Provided
with delta winding) are distinct from over current phase relays (provided with star
winding), as earth fault at star side reflects as phase fault in delta winding.
The grading margin for proper coordination, when expressed as a fixed quantity, should be
around 0.3 Sec so as to have proper grading and discrimination in case of fault. However,
this was practised in case of Electromagnetic relays. Now a days, with fast response
Numerical relays we can have this grading as per system demand, making sure that it gets
proper time margin to act in case of respective fault. Wherever not possible to achieve the
0.3 sec time margin, the coordination time shall be maintained as per the IEEE 242.
Present relay settings review have been carried out considering a minimum time interval as
follows:
For the purposes of the protection coordination study, the results of the maximum possible
worst-case fault levels have been taken. The relay coordination time interval has been
considered at the maximum fault current values, which in turn results in better coordination
time interval for minimum fault current values also.
RELAY COORDINATION INPUT DATA
Data for protection coordination studies was consider from SLDs provided by client.
Note: To maintain the uniform behavior, during power system studies (i.e., Short circuit study
and Arc Flash study); of the electrical network, breaker opening time is considered as above.
LVCB RELEASE SETTING SHEET
RELAY COORDINATION - STAR PLOTS
OBJECTIVE OF ARC FLASH ANALYSIS
Arc-Flash analysis is used to investigate a worker’s potential exposure to arc flash energy,
which may be required for the purpose of injury prevention and determination of
appropriate levels of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). The incident energy and flash
protection boundaries are based on the following standards for Arc-Flash analysis.
Industry Codes and Standards
ASTM D-120-02a - American Society for Testing and Materials
IEEE STD 1584™-2018 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations
NFPA- 70 E 2012/18 Electrical Safety in the Workplace
Lee method for calculation of Incident energy above 15 kV voltage level
DEFINITIONS
1. Arc Flash Boundary
When an Arc flash hazard exists, an approach limit at a distance from a prospective arc
source within which a person could receive a second degree burn if an electrical arc
flash were to occurs.
A second-degree burn is possible by an unprotected skin to an electric arc flash above
the incident energy level of 1.2 cal/cm 2.
PPE Categories
As per the NFPA 70E 2018, PPEs are categorized as per the Incident energy imposing:
As per the Standard ASTM D120-14a Gloves to be used are categorized as follows
Class of AC Proof-Test Maximum AC Use DC proof-Test Maximum DC Use
Glove Voltage, RMS, V voltage, ac RMS, V Voltage, Avg V voltage, Avg, V