Power System Simulation Lab

POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB
Sub. Code: 10EEL78 IA Marks : 25

Hrs/Week: 03 Exam Hrs. : 03
Total Hrs. : 42 Exam Marks: 50
Power system simulation using MATLAB/C/Software Packages and C++
1. i) Y bus formation for systems, with & without mutual coupling, by singular
transformation & inspection method.
ii) Determination of Bus currents, bus power & line flows for a specified system
voltage (bus) profile.
2. Formation of Z-Bus, using Z-Bus build Algorithm without mutual.
3. ABCD parameters:
i) Formation for symmetric /T configuration.
ii) Verification of AD-BC = 1.
iii) Determination of efficiency & regulation.
4. Determination of power angle diagrams, reluctance power, excitation emf & regulation for salient
and non-salient pole synchronous machines.
5. To obtain swing curve and to determine critical clearing time and regulation for a single
machine connected to infinity bus through a pair of identical transmission lines under 3-phase
fault on one of the lines for variation of inertia constant/ line parameters/fault location/ clearing
time/ pre-fault electrical output.
6. Formation of Jacobian for a system not exceeding 4 buses * (no PV buses) in polar
Co-ordinates.
7. Write a program to perform load using Gaus-Siedel method (only PQ bus)
8. To determine fault currents & voltages in a single transmission line system with Y-Δ
transformers at a specified location for SLGF, DLGF, LLF.
9. Load flow analysis for a 3 Bus system using Gauss seidal method , NR method,
Fast decoupled flow method for both pq and pv buses.
10. Optimal generator scheduling for thermal power plants.
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Write a program to perform load using Gaus-Siedel method PQ bus & PV bus
2. Additional exercise problems on Load flow analysis for a 3 Bus system using Gauss seidal
method , NR method, Fast decoupled flow method for both pq and pv buses & determine fault
currents & voltages in a single transmission line system with Y-Δ transformers at a specified
location for SLGF, DLGF, LLF using MiPower Package
VII Semester Power System Simulation Lab
1. A) FORMATION OF YBUS OF A GIVEN POWER SYSTEM BY SINGULAR

TRANSFORMATION
a) Formation of Ybus without mutual coupling
ONE LINE DIAGRAM OF 5 BUS POWER SYSTEMS:

(1) (3) (4)
(2) (5)
Impedances and line charging admittances for the power system:
Bus Code p- Impedance Zpq Line charging admittance Ylpq/2

q
1-2 0.02 + j 0.06 0.0 + j 0.060
1-3 0.08 + j 0.24 0.0 + j 0.05
2-3 0.06 + j 0.18 0.0 + j 0.04
2-4 0.06 + j 0.18 0.0 + j 0.04
2-5 0.04 + j 0.12 0.0 + j 0.03
3-4 0.01 + j 0.03 0.0 + j 0.02
4-5 0.08 + j 0.24 0.0 + j 0.05
Program for Ybus formation without mutual coupling:

%FORMATION OF ybus USING SINGULAR TRANSFORMATION METHOD
%WITHOUT MUTUAL COUPLING:
% p q Z hlcY(ADM)
z=[1 2 0.02+0.06i 0.06i
1 3 0.08+0.24i 0.05i
2 3 0.06+0.18i 0.04i
2 4 0.06+0.18i 0.04i
2 5 0.04+0.12i 0.03i
3 4 0.01+0.03i 0.02i
4 5 0.08+0.24i 0.05i ];
fb=z(:,1);
tb=z(:,2);
Z=z(:,3);
hlcy=z(:,4);
Department of E & EE 1 SIET, Tumkur
y=1./Z;
nbus=max(max(fb),max(tb));
Y=zeros(nbus);
nline=length(fb);
nlb=nline+nbus;
A=zeros(nlb,nbus);
for k=1:nbus
A(k,k)=1;
end
for k=1:nline
A(nbus+k,fb(k))=1;
A(nbus+k,tb(k))=-1;
end
sh=zeros(nbus);
for k=1:nline
sh(fb(k))=sh(fb(k))+hlcy(k);
sh(tb(k))=sh(tb(k))+hlcy(k);
end
ypr=zeros(nlb,nlb);
for k=1:nbus
ypr(k,k)=sh(k);
end
for k=1:nline
ypr(nbus+k,nbus+k)=y(k);
end
format short;
Ybus=A'*ypr*A
Out Put:
Ybus =
6.2500 -18.6400i -5.0000 +15.0000i -1.2500 + 3.7500i 0 0

-5.0000 +15.0000i 10.8333 -32.3300i -1.6667 + 5.0000i -1.6667 + 5.0000i -2.5000 + 7.5000i
-1.2500 + 3.7500i -1.6667 + 5.0000i 12.9167 -38.6400i -10.0000 +30.0000i 0
0 -1.6667 + 5.0000i -10.0000 +30.0000i 12.9167 -38.6400i -1.2500 + 3.7500i
0 -2.5000 + 7.5000i 0 -1.2500 + 3.7500i 3.7500 -11.1700i

Signature of the Staff Incharge
b) Formation of YBus with mutual coupling:
Using singular transformation analysis, determine Y-bus for a given test system with
mutual coupling of- j0.01 p.u between the line numbers 4 & 5 Neglect line charging.
(3) (2)
(0) (1)
Element Bus Code Self impedence
No. p-q Zpq,pq
1 0-1 j0.3
2 2-0 1.0
3 0-3 j0.2
4 1-2 j0.03
5 3-2 j0.02
Program for Ybus formation with mutual coupling:
%FORMATION OF ybus USING SINGULAR TRANSFORMATON METHOD

%WITH MUTUAL COUPLING & WITHOUT LINE CHARGING:
% p q Z mno mutual(imp)
z=[0 1 03i 0 0
2 0 1.0 0 0
0 3 0.2i 0 0
1 2 0.03i 0 0
3 2 0.02i 4 -0.01i ];
p=z(:,1);
q=z(:,2);
Z=z(:,3);
mno=z(:,4);
zmc=z(:,5);
nbus=max(max(p),max(q));
Y=zeros(nbus);

nline=length(p);
A=zeros(nline,nbus);
for k=1:nline,
if(q(k)==0)
A(k,p(k))=1;
elseif(p(k)==0)
A(k,q(k))=-1;
end
if(p(k)~=0&q(k)~=0)
A(k,p(k))=1;
A(k,q(k))=-1;
end
end
zpr=zeros(nline,nline);
for k=1:nline
zpr(k,k)=Z(k);
if(mno(k))
zpr(k,mno(k))=zmc(k);
zpr(mno(k),k)=zmc(k);
end
end
ypr=inv(zpr);
format short;
Ybus=A'*ypr*A
OutPut:
Ybus =
1.0e+002 *
0 - 0.4333i 0 + 0.6000i 0 - 0.2000i
0 + 0.6000i 0.01-1.4000i 0 + 0.8000i
0 - 0.2000i 0 + 0.8000i 0 - 0.6500i

c) Formation of YBus without mutual coupling by Inspection Method

(1) (3) (4)
(2) (5)
Impedances and line charging admittances for the power system:
Bus Code p- Impedance Zpq Line charging admittance Ylpq/2

q
1-2 0.02 + j 0.06 0.0 + j 0.060
1-3 0.08 + j 0.24 0.0 + j 0.05
2-3 0.06 + j 0.18 0.0 + j 0.04
2-4 0.06 + j 0.18 0.0 + j 0.04
2-5 0.04 + j 0.12 0.0 + j 0.03
3-4 0.01 + j 0.03 0.0 + j 0.02
4-5 0.08 + j 0.24 0.0 + j 0.05

Program for Ybus formation without mutual coupling by Inspection method:
%FORMATION OF Ybus USING INSPECTION METHOD

%WITHOUT MUTUAL COUPLING
% p q z hlc(ADM)
z=[ 1 2 0.02+0.06i 0.06i
1 3 0.08+0.24i 0.05i
2 3 0.06+0.18i 0.04i
2 4 0.06+0.18i 0.04i
2 5 0.04+0.12i 0.03i
3 4 0.01+0.03i 0.02i
4 5 0.08+0.24i 0.05i];
%function yb(z);
fb=z(:,1);
tb=z(:,2);
Z=z(:,3);
hlc=z(:,4);
y=1./Z;
nbus=max(max(fb),max(tb));
Y=zeros(nbus);
nline=length(fb);
for k=1:nline,
p=fb(k);q=tb(k);
Y(p,p)=Y(p,p)+y(k)+hlc(k);
Y(q,q)=Y(q,q)+y(k)+hlc(k);
Y(p,q)=Y(p,q)-y(k);
Y(q,p)=Y(p,q);
end
Ybus=Y
OutPut:
Ybus =
6.2500 -18.6400i -5.0000 +15.0000i -1.2500 + 3.7500i 0 0
-5.0000 +15.0000i 10.8333 -32.3300i -1.6667 + 5.0000i -1.6667 + 5.0000i -2.5000 + 7.5000i
-1.2500 + 3.7500i -1.6667 + 5.0000i 12.9167 -38.6400i -10.0000 +30.0000i 0
0 -1.6667 + 5.0000i -10.0000 +30.0000i 12.9167 -38.6400i -1.2500 + 3.7500i
0 -2.5000 + 7.5000i 0 -1.2500 + 3.7500i 3.7500 -11.1700i

B) DETERMINATION OF BUS CURRENTS, BUS POWER & LINE FLOWS

FOR A SPECIFIED SYSTEM VOLTAGE (BUS) PROFILE.
ONE LINE DIAGRAM OF 3-BUS POWER SYSTEMS:
G 0.098-j0.06
Bus1
1.05+j0.0 0.02+J0.04 Bus2
0.01+J0.03 0.0125+ J0.025
Bus3
1.0-j0.05
Program to determine bus currents,bus power and line flows for a specified system
voltage(bus) profile
%Program to determine bus currents,bus power and line flows for a
specified system voltage(bus) profile%
clc;
clear;
z12=input('Enter the value of impedance connected between bus 1-2\
n');
n');
n');
v1=input('Enter the value of bus 1 voltage in rectangular form \
n');
n');
n');
y12=1/z12;
y13=1/z13;
y23=1/z23;
fprintf('Line currents\n');
I12=y12*(v1-v2)
I21=-I12
I13=y13*(v1-v3)
I31=-I13
I23=y23*(v2-v3)
I32=-I23
fprintf('Line flows\n');
S12=v1*conj(I12)
S21=v2*conj(I21)
S13=v1*conj(I13)
S31=v3*conj(I31)
S23=v2*conj(I23)
S32=v3*conj(I32)
fprintf('Line losses\n');
SL12=S12+S21
SL13=S13+S31
SL23=S23+S32
fprintf('Bus power \n');
S1=S12+S13
S2=S21+S23
S3=S31+S32
fprintf('Total Loss \n');
S=S1+S2+S3
fprintf('Bus currents\n');
I1=conj(S1/v1)
I2=conj(S2/v2)
I3=conj(S3/v3)

OUTPUT:
Enter the value of impedance connected between bus 1-2

0.02+0.04i
0.01+0.03i
0.0125+0.025i
Enter the value of bus 1 voltage in rectangular form
1.05+0i
0.098-0.06i
1.00-0.05i
Line currents
I12 = 10.7200 -18.4400i
I21 = -10.7200 +18.4400i
I13 = 2.0000 - 1.0000i
I31 = -2.0000 + 1.0000i
I23 = -14.7520 +28.7040i
I32 = 14.7520 -28.7040i
Line flows
S12 = 11.2560 +19.3620i
S21 = -2.1570 - 1.1639i
S13 = 2.1000 + 1.0500i
S31 = -2.0500 - 0.9000i
S23 = -3.1679 - 1.9279i
S32 = 16.1872 +27.9664i
Line losses
SL12 = 9.0990 +18.1981i
SL13 = 0.0500 + 0.1500i
SL23 =13.0193 +26.0385i
Bus power
S1 = 13.3560 +20.4120i
S2 = -5.3249 - 3.0918i
S3 = 14.1372 +27.0664i
Total Loss
S = 22.1683 +44.3866i
Bus currents
I1 = 12.7200 -19.4400i

I2 = -25.4720 +47.1440i
I3 = 12.7520 -27.7040i
2. FORMATION OF Z-BUS, USING Z-BUS BUILD ALGORITHM

WITH OUT MUTUAL COUPLING.
Program to determine Formation Z-Bus, Using Z-Bus build Algorithm Without Mutual
Coupling
%Program to determine Formation Z-Bus, Using Z-Bus build Algorithm
Without Mutual %Coupling
clc
clear all
%ZBUS BUILDING ALGORITHEM
%Program for building Z bus by addition or link
%Zprim=[Element no. from to Value]
Z= [0.25 1 0 1
0.1 2 1 2
0.1 3 1 2
0.25 0 2 3
0.1 2 3 4];
zbus_old = [];
for ll = 1:5
zb = Z(ll,1);
ii = Z(ll,2);
jj = Z(ll,3);
type = Z(ll,4);
[m,n] = size(zbus_old);
if type == 1
fprintf('it is a type 1 modification, a new line is connected
between new bus %d and reference bus %d \n',ii);
zbus_new =[zbus_old zeros(m,1);
zeros(1,n) zb]
elseif type == 2
between old bus %d and new bus %d \n',ii,jj);
zbus_new =[zbus_old zbus_old(:,jj);
zbus_old(jj,:) zbus_old(jj,jj)+zb]
elseif type == 3
fprintf(' it is a type 3 modification, a new line is connected
between reference bus and old bus %d \n',jj);
z1 = zbus_old(:,jj)*zbus_old(jj,:)/(zbus_old(jj,jj)+zb);
zbus_new = zbus_old-z1
elseif type == 4
between old bus %d and another old bus %d \n',ii,jj);
z1 = zbus_old(:,ii)-zbus_old(:,jj);
z2 = zb + zbus_old(ii,ii) + zbus_old(jj,jj)-2*zbus_old(ii,jj);
zbus_new = zbus_old-(1/z2) *z1*z1.'
end
zbus_old = zbus_new;
end
fprintf('the zbus of the given system is');
zbus1 = zbus_new
OUTPUT:
it is a type 1 modification, a new line is connected between

new bus 1 and reference bus
zbus_new =
0.2500

old bus 2 and new bus 1
zbus_new =
0.2500 0.2500
0.2500 0.3500

old bus 3 and new bus 1
zbus_new =
0.2500 0.2500 0.2500
0.2500 0.3500 0.2500
0.2500 0.2500 0.3500


reference bus and old bus 2
zbus_new =
0.1458 0.1042 0.1458
0.1042 0.1458 0.1042
0.1458 0.1042 0.2458

old bus 2 and another old bus 3
zbus_new =
0.1397 0.1103 0.1250
0.1103 0.1397 0.1250
0.1250 0.1250 0.1750
the zbus of the given system is

zbus1 =
0.1397 0.1103 0.1250
0.1103 0.1397 0.1250
0.1250 0.1250 0.1750

3. ABCD CONSTANTS
A) NOMINAL PI-METHOD
Given any two of the I/O parameters given either (Vs, Is) or (Vr, Ir) of a two port
Short/medium/Long transmission line network (Length=0-40km/140Km/300km),
determine the following
. Regulation
. Efficiency using PI-method
(The line impedance (0.2+j0.408)Ω and admittance (0+3.14e-6i) mho)
Program For Nominal PI Network:

%ABCD of eqt. PI Network FOR SHORT LINE/ MEDIUM LINE/ LONG LINE
clc;
clear;
z=0.2+0.408i;y=0+3.14e-6i;
k1=input('\n Enter 1 - To read Short transmission line \n 2 -
To read Medium transmission line \n 3 - To read long
Transmission line');
switch k1,
case 1,
length=40;
Z=z*length;Y=y*length;
A=1;
B=Z;
C=0;
D=1;
case 2,
length=140;
A=1+Y*Z/2;
B=Z;
C=Y*(1+Y*Z/4);
D=A;
case 3,
length=300;
zc=sqrt(z/y);
gam=sqrt(z*y)*length;
A=cosh(gam);
D=A;
B=zc*sinh(gam);
C=1/zc*sinh(gam);
fprintf('\n The equvalent PI cicuit constants:');
zeq=z*length*sinh(gam)/gam;
yeq=y*length/2*tanh(gam/2)/(gam/2);
fprintf('\n Zeq = %15.4f %+15.4fi',real(zeq),imag(zeq));
fprintf('\n Yeq/2= %15.4f %+15.4fi',real(yeq),imag(yeq));
otherwise
disp('wrong choice');
end
fprintf('\nA,B,C and D constants : \n');
fprintf('----------------------------------------');
fprintf('\nA = %15.4f %+15.4fi',real(A),imag(A));
fprintf('\nB = %15.4f %+15.4fi',real(B),imag(B));
fprintf('\nC = %15.4f %+15.4fi',real(C),imag(C));
fprintf('\nD = %15.4f %+15.4fi',real(D),imag(D));
fprintf('\n The product AD-BC=%f',A*D-B*C);
k2=input('\n Enter 1 - To read Vr, Ir and compute Vs , Is \n 2
- To read Vs, Is and compute Vr, Ir ');
switch k2,
case 1,
%vr=input('enter Vr/phase ');
%ir=input('enter Ir/phase ');
vr=132+0.0i;
ir=174.96-131.22i;
vr=vr*1e3/sqrt(3);
vs=(A*vr+B*ir)/1e3;
is=C*vr+D*ir;
fprintf('\nSending end Voltage/ph=%f %+fi
KV',real(vs),imag(vs));
fprintf('\nSending end Current/ph=%f %+fi
AMP',real(is),imag(is));
vs=vs*1e3;
case 2,
%vs=input('enter Vs/phase ');
%is=input('enter Is/phase ');
vs=132+0.0i;
is=174.96-131.22i;
vs=vs*1e3/sqrt(3.0);
vr=(D*vs-B*is)/1e3;
ir=-C*vs+D*is;
fprintf('\nReceiving end Voltage/ph=%f %+fi
KV',real(vr),imag(vr));
fprintf('\nReceiving end Current/ph=%f %+fi
AMP',real(ir),imag(ir));
vr=vr*1e3;
otherwise
end
rec_pow=3*real(vr*conj(ir))/1e6;
%rec_pow=3*abs(vr)*abs(ir)*cos(angle(vr)-angle(ir))/1e6;
send_pow=3*real(vs*conj(is))/1e6;
%send_pow=3*abs(vs)*abs(is)*cos(angle(vs)-angle(is))/1e6;
eff=rec_pow/send_pow*100;

reg=(abs(vs)/abs(A)-abs(vr))/abs(vr)*100;
fprintf('\n Receiving end power=%.2f KW',rec_pow);
fprintf('\n Sending end power=%.2f KW',send_pow);
fprintf('\n Efficiency=%.2f %%',eff);
fprintf('\n Voltage Regulation=%.2f%%',reg);
OUTPUT:
SHORT LINE:
CASE1:
A,B,C and D constants :
----------------------------------------
A = 1.0000 +0.0000i
B = 8.0000 +16.3200i
C = 0.0000 +0.0000i
D = 1.0000 +0.0000i
The product AD-BC=1.000000
Enter 1 - To read Vr, Ir and compute Vs , Is
2 - To read Vs, Is and compute Vr, Ir 1
Sending end Voltage/ph=79.751426 +1.805587i KV
Sending end Current/ph=174.960000 -131.220000i AMP
Receiving end power=40.00 KW
Sending end power=41.15 KW
Efficiency=97.21 %
Voltage Regulation=4.67%
CASE2:
----------------------------------------
A = 1.0000 +0.0000i
B = 8.0000 +16.3200i
C = 0.0000 +0.0000i
D = 1.0000 +0.0000i
Receiving end Voltage/ph=72.669045 -1.805587i KV
Receiving end Current/ph=174.960000 -131.220000i AMP
Efficiency=97.13 %

MEDIUM LINE:
CASE1:

----------------------------------------
A = 0.9874 +0.0062i
B = 28.0000 +57.1200i
C = -0.0000 +0.0004i
D = 0.9874 +0.0062i

Efficiency=91.59 %
CASE2:

----------------------------------------
A = 0.9874 +0.0062i
B = 28.0000 +57.1200i
C = -0.0000 +0.0004i
D = 0.9874 +0.0062i

Efficiency=88.97 %

LONG LINE:
CASE1:
The equvalent PI cicuit constants:
Zeq = 57.7123 +120.6169i
Yeq/2= 0.0000 +0.0005i
----------------------------------------
A = 0.9428 +0.0277i
B = 57.7123 +120.6169i
C = -0.0000 +0.0009i
D = 0.9428 +0.0277i

Efficiency=85.15 %
CASE2:
The equvalent PI cicuit constants:
Zeq = 57.7123 +120.6169i
Yeq/2= 0.0000 +0.0005i
----------------------------------------
A = 0.9428 +0.0277i
B = 57.7123 +120.6169i
C = -0.0000 +0.0009i
D = 0.9428 +0.0277i

Efficiency=74.50 %

B) NOMINAL T-METHOD
Given any two of the I/O parameters given either (Vs, Is) or (Vr, Ir) of a two port
Short/medium/Long transmission line network (Length=0-40km/140Km/300km),
determine the following
. Regulation
. Efficiency using T-method
(The line impedance (0.2+j0.408) Ω and admittance (0+3.14e-6i) mho)
Program For Nominal T Network:

%ABCD of eqt. T Network for short line
clc;
clear;
z=0.2+0.408i;y=0+3.14e-6i;
k1=input('\n Enter 1 - To read Short transmission line \n 2 -
To read Medium transmission line \n 3 - To read long
Transmission line');
switch k1,
case 1,
length=40;
A=1;
B=Z;
C=0;
D=1;
case 2,
length=140;
A=1+Y*Z/2;
B=Z*(1+Y*Z/4);
C=Y;
D=(1+Y*Z/2);
case 3,
length=300;
zc=sqrt(z/y);
gam=sqrt(z*y)*length;
A=cosh(gam);
D=A;
B=zc*sinh(gam);
C=1/zc*sinh(gam);
fprintf('\n The equvalent T cicuit constants:');
zeq=z*length/2*tanh(gam/2)/(gam/2);
yeq=y*length*sinh(gam)/gam;
fprintf('\n Zeq/2= %10.4f %+10.4fi',real(zeq),imag(zeq));
fprintf('\n Yeq = %10.4f %+10.4fi',real(yeq),imag(yeq));

otherwise
fprintf('\nA,B,C and D constants : \n');
fprintf('----------------------------------------------------');
fprintf('\nA = %10.4f %+10.4fi',real(A),imag(A));
fprintf('\nB = %10.4f %+10.4fi',real(B),imag(B));
fprintf('\nC = %10.4f %+10.4fi',real(C),imag(C));
fprintf('\nD = %10.4f %+10.4fi',real(D),imag(D));
fprintf('\n The product AD-BC=%f',A*D-B*C);
k2=input('\n Enter 1 - To read Vr, Ir and compute Vs , Is \n 2
- To read Vs, Is and compute Vr, Ir ');
switch k2,
case 1,
%vr=input('enter Vr/phase ');
%ir=input('enter Ir/phase ');
vr=132+0.0i;
ir=174.96-131.22i;
vr=vr*1e3/sqrt(3);
vs=(A*vr+B*ir)/1e3;
is=C*vr+D*ir;
fprintf('\nSending end Voltage/ph=%f %+fi
KV',real(vs),imag(vs));
fprintf('\nSending end Current/ph=%f %+fi
AMP',real(is),imag(is));
vs=vs*1e3;
case 2,
%vs=input('enter Vs/phase ');
%is=input('enter Is/phase ');
vs=132+0.0i;
is=174.96-131.22i;
vs=vs*1e3/sqrt(3.0);
vr=(D*vs-B*is)/1e3;
ir=-C*vs+D*is;
fprintf('\nReceiving end Voltage/ph=%f %+fi
KV',real(vr),imag(vr));
fprintf('\nReceiving end Current/ph=%f %+fi
AMP',real(ir),imag(ir));
vr=vr*1e3;
otherwise
end
rec_pow=3*real(vr*conj(ir))/1e6;
%rec_pow=3*abs(vr)*abs(ir)*cos(angle(vr)-angle(ir))/1e6;
send_pow=3*real(vs*conj(is))/1e6;
%send_pow=3*abs(vs)*abs(is)*cos(angle(vs)-angle(is))/1e6;
eff=rec_pow/send_pow*100;

reg=(abs(vs)/abs(A)-abs(vr))/abs(vr)*100;
fprintf('\n Receiving end power=%.2f KW',rec_pow);
fprintf('\n Sending end power=%.2f KW',send_pow);
fprintf('\n Efficiency=%.2f %%',eff);
fprintf('\n Voltage Regulation=%.2f%%',reg);
OUTPUT:
SHORT LINE:
CASE1:
----------------------------------------------------
A = 1.0000 +0.0000i
B = 8.0000 +16.3200i
C = 0.0000 +0.0000i
D = 1.0000 +0.0000i

Efficiency=97.21 %
CASE2:
----------------------------------------------------
A = 1.0000 +0.0000i
B = 8.0000 +16.3200i
C = 0.0000 +0.0000i
D = 1.0000 +0.0000i

Efficiency=97.13 %

MEDIUM LINE
CASE1:
----------------------------------------------------
A = 0.9874 +0.0062i
B = 27.6485 +56.8476i
C = 0.0000 +0.0004i
D = 0.9874 +0.0062i

Efficiency=91.63 %
CASE2:
----------------------------------------------------
A = 0.9874 +0.0062i
B = 27.6485 +56.8476i
C = 0.0000 +0.0004i
D = 0.9874 +0.0062i

Efficiency=89.06 %

LONG LINE:
CASE1:
The equvalent T cicuit constants:
Zeq/2= 30.5858 +61.6486i
Yeq = -0.0000 +0.0009i
----------------------------------------------------
A = 0.9428 +0.0277i
B = 57.7123 +120.6169i
C = -0.0000 +0.0009i
D = 0.9428 +0.0277i

Efficiency=85.15 %
CASE2:
The equvalent T cicuit constants:
Zeq/2= 30.5858 +61.6486i
Yeq = -0.0000 +0.0009i
----------------------------------------------------
A = 0.9428 +0.0277i
B = 57.7123 +120.6169i
C = -0.0000 +0.0009i
D = 0.9428 +0.0277i

Efficiency=74.50 %

1. POWER ANGLE DIAGRAM
A. POWER ANGLE DIAGRAM FOR SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS

Determine Power angle diagram for salient pole synchronous machine connected to
infinite bus and obtain excitation emf and regulation. Given P=48MW, Pf=0.8,
Vt=34.64kV(L-L), Xd=13.5ohm and Xq=9.33ohm. Use MATLAB programming.
%Program to determine power angle diagram for salient pole synchronous

%machine, excitation emf and regulation
clc;
clear;
p=input('Enter power in MW\n');
pf=input('Enter power factor\n');
vt=input('Enter Line to line voltage in kV\n');
xd=input('Enter xd in ohm\n');
xq=input('xq in ohm\n');
vt_ph=vt*1000/sqrt(3);
pf_a=acos(pf);
q=p*tan(pf_a);
i=(p-j*q)*1e6/(3*vt_ph);
delta=0:1:180;
delta_rad=delta*(pi/180);
if xd~=xq
eq=vt_ph+(j*i*xq);
id_mag=abs(i)*sin(angle(eq)-angle(i));
ef_mag=abs(eq)+((xd-xq)*id_mag);
e_emf=ef_mag;
fprintf('\n Excitation emf=%f',e_emf);
reg=(ef_mag-abs(vt_ph))*100/abs(vt_ph);
fprintf('\n Percentage regulation=%f',reg);
pp=ef_mag*vt_ph*sin(delta_rad)/xd;
rp=vt_ph^2*(xd-xq)*sin(2*delta_rad)/(2*xd*xq);
net_rp=3*rp/1e6;
p_sal=pp+rp;
net_p_sal=3*p_sal/1e6;
plot(delta,net_rp);
hold on
plot(delta,net_p_sal);
xlabel('delta(deg)');
ylabel('Three phase power(MW)');
title('Plot: Power angle curve for salient pole synchronous
machine');
end
grid
Input :
Enter power in MW
48
Enter power factor
0.8
Enter Line to line voltage in kV
34.64
Enter xd in ohm
13.5
xq in ohm
9.33
Output:
Excitation emf=29999.596799
Percentage regulation=50.002384
Plot: Power angle curve for salient pole synchronous machine

140
120
100
Three phase power(MW)
80
60
40
20
-20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
delta(deg)

B. POWER ANGLE DIAGRAM FOR NON-SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINE
Determine Power angle diagram for non-salient pole synchronous machine connected
to infinite bus and obtain excitation emf and regulation. Given P=48MW, Pf=0.8,
Vt=34.64kV (L-L), Xd=10ohm and Xq=10 ohm. Use MATLAB programming.
%Program to determine power angle diagram for non-salient pole synchronous

%machine,excitation emf and regulation
clc;
clear;
p=input('Enter power in MW\n');
pf=input('Enter power factor\n');
vt=input('Enter Line to line voltage in kV\n');
xd=input('Enter xd in ohm\n');
xq=input('xq in ohm\n');
vt_ph=vt*1000/sqrt(3);
pf_a=acos(pf);
q=p*tan(pf_a);
i=(p-j*q)*1e6/(3*vt_ph);
delta=0:1:180;
delta_rad=delta*(pi/180);
if xd==xq
ef=vt_ph+(j*i*xd);
e_emf=abs(ef);
fprintf('\n Excitation emf=%f',e_emf);
reg=(abs(ef)-abs(vt_ph))*100/abs(vt_ph);
fprintf('\n Percentage regulation=%f',reg);
p_non=abs(ef)*vt_ph*sin(delta_rad)/xd;
n_power=3*p_non/1e6;
plot(delta,n_power);
xlabel('delta(deg)');
ylabel('Three phase power(MW)');
title('Plot:Power angle curve for nonsalient pole synchronous
m/c');
end
grid

Input:
Enter power in MW
48
Enter power facotr
0.8
Enter Line to line voltage in kV
34.64
Enter xd in ohm
10
xq in ohm
10
Output:
Excitation emf=27202.617527
Percentage regulation=36.017078
Plot:Power angle curve for nonsalient pole synchronous m/c
180
160
140
Three phase power(MW)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
delta(deg)

5. SOLUTION OF SWING EQUATION
a) SWING CURVE (SUSTAINED FAULT)
The system having a single machine connected to an infinite bus has the following
data.
Pi =0.9 M= 0.016 (2.8 × 10 -4 S / electrical Degree)
E1 = 1.1 Transfer reactance before fault – Xo = 0.2 pu
E2 = 1.0 – Xe=0.35
Plot the swing curve for sustained fault step by step method using MATLAB. (For fault
at the beginning/middle)).
Program for Swing Curve for Sustained Fault

%swing curve for sustained fault and critical clearing angle &
time.
%ps=mech.power input xe=xg+xt, x1=reactance before fault
x2=reactance after fault
ps=0.9;e=1.1;v=1.0;m=0.00028;xe=0.35;xl=0.2;
%function swing(ps,e,v,m,xe,xl)
x1=xe+xl/2;
ch=input('enter 1-for fault at the beginning \n 2-for fault at
the middle ');
switch ch
case 1,
x2=inf;
case 2,
x2=(xe*xl+xe*xl/2+xl*xl/2)/(xl/2);
otherwise
disp('wrong input');
end
x3=xe+xl;
%x3=0.55;
dt=0.05;
rr=180/pi;
f=dt^2/m;
it=1;
t(it)=0;
deld=0;
pm1=e*v/x1;
del(it)=asin(ps/pm1);
pm2=e*v/x2;
pm3=e*v/x3;
fprintf('\n SUSTAINED FAULT');
fprintf('\n----------------------------');

fprintf('\n TIME PMAX DELTA');
fprintf('\n----------------------------');
pm=pm1;
pe=pm*sin(del(it));
pa=(ps-pe);
fprintf('\n %5.3f %5.2f %5.2f',t(it),pm,del(it)* rr);

pm=pm2;
pe=pm*sin(del(it));
pa=ps-pe;
pa=(ps-pe)/2;
t1=0;
while(t(it)<=0.5)
ft=f*pa/rr;
deld=deld+ft;
fprintf('\n %5.3f %5.2f %5.2f',t(it),pm,del(it)* rr);
if(t1-t(it)<=0.5)
t1=t1+0.05;
it=it+1;
t(it)=t(it-1)+dt;
del(it)=del(it-1)+deld;
pm=pm2;
pe=pm*sin(del(it));
pa=ps-pe;
end
end
delm=pi-del(1);
cdc=(ps*(delm-del(1))+pm3*cos(delm)-pm2*cos(del(1)))/(pm3-pm2);
delc=acos(cdc);
fprintf('\n critical clearing angle-%f',delc*rr);
it=1;
while(t(it)<1.0)
if (del(it)>=delc)
break;
end
it=it+1;
end
fprintf('\n critical clearing time-%f',t(it));
plot(t,del,'r');
title('swing curve');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Delta');

OUTPUT:
Case 1:
enter 1-for fault at the beginning
2-for fault at the middle 1
SUSTAINED FAULT
----------------------------
TIME PMAX DELTA
----------------------------
0.000 2.44 21.60
0.000 0.00 21.60
0.050 0.00 25.62
0.100 0.00 37.67
0.150 0.00 57.76
0.200 0.00 85.89
0.250 0.00 122.05
0.300 0.00 166.25
0.350 0.00 218.48
0.400 0.00 278.75
0.450 0.00 347.05
0.500 0.00 423.39
critical clearing angle-81.684989
critical clearing time-0.200000
Case 2:
enter 1-for fault at the beginning

2-for fault at the middle 2
SUSTAINED FAULT
----------------------------
TIME PMAX DELTA
----------------------------
0.000 2.44 21.60
0.000 0.88 21.60
0.050 0.88 24.17
0.100 0.88 31.56
0.150 0.88 42.88
0.200 0.88 56.88
0.250 0.88 72.34
0.300 0.88 88.34
0.350 0.88 104.53
0.400 0.88 121.15

0.450 0.88 139.08
0.500 0.88 159.89
critical clearing angle-118.182332
critical clearing time-0.400000
b) SWING CURVE (FAULT IS CLEARED)
The system having a single machine connected to an infinite bus has the following
data. Write and execute a program to plot the swing curve when the fault is cleared
in 0.125 seconds(for fault at the beginning/middle)..
Pi =0.9 M= 0.016 (2.8 × 10 -4 S / electrical Degree)
E1 = 1.1 Transfer reactance before fault – Xo = 0.2 pu
E2 = 1.0 Xe=0.35
Plot the swing curve for a fault cleared in _______ (up to 1 second) using step by step
method using MATLAB .
program for swing curve when the fault is cleared

%program for swing curve when fault is cleared
ps=0.9;e=1.1;v=1.0;m=0.00028;
xe=0.35;xl=0.2;
%function swing 2(ps,e,v,m,xe,xl)
x1=xe+xl/2;
ch=input('Enter\n1-for the fault at the begining of line\n2-fault
at the middle of the line\n');
switch ch
case 1,
x2=inf;
case 2,
x2=(xe*xl+xe*xl/2+xl*xl/2)/(xl/2);
otherwise
disp('Wrong i/p');
end
x3=xe+xl;
dt=0.05;
%ct=ct/50;//conversion from cycles to sec
ct=input('\nEnter clearing time in sec\n');
k=ct/dt;
r=ct-floor(k)*dt;
if(r==0)
fprintf('FAULT IS CLEARED AT THE BEGINING OF INTERVAL');
else
fprintf('FAULT IS CLEARED AT THE MIDDLE OF INTERVAL');
end
rr=180/pi;
f=dt^2/m;
deld=0;
it=1;
t(it)=0;
pm1=e*v/x1;
del(it)=asin(ps/pm1);
pm2=e*v/x2;
pm3=e*v/x3;
fprintf('\nTIME Pmax DELTA');
fprintf('\n----------------------');
pm=pm1;
pe=pm*sin(del(it));
pa=ps-pe;
fprintf('\n%5.3f %5.2f %5.2f',t(it),pm,del(it)*rr);
pm=pm2;
pe=pm*sin(del(it));
pa=(ps-pe)/2;
while(t(it)<=0.5)
ft=f*pa/rr;
deld=deld+ft;
fprintf('\n%5.3f %5.2f %5.2f',t(it),pm,del(it)*rr);
it=it+1;
t(it)=t(it-1)+dt;
del(it)=del(it-1)+deld;
pm=pm2;
if(t(it)>=ct)
pm=pm3;
end
pe=pm*sin(del(it));
pa=ps-pe;
end
plot(t,del,'r');
title('SWING CURVE');
xlabel('TIME')
ylabel('DELTA')

OUTPUT:
Case1:
Enter
1-for the fault at the begining of line
2-fault at the middle of the line
1
Enter clearing time in sec
0.05
FAULT IS CLEARED AT THE
BEGINING OF INTERVAL
TIME Pmax DELTA
----------------------
0.000 2.44 21.60
0.000 0.00 21.60
0.050 2.00 25.62
0.100 2.00 29.95
0.150 2.00 33.41
0.200 2.00 35.06
0.250 2.00 34.49
0.300 2.00 31.85
0.350 2.00 27.82
0.400 2.00 23.49
0.450 2.00 20.08
0.500 2.00 18.57
Case2:
Enter
1-for the fault at the begining of line
2-fault at the middle of the line
2
Enter clearing time in sec
0.125
FAULT IS CLEARED AT THE
MIDDLE OF INTERVAL
TIME Pmax DELTA
----------------------
0.000 2.44 21.60
0.000 0.88 21.60
0.050 0.88 24.18
0.100 0.88 31.56
0.150 2.00 42.88
0.200 2.00 50.08
0.250 2.00 51.61

0.300 2.00 47.19
0.350 2.00 37.70
0.400 2.00 25.33
0.450 2.00 13.35
0.500 2.00 5.29 Signature of the Staff Incharge
2. FORMATION OF JACOBIAN FOR THE SYSTEM NOT EXCEEDING

3 BUSES (no PV BUSES) IN POLAR COORDINATES
% enter Y-bus of the system

Y=[20-50i -10+20i -10+30i
-10+20i 26-52i -16+32i
-10+30i -16+32i 26-62i];
%enter no. Of buses
nbus=3;
% assume bus no 1 as slack bus ,and the remaining as pq buses
%assume voltages at all other buses as 1+j0
v(1)=1+0i;
v(2)=1+0i;
%enter slack bus voltage
v(3)=1.05+0i;
%to find pcal and qcal
for p=1:nbus-1
vp=abs(v(p));
pc(p)=0;qc(p)=0;
for q=1:nbus
vq=abs(v(q));
thpq=angle(v(p))-angle(v(q));
Gpq=real(Y(p,q));Bpq=imag(Y(p,q));
pc(p)=pc(p)+(Gpq*cos(thpq)+Bpq*sin(thpq))*vq;
qc(p)=qc(p)+(Gpq*sin(thpq)-Bpq*cos(thpq))*vq;
end
pcal(p)=pc(p)*vp;qcal(p)=qc(p)*vp;
end
%formation of J1 J2 J3 & J4
for p=1:nbus-1
vp=abs(v(p));Gpp=real(Y(p,q));Bpp=imag(Y(p,q));
for q=1:nbus-1
vq=abs(v(p));
thpq=angle(v(p))-angle(v(q));
Gpq=real(Y(p,q));Bpq=imag(Y(p,q));
if(p~=q)
J1(p,q)=vp*vq*(Gpq*sin(thpq)-Bpq*cos(thpq));
J2(p,q)=vp*vq*(Gpq*cos(thpq)+Bpq*sin(thpq));
j3(p,q)=-J2(p,q);
J4(p,q)=J1(p,q);
end
end
J1(p,p)=-qcal(p)-Bpp*vp^2;
J2(p,p)=pcal(p)+Gpp*vp^2;
J3(p,p)=pcal(p)-Gpp*vp^2;
J4(p,p)=qcal(p)-Bpp*vp^2;
end
%to combine J1,J2,J3&J4 into single matrix J

for p=1:nbus-1
for q=1:nbus-1
J(p,q)=J1(p,q);
end
end
for p=1:nbus-1
for q=nbus:2*(nbus-1)
J(p,q)=J2(p,q-nbus+1);
end
end
for p=nbus:2*(nbus-1)
for q=1:nbus-1
J(p,q)=J3(p-nbus+1,q);
end
end
for p=nbus:2*(nbus-1)
for q=nbus:2*(nbus-1)
J(p,q)=J4(p-nbus+1,q-nbus+1);
end
end
%to display final Jacobian
fprintf('The Jacobian matrix is \n');
disp(J);
OUTPUT
The Jacobian matrix is
-28.5000 -20.0000 -10.5000 -10.0000

-20.0000 53.6000 -10.0000 25.2000
9.5000 0 -31.5000 -20.0000
0 -26.8000 -20.0000 50.4000

3. GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD
A. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING GAUSS SIEDEL METHOD WITHOUT

ACCELERATION FACTOR
Conduct load flow analysis for a given power system using Gauss-Siedel method.
determine the voltage at all buses.
Bus Code Admittance(p.u) Bus P(pu) Q(pu) V(pu) Remarks
1-2 2-j8 Code
1-3 1-j4 1 --- --- 1.04+j0.0 Slack
2-3 0.666-j2.664 2 0.5 -0.2 1+j0.0 PQ
2-4 1-j4 3 -0.1 0.5 1+j0.0 PQ
3-4 2-j8 4 0.3 -0.1 1+j0.0 PQ
Program for Gauss-Siedel method without acceleration factor

clear all
clc
num_buses=4;
v=zeros(num_buses,1);
delta=zeros(num_buses,1);
v_mag_slack=1.04;
delta_slack=0.0;
v(1)=v_mag_slack*cos(delta_slack*pi/
180)+j*v_mag_slack*sin(delta_slack*pi/180);
p=zeros(num_buses,1);
p(2)=0.5;
p(3)=-1.0;
p(4)=0.3;
%acceleration of convergence;
q=zeros(num_buses,1);
q(2)=-0.2;
q(3)=0.5;
q(4)=-0.1;
y=[3-9j -2+6j -1+3j 0;
-2+6j 3.666-11j -0.666+2j -1+3j;
-1+3j -0.666+2j 3.666-11j -2+6j;
0 -1+3j -2+6j 3-9j];
for ii=2:num_buses
v(ii)=1.0;
end
a=zeros(num_buses,1);
b=zeros(num_buses,num_buses);
for ii=2:num_buses
a(ii)=(p(ii)-j*q(ii))/y(ii,ii);
for kk=1:num_buses
if kk~=ii
b(ii,kk)=y(ii,kk)/y(ii,ii);
end
end
end
tolerance=0.0001;
v_new=v;
v_old=v;
for iter=1:15
del_vmax=0.0;
for ii=2:num_buses
v_new(ii)=a(ii)/conj(v_old(ii));
for kk=1:num_buses
if kk<ii
v_new(ii)=v_new(ii)-b(ii,kk)*v_new(kk);
elseif kk>ii
v_new(ii)=v_new(ii)-b(ii,kk)*v_old(kk);
end
end
del_v=abs(v_old(ii)-v_new(ii));
if del_v>del_vmax
del_vmax=del_v;
end
end
v_old=v_new;
iter
v_old
if del_vmax<tolerance;
break;
end
end

OUTPUT:
iter = 1
v_old =
1.0400
1.0191 + 0.0464i
1.0280 - 0.0870i
1.0250 - 0.0092i
iter = 2
v_old =
1.0400
1.0290 + 0.0269i
1.0352 - 0.0934i
1.0334 - 0.0208i
iter = 3
v_old =
1.0400
1.0335 + 0.0223i
1.0401 - 0.0999i
1.0385 - 0.0269i
iter = 4
v_old =
1.0400
1.0360 + 0.0193i
1.0427 - 0.1034i
1.0413 - 0.0304i
iter = 5
v_old =
1.0400
1.0374 + 0.0176i
1.0442 - 0.1053i
1.0429 - 0.0324i
iter = 6
v_old =
1.0400
1.0382 + 0.0167i
1.0450 - 0.1064i
1.0437 - 0.0335i
iter = 7
v_old =
1.0400
1.0386 + 0.0161i
1.0455 - 0.1070i
1.0442 - 0.0341i
iter = 8

v_old =
1.0400
1.0388 + 0.0158i
1.0457 - 0.1074i
1.0445 - 0.0344i
iter = 9
v_old =
1.0400
1.0390 + 0.0157i
1.0459 - 0.1076i
1.0446 - 0.0346i
iter = 10
v_old =
1.0400
1.0390 + 0.0156i
1.0460 - 0.1077i
1.0447 - 0.0347i
iter = 11
v_old =
1.0400
1.0391 + 0.0155i
1.0460 - 0.1078i
1.0448 - 0.0348i

B. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING GAUSS SIEDEL METHOD WITH

ACCELERATION FACTOR(α)
Conduct load flow analysis for a given power system using Gauss-Siedel method.
determine the voltage at all buses.
Bus Code Admittance(p.u) Bus P(pu) Q(pu) V(pu) Remarks
1-2 2-j8 Code
1-3 1-j4 1 --- --- 1.04+j0.0 Slack
2-3 0.666-j2.664 2 0.5 -0.2 1+j0.0 PQ
2-4 1-j4 3 -0.1 0.5 1+j0.0 PQ
3-4 2-j8 4 0.3 -0.1 1+j0.0 PQ
Program for Gauss-Siedel method with acceleration factor

clear all
clc
num_buses=4;
v=zeros(num_buses,1);
delta=zeros(num_buses,1);
v_mag_slack=1.04;
delta_slack=0.0;
v(1)=v_mag_slack*cos(delta_slack*pi/
180)+j*v_mag_slack*sin(delta_slack*pi/180);
p=zeros(num_buses,1);
p(2)=0.5;
p(3)=-1.0;
p(4)=0.3;
q=zeros(num_buses,1);
q(2)=-0.2;
q(3)=0.5;
q(4)=-0.1;
y=[3-9j -2+6j -1+3j 0;
-2+6j 3.666-11j -0.666+2j -1+3j;
-1+3j -0.666+2j 3.666-11j -2+6j;
0 -1+3j -2+6j 3-9j];
for ii=2:num_buses
v(ii)=1.0;
end
a=zeros(num_buses,1);
b=zeros(num_buses,num_buses);
for ii=2:num_buses
a(ii)=(p(ii)-j*q(ii))/y(ii,ii);
for kk=1:num_buses
if kk~=ii
b(ii,kk)=y(ii,kk)/y(ii,ii);
end
end
end
tolerance=0.0001;
v_new=v;
v_old=v;
for iter=1:15
del_vmax=0.0;
for ii=2:num_buses
v_new(ii)=a(ii)/conj(v_old(ii));
for kk=1:num_buses
if kk<ii
v_new(ii)=v_new(ii)-b(ii,kk)*v_new(kk);
elseif kk>ii
v_new(ii)=v_new(ii)-b(ii,kk)*v_old(kk);
end
end
end
v_new(ii)=v_old(ii)+1.4*(v_new(ii)-v_old(ii));
del_v=abs(v_old(ii)-v_new(ii));
if del_v>del_vmax
del_vmax=del_v;
end
v_old=v_new;
iter
v_old
if del_vmax<tolerance;
break;
end
end

OUTPUT:
iter = 1
v_old =
1.0400
1.0191 + 0.0464i
1.0280 - 0.0870i
1.0351 - 0.0129i
iter = 2
v_old =
1.0400
1.0317 + 0.0259i
1.0412 - 0.0956i
1.0398 - 0.0269i
iter = 3
v_old =
1.0400
1.0364 + 0.0201i
1.0439 - 0.1031i
1.0432 - 0.0313i
iter = 4
v_old =
1.0400
1.0381 + 0.0174i
1.0454 - 0.1057i
1.0442 - 0.0334i
iter = 5
v_old =
1.0400
1.0387 + 0.0163i
1.0458 - 0.1069i
1.0446 - 0.0342i
iter = 6
v_old =
1.0400
1.0390 + 0.0158i
1.0460 - 0.1074i
1.0447 - 0.0346i
iter = 7
v_old =
1.0400
1.0391 + 0.0156i
1.0461 - 0.1077i
1.0448 - 0.0347i
iter = 8
v_old =

1.0400
1.0391 + 0.0155i
1.0461 - 0.1078i
1.0448 - 0.0348i
4. FAULT STUDIES FOR A GIVEN POWER SYSTEM USING

SOFTWARE PACKAGE
Figure shown below represents the single line diagram of 6-bus system with two
identical generating units, five lines and two transformers per unit transmission line series
impedances and shunt susceptances are given o n 100MVA base, generator’s transient
impedance and transformer leakage reactances are given in accompanying table.
3 4
6
5
2
G
If a 3-phase to ground fault occurs at bus5, find the fault MVA. The data is given below.
Bus-code Impedance Line Charging

p-q Zpq Y’pq/2
3-4 0.00+j0.15 0
3-5 0.00+j0.10 0
3-6 0.00+j0.20 0
5-6 0.00+j0.15 0
4-6 0.00+j0.10 0
Generator details:
G1=G2=100MVA, 11KV with X’d=10%
Transformer details:
T1=T2= 11/110KV, 100MVA, leakage reactance= X = 5%

All impedances are on 100MVA base
Procedure to enter the data for performing studies using MiPower. MiPower-
Data base Configuration












1. For the
given
circuit, find the fault currents, voltages for the following type of faults at Bus3.
1. Single Line to Ground Fault
2. Line to Line Fault
3. Double line to Ground Fault
For the transmission line assume X1= X2, X0= 2.5 XL
Bus1 Bus2 Bus3

Δ Ү
X’d= 0.3 XL= 0.4

Xt= 0.1
1. For the given circuit, find the fault currents, voltages for the following type of faults at
Specified location.
a. Single Line to Ground Fault
b. Double line to Ground Fault
c. Line to Line Fault

Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4

Δ Ү Ү Δ
Ү
100MVA X1= X2= 20Ω 100MVA
100MVA 13.8KV/138KV X0=60 Ω
13.8KV 13.8KV
X= 0.1pu X’’= 0.2
X’’= 0.15
X2= 0.17 X2= 0.21
X0= 0.05 X0= 0.1
Xn= 0.05pu
5. LOAD FLOW STUDIES FOR A GIVEN POWER SYSTEM USING

SOFTWARE PACKAGE
Figure below shows a single line diagram of a 5bus system with 2 generating units, 7
lines. Per unit transmission line series impedances and shunt susceptances are given on
100MVA Base, real power generation, real & reactive power loads in MW and MVAR are
given in the accompanying table with bus1 as slack, obtain a load flow solution with Y-bus
using Gauss-Siedel method and Newton Rapson method. Take acceleration factors as 1.4 and
tolerances of 0.0001 and 0.0001 per unit for the real and imaginary components of voltage and
0.01 per unit tolerance for the change in the real and reactive bus powers.
G
(3) (4)
(1)
(2) (5)
G
IMPEDANCES AND LINE CHARGING ADMITTANCES FOR THE SYSTEM
Table: 1.1
Bus cone Impedance Line Charging
From-To R+jX B/2
1-2 0.02+j0.06 j 0.030
1-3 0.08+j0.24 j 0.025
2-3 0.06+j0.18 j 0.020
2-4 0.06+j0.18 j 0.020
2-5 0.04+j0.12 j 0.015
3-4 0.01+j0.03 j 0.010
4-5 0.08+j0.24 j 0.025

GENERATION, LOADS AND BUS VOLTAGES FOR THE SYSTEM
Table: 1.2
Bus Bus Voltage Generation Generation Load Load
No MW MVAR MW MVAR
1 1.06+j0.0 0 0 0 0
2 1.00+j0.0 40 30 20 10
3 1.00+j0.0 0 0 45 15
4 1.00+j0.0 0 0 40 5
5 1.00+j0.0 0 0 60 10
Frequency:60 Hz












Exercise problems:

1.Using the available software package conduct load flow analysis for the given power
system using.
Gauss-Siedel load flow method. Determine
a. Voltage at all buses
b. Line flows
c. Line losses and
d. Slack bus power.
Also draw the necessary flow chart (general flow chart)
Figure shows the one line diagram of a simple three bus system with generation at bus1, the
voltage at bus 1 is V1 = 1.0< 0° pu. The scheduled loads on buses 2 and 3 are marked on diagram. Line
impedances are marked in pu on a 100MVA base. For the purpose of hand calculations line resistances
and line charging susceptances are neglected. Using Gauss-Seidel method and initial estimates of V2 =
1.0< 0° pu & V3 = 1.0< 0° pu. Conduct load flow analysis
G
Slack bus 400MW 320Mvar
V1=1.0+j0.0 j0.03333
j0.0125 j0.05
Bus3
300MW 270Mvar
2. Figure shows the one line diagram of a simple three bus power system with generators at
buses1 & 3.The system parameters are given in the Table A and the load and generation
data in Table B. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100MVA base, and line
charging susceptances are neglected. The voltage at bus 3 is maintained at 1.04 p.u.
Taking bus 1 as slack bus obtain the load flow solution using Gauss-Seidel iterative
method using Ybus.
G1 TableA
PQ[2] Bus Bus Voltage Generation Load
Slack [1]
No MW Mvar MW Mvar
1 1.05+j0.0 -- -- 0 0
2 -- 0 0 400 250
3 1.04+j0.0- 200 -- 0 0
Impedance (p.u) Line charging Admittance

PQ [3] Bus Code Zik (p.u) Yi
(i-k)
1-2 0.02+j0.04 0
G3 1-3 0.01+j0.03 0
2-3 0.0125+j0.025 0

6. CALCULATION OF PENALTY FACTORS AND SOLUTION OF
CO-ORDINATION EQUATIONS FOR ECONOMIC OPERATION OF A
POWER SYSTEM USING SOFTWARE PACKAGE.





ck
re to
ose

VIVA QUESTIONS
FORMATION OF Z BUS & Y BUS:
1. What is meant by graph and sub graph?

2. Define tree and co-tree of a network?
3. What is meant by cut set and basic cut set?
4. What is ment by bus incidence matrix (A)?
5. Write the performance equation of an element both in impedance form and in admittance
form.
DETERMINATION OF ABCD CONSTANTS:
1. Define Regulation and efficiency of transmission line.

2. Write the expression for Vs and Is in terms of Vr, Ir and ABCD constants.
SWING EQUATION:
1. Write the swing equation for a synchronous m/c connected to an infinite bus and explain the
terms.
2. What is swing curve and what are its uses?
3. What are the assumptions made in the solution of swing equation?
LOAD FLOW STUDIES:
1. What is load flow analysis?

2. How the bases are classified in load flow studies?
3. What is the data required to carry out load flow analysis?
4. What is the significance of slack bus?
5. What are the methods of load flow analysis?
6. Write down the equation for the calculation of voltage at any bus in Gauss & Gauss sidle
iterative method.
7. What are acceleration factors? What for they are used?
8. What are the advantages of NR method over Gauss seidel method of load flow analysis?
9. What is meant by Fast decoupled load flow analysis?
FAULT STUDIES:
1. What are the various types of faults that occur normally on power system?
2. What are the parameters considered for a fault study?
3. How the sequence networks are connected for (i) L-L-G fault (ii) LL fault (iii) L-G fault.
4. Write down the fault current equation for (i) single line to ground fault (ii) double line to
ground fault (iii) LL fault
5. What are the limitations of ungrounded system?
6. Write zero sequence equivalent for (i) Y-Y (ii) Y-Δ (iii) Δ –Δ (iv)Y-Y
ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEM:
1. What do you mean by Economic operation of a power system?

2. Name the performance characteristic curves of a turbo generator boiler unit.
3. What are heat rate, incremental fuel rate and incremental fuel cost of a unit?
4. Write down the co-ordination equation for economic operation of generators in a thermal
plant when (i) transmission losses are neglected (ii) transmission losses are considered.
5. What is penalty factor? Write down the total transmission loss formula in terms of B Co-
efficient.


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POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB

Sub. Code: 10EEL78 IA Marks : 25

2. Formation of Z-Bus, using Z-Bus build Algorithm without mutual.

7. Write a program to perform load using Gaus-Siedel method (only PQ bus)

10. Optimal generator scheduling for thermal power plants.

1. A) FORMATION OF YBUS OF A GIVEN POWER SYSTEM BY SINGULAR

a) Formation of Ybus without mutual coupling

ONE LINE DIAGRAM OF 5 BUS POWER SYSTEMS:

Impedances and line charging admittances for the power system:

Bus Code p- Impedance Zpq Line charging admittance Ylpq/2

Program for Ybus formation without mutual coupling:

6.2500 -18.6400i -5.0000 +15.0000i -1.2500 + 3.7500i 0 0

Department of E & EE 2 SIET, Tumkur

b) Formation of YBus with mutual coupling:

ONE LINE DIAGRAM OF 4 BUS POWER SYSTEMS:

Program for Ybus formation with mutual coupling:

%FORMATION OF ybus USING SINGULAR TRANSFORMATON METHOD

Department of E & EE 3 SIET, Tumkur

Department of E & EE 4 SIET, Tumkur

c) Formation of YBus without mutual coupling by Inspection Method

ONE LINE DIAGRAM OF 5 BUS POWER SYSTEMS:

Impedances and line charging admittances for the power system:

Bus Code p- Impedance Zpq Line charging admittance Ylpq/2

Department of E & EE 5 SIET, Tumkur

Program for Ybus formation without mutual coupling by Inspection method:

%FORMATION OF Ybus USING INSPECTION METHOD

Department of E & EE 6 SIET, Tumkur

Signature of the Staff Incharge

B) DETERMINATION OF BUS CURRENTS, BUS POWER & LINE FLOWS

ONE LINE DIAGRAM OF 3-BUS POWER SYSTEMS:

0.01+J0.03 0.0125+ J0.025

Department of E & EE 8 SIET, Tumkur

Enter the value of impedance connected between bus 1-2

Department of E & EE 9 SIET, Tumkur

2. FORMATION OF Z-BUS, USING Z-BUS BUILD ALGORITHM

it is a type 1 modification, a new line is connected between

it is a type 2 modification, a new line is connected between

it is a type 2 modification, a new line is connected between

Department of E & EE 11 SIET, Tumkur

it is a type 3 modification, a new line is connected between

it is a type 4 modification, a new line is connected between

the zbus of the given system is

Department of E & EE 12 SIET, Tumkur

Signature of the Staff Incharge

Program For Nominal PI Network:

Department of E & EE 14 SIET, Tumkur

Department of E & EE 15 SIET, Tumkur

A,B,C and D constants :

Sending end Voltage/ph=87.647584 +6.788583i KV

A,B,C and D constants :

Receiving end Voltage/ph=62.859251 -5.850527i KV

Department of E & EE 16 SIET, Tumkur

Sending end Voltage/ph=97.773395 +15.642655i KV

Receiving end Voltage/ph=45.924027 -11.417589i KV

Department of E & EE 17 SIET, Tumkur

Signature of the Staff Incharge

Program For Nominal T Network:

Department of E & EE 18 SIET, Tumkur

Department of E & EE 19 SIET, Tumkur