POWER AND AUTHORITY The ‘Mughal Empire brought Turks, Persians, and Indians together ina vast empire. SETTING THE STAGE The Gupta Empire, which you read about in Chapter 7, sembled in the late 400s. Fitst, Arabs invaded. Then, warlike Muslim tribes from Central Asia carved northwestern India into many small kingdoms Leaders called rajputs saeccaded from Muslim Turks and Afghans. Their leader was a descendant of Timur the Lame and of the Mongol conqueror Ge selves Mugh through a lon; TAKINGNoTES Early History of the Mughals Following Chronological Order Create a timeline ofthe Mughal emperors this ft 1494 Dabur ital of. sultans treated the Hindus as conquered people. Delhi Sultans this divided territory from their seat in Delhi. In 1398, Timur the Lame destroyed Delhi The city was so completely devastated that according to one witness, TO" ‘months, not a inti! the 16th century that a leader arose who would unify the empire The Mughal Empire in India [RARER] ML VANCTATERS NS) [ES TEIMS ANS ‘The Sth century began with a Tong, Bloody clash between Hindus and! Mustins 1 amented land. For almost 300 years, th and thee successes. se far asthe Indus River valley. Starting around the year 1000, however well-trained Turkish armies swept into India. Led by Sultan Mahmud (mu MOOD) of Ghazni, paeneastated Indian cities and temples in 17 brutal campaigns, These tacks left son weakened and vulnerable to other conquerors. Delhi eventually Became ‘The legacy of great art and deep + Mughal + Sikh social division left by the + Babur + Shah Jahan Mughal Empire still influences + Akbar + Taj Mahal southern Asia. + Aurangzeb srevgone of kings” ruled those kingdoms. The people who invaded js Khan. They called them- wag, which means “Mongols.” The land they invaded had been 2 period of turmoil ‘Muslims were able to advance only it loowe empire of Turkish warlords called the Delhi Sultanate, These fh and 16th centuries, 33 different sultans ruled wate Between the 13 ‘bird moved in the city.” Delhi eventually was rebuilt, But it was not Babur Founds an Empire In 1494, an I 1-yearold boy named Babur inherited 4 kingdom in the area that is now Uzbekistan and Tatikistan, Ik 63 only a tiny Kingdom, and his elders soon took it away and drove him sou, But Babur built | up an army. In the years that followed, he swept down into India and laid the foundation for the vast Mughal Empire Babur was a brilliant general. In 526, for example, he led 12.000 troops 10 sictory against an army of 100,000 commanded by a sultan of Delhi. 3S later, Baber also defeated a massive raat army. After Babur's death his incomPetett son, Humayur srsvoct most ofthe territory Babur had gained. Babur’s 13-year-old grandson took over the throne after Humayun’ death 516 Chapter 18 —_—__—aleen rn) Akbar’s Golden Age see see Babur’s grandson was called Akbar, . a which means “Greatest One.” Akbar 5 Emp, 56 8b ys Aa certainly lived up to his name, ruling India with wisdom and tolerance from 1556 to 1605, A Military Conqueror Akbar re nized military power as the root of his h. In his opinion, “A monarch should ever be int otherwise his nei snt on conquest bors rise in arms against him: Like the Safavids and the Ottoman Akbar equipped his armies with heavy anillery. Cannons enabled him to break imo walled cities and extend his rule into much of the Deccan plateau, Ina Arabian brilliant move, he appointed some og i rjpts fess way he ted nena bination of military power and political i a wisdom enabled Akbar to iy a and je of at least 100 million people—more than in all of Europe put together A Liberal Ruler Akbar was a genius y at cultural blending. He was a Muslim, and he firmly defended rel ‘GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: interpreting Maps gious freedom. He permitted people 1 Movement During which time period wos the mos tertory ‘added to the Mughal Empire? 2. Human-Environment Interaction What landform might have prevented the empire from expanding forther east? of other religions to practice their faiths, He proved his tolerance by marrying, among others, two Hindus, a Christian, and a Muslim. He allowed his wives to practice their religious rituals in the palace. He proved his tol- cerance again by abolishing both the tax on Hindu pilgrims and the hated jizva, or tax on non-Muslims. He even appointed a Spanish Jesuit to tutor his second son, Akbar governed through a bureaucracy of officials. Natives and foreigners. Hindus and Muslims, could all rise o high office. This approach contributed to the quality of his government. Akbar’s chief finance minister, Todar Mal, a Hindu, created a clever—and effective—taxation policy, He levied a tax similar to the present-day U.S. graduated income tax, calculating it as a percentage of the value of the peasants’ crops. Because this tax was fair and affordable, the number of ring peasants who paid it increased. This payment brought in much needed money for Bec ys the empire, By ae Akbar's land policies had more mixed results. He gave gs Bsn” bureaucrats. Afer they died, however, he reclaimed the lands and distributed them as Telkimay he saw fit. On the positive side. this policy prevented the growth of feudal arstocra- cies. On te other hand it didnot encourage dedication andl hard work by the Mughal officials. Their children would nt inhert he land or benefit rom their parents” work ; So the officials apparently saw no point in devoting themselves to their property The Muslim Harld Expands 517A Flowering of Culture As Akbar extended the Mughal pertceeMriey Empire, he welcomed influences from the many cultures in the empire. This cultural blending affected art, education, politics, and language. Persian was the language of Akbar’ court and of high culture. The common people, howev spoke Hindi, a mixture of Persian and a local language Hindi remains one of the most widely spoken languages in India today. Out of the Mughal armies, where soldiers of ‘many backgrounds rubbed shoulders, came yet another new language. This language was Urdu, which means “from the soldier's camp.” A blend of Arabic, Persian, and Hindi, Urdu is today the official language of Pakistan. istaciees The Arts and Literature The ars flourished atthe Mughs ‘Akbar was brillant and curious, ‘court, especially in the form of book illustrations. These espedally about religion. He even small, highly detailed, and colorful paintings were called invented religion of his own—the ‘miniatures. They were brought toa peak of perfection in the ‘Divine Feith hich combined Safavid Empire. Babue's son, Humayun, brought two mas- ‘elements of Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity, and Sufism. The religion attracted few followers, however, and offended Muslims so much that they attempted a bri in 1581. When “Divine Faith” Surprisingly, despite his wisdom and his achievements, Akbar could Not read. He hired others to read to ters of this art to his court to teach it to the Mughals. Som of the most famous Mughal miniatures adorned the tkbarnamah (“Book of Akbar"), the story of the great it_drew from if revolt against Akber emperor's campaigns and deeds. Indian a he died, so di the Western traditions as well. Hindu literature also enjoyed a revival in Akbar time. The poet Tulsi Das, for example, was a contemporary of Akbar’. He retold the epic love story of Rama and Sita from the fourth him tom is ibary of 24000 books. centr Hc. Indian poom the Ramavana (raheMMAF-yuhenuh) in Hind. This retling, the Ramcarimanas, is now even more opular than the original, RESEARCH LINKS For mare on Akbar, Las {he origina g0 to classzone.com Architecture Akbar devoted himself to architecture, to. The style developed under his reign is still known as Akbar 518 Chapter 1s period architecture. Its massive but graceful structures ane corated with intricate stonework that portrays Hindu themes. The capital city of ‘chpur Sikri is one of the most important examples of this type of architecture Akbar had this red-sandstone city built to thank a holy man who had predicted the birth of his first son, Akbar’s Successors With Akbar’s death in 1605, the Mughal court changed to deal with the chang times. The next three emperors each left his mark on the Mughal Empire Jahangir and Nur Jahan Akbar's son called himself Jahangir (juhthahneGEER) Grasper of the World” And he certainly did hold India in a powerful grasp. It et. For most of his reign, he left the affairs Was not his hand in the iron glove, howe of state to his wife Jahangir’s wife was the Persian princess Nur Jahan, She was a brilliant politician use of power. As the real ruler of India, she installed who perfectly understood 1 her father as prime minister in the Mughal court, She saw Jahangir’s son Khusrau as her ticket to future power. But when Khusrau rebelled against his father, Nur Jahan removed him. She then shifted her favor to another son This rejection of Khusrau affected more than the political future of the empire. It was also the basis of a long and bitter religious conflict. Jahangir tried to promote Islam in the Mughal state, but was tolerant of other religions. When Khusraw manera Drawing Condusions Bion wes Abr able tba uhfe ee C Ne oe since World War Il, the subcontinent of India has seen the rise of several powerful women. Unlike Nur Jahan, however, they achieved power on their own-not though their husbands. India Gandhi headed the Congress Party and dominated Indian politics for almost 30 years. She twas elected prime minister in 1966 and again in 1980. ‘candhi was assassinated in 1984 by Sikh separatists. Benazir Bhutto took charge ofthe Pakistan People's paty after her father was executed by his politcal enemies. She won election as her country’s prime ena Shuto Women Leaders of the Indian Subcontinent minister in 1988, the fst woman to run a modern Muslim state. She was reelected in 1995. Khaleda Zia became Bangladesh's frst woman prime minister in 1991. She was reelected several times, the last time in 2001. She has made progress in empowering women and girls in her nation, Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga is the president of Sti Lanka, She was elected in 1994 with 62 percent of the votes cast. She survived an assassination attempt in 1999 and was reelected Khaleda Za Chanda Bandarenaihe Kumaratunge rebelled, he turned to the Sikhs. This was a nonviolent religious group whose doc- trines blended Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufism (Islamic mysticism). Their leader, Guru Arjun, sheltered Khusrau and defended him, In response, the Mughal rulers hhad Arjun arrested and tortured to death. The Sikhs became the tar Mughals’ particular hatred. Shah Jahan Jahangir's son and successor, Shah Jahan, could not tolerate compe: tition and secured his throne by assassinating all his possible rivals. He had a great passion for two things: beautiful buildings and his wife Mumta (moom*TAHZ mah*HAHL). Nur Jahan had arrang 1°s son and her niece for political reasons. Shah Jahan, however, fel Jahangi uinely in love with his Persian princess In 1631, Mumtaz Mahal died at age 39 while giving birth to her 14th child. To censhrine his wife's memory, he ordered that a tomb be built “as b thered from many parts -autifal as she was beautiful” Fine white marble and fabulous jewels were of Asia. This memorial, the Taj Mahal, has been called one of the most beautiful building like lace and seem to chang The People Suffer But while Shah Jahan was building lovely things, his country was suffering. There was famine in the land. Furthermore, farmers needed tools, roads, and ways of irrigating their crops and dealing with India’s harsh in the world, Its towering marble dome and slender minaret towers look color as the sun moves across the sky environment. What they got instead were taxes and more taxes to support the build= ing of monuments, their rulers’ extravagant living, and war, The Muslim World Expands 519incosee eit Building the Taj Mahal ‘Some 20,000 workers labored for 22 years to build the famous tomb. itis made of white matble brought from 250 miles away. The minaret towers fare about 130 feet high, The building itself is 186 feet square The design ofthe building isa blend of Hindu and Muslim styles The pointed arches are of Muslim design, and the perforated marble windows and doors are typical of 2 style found in Hindu temples, The inside ofthe building is @ slitring garden of thousands of carved marble flowers inlaid with tiny precious stones. One tiny flower, one inch square, had 60 different inlays ne eer INTERNET ACTIVITY Use the intemet to take virtual tip to the Ta) Mahal. Create a brochure about the building Go to elasszone.com for your research. 520 Chapter 18, All was not well in the royal court either. When Shah Jahan became ill in 1657, his four sons serambled for the throne, The third son, Aurangzeb (AWR-uhngezchb), ‘moved first and most decisively. In a bitter civil war. he exc uted his older brother, who was his most serious rival Then he arrested his father and put him in prison, where he died several years later. After Shah Jahan’s death, a mirror \was found in his room, angled so that he could look out at the reflection of the Taj Mahal Aurangzeb’s Reign A master at military strategy and an aggressive empire builder, Aurangzeb ruled from 1658 to 707. He expanded the Mughal holdings to their greatest size, However, the power of the empire weakened durin This loss of power was due largely to Aura 1ezebs oppres- sion of the people. He rigidly enforced Islamic laws, outlaw drinking, gambling, and oth activities viewed as vices, He ‘appointed censors to police his subjects’ morals and make sure they prayed at the appointed times, He also tried to erase all the ains Hindus bad made under Akbar, For example, he brought, back the hated tax on non-Muslims and dismissed Hindus from high positions in his government. He banned the construction of new temples and had Hindu monuments destroyed. Not actions outraged the Hindus, a 4 Mioreding | reflecting pal the Taj hal ‘monureat love and the 19 Mughal mpi‘The Hindu rajputs, whom Akbar had converted from potential enemies to alles. ed them repeatedly, but never completely. In the south- founded their own state, Aurangzeb captured the Sikhs transformed state in the Punjab. rebelled. Aurangzeb de ‘west, militant Hindus called Maraths their leader but could never conquer them. Meanstil gages | themseh into amiltant brotherhood, They bepan bulking an area in northwest India, guna een Hea de any wah al tance nt authorized by le Proto edo he tase on i eran Ths increase an burden dep sora quate ened the Hindus’ bitterness and led to further rebellion, As a result, Aurangzeb inp? the more desperate his situation became. Dy The Empire's Decline and Decay By the end of Aurangzeb’s reign, he had drained the empire of its resources. Over 2 million people died in a famine while Aurangzeb was away waging war. Most of his subjects fet little oF no loyalty to him. As the power of the central state weakened, the power of local lords grew: After Aurangzeb's death, his sons fought a war of succession, In fact, three emperors reigned in the first 12 years afier Aurangzeb died. By the end of this period, the Mughal emperor was nothing but a wealthy figurehead, He ruled not a united empire but a patchwork of independent states As the Mughal Empire rose and fell, Western traders slowly built their own power in the region, The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India, In fact. they arrived just before Babur did, Next came the Dutch, who in turn gave \way to the French and the English, However, the great Mughal emperors id not feel threatened by the European traders. Shah Jahan let the English build a forti- fied trading post at Madras, In 1661, Aurangzeb casually handed them the port of Bombay, Aurangzeb had no idea that he had given India’s next conquerors their fitst foothold in a future empire TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, witite a sentence explaining its significance, Mughal Babur «Akbar Sikh” Shah ahan + Taj Mahal» Aurangueb USING your NoTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING 2ithich ofthe Mughal emperors 3. How did Akbar demonstrate 6, CLARIFYING Why were Akbar’ tax polices so successful? on your timeline had @ tolerance in his empire? 1. MAKING INFERENCES Why was Nut Jahan able to hold 30 postive effect on the empite? 4, What patterns seen in the much power in Jahangirs court? Veh ad negative effects? “rays indniduals came to 8 EVALUATING COURSES OF ACTION Why were the policies power in the Mughal Empire? of Aurangzeb so destructive to the Mughal Empire? M94 '5. Why did the empire weaken 9. WRITING ACTIVITY POWER AND AUTHORITY Write a tnder the rule of Aurangzeb? compare-and-contast essay on the pois of Akbor Babur and Aurangzeb. Use references from the text in your response CNESEOETEIS crearinc a siocrarny Select one of the women leaders in Connect to Today on page 519. Research her life and write a short Biography of her. The Muslin World Expands 524British Imperialism in India SAAN SS wnivimmaTeRs NOW| Se reRms eNAMES IN| EMPIRE BUILDING As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seized Indian territory and soon controlled almost the whole subcontinent, India, the second most + sepoy + Sepoy populated nation in the world, + “jewel in Mutiny has its political roots in this, the crown” + Raj colony. SETTING THE STAGE British economic interest in India began in the 1600s, when the British East India Company set up trading posts at Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. At first, India’s ruling Mughal Dynasty kept European traders under control. By 1707, however, the Mughal Empire was collapsing, Dozens of small states, each headed by a rulet or maharajah, broke away from Mughal con- trol. In 1757, Robert Clive led East India Company troops in a decisive victory over Indian forces allied with the French at the Battle of Plassey. From that time luntil 1858, the East India Company was the leading power in India. British Expand Control over India TAKING NOTES The area controlled by the East India Company grew over time. Eventually, it governed directly or indire Recognizing Efects Use 2 diagram to identify the ly an area that included modern Bangladesh, most effets ofthe tree causes of southern India, and nearly all the territory along the Ganges Riverin the north, fsted East India Company Dominates Officially, the British government regulated — [cavze the East India Company's efforts both in London and in India. Until the begin- cna ning of the 19th century, the company ruled India with little interference from | 1 Decline of the British government. The company even had its own army, led by British offi- eee cers and staffed by sepoys. or Indian soldiers. The governor of Bombay, ss Mountstuart Elphinstone, referred to the sepoy army as “a delicate and danger. 2 Colonial | AEB ous machine, which a ite mismanagement may easily turn against we [peti | Brit India imported British textiles. Cheap cloth and ready England flooded the Indian market and drove out local producers 's “Jewel in the Crown” A‘ first, the British treasured India more for its | 3. Sepoy | Potential than its actual profit. The Industr the world’s workshop, and India was a major supplier of raw materials for that workshop. Its 300 million people were also a large potential market for British- made goods. It is not surprising, then, that the British considered India the bright- est “jewel in the crown,” The British set up restrictions that prevented the Indian economy from operating on its own. British policies called for India to produce raw mate- rials for British manufacturing and to buy British goods. In addition, Indian competition with British goods was prohibited. For example, Revolution had turned Britain into | Me™ he most valuable of all of Britain's colonies, own handloom textile industry was almost put out of business by made clothes. from The Age of Imperialism TAnasi GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps 1. Region Which nation in 1910 held the most land in colonies? 2. Location How isthe location of India a great advontage for ade? 792 British Transport Trade Goods India became increasingly valuable to the British ater they established a railroad network there. Railroads transported raw products from the interior to the ports and manufactured goods back again, Most of the raw materials were agricultural products produced on plantations. Plantation exops Vea included te, indigo, coffe, cotton, and jute, Another erop was opium. The British sary shipped opium to China and exchanged it for tea, which they then sold in England. ‘sane Trade in these crops was closely tied to international events. For example, the Crimean War in the 1850s cut off the supply of Russian jute to Scottish jute mills This boosted the export of raw jute from Bengal, a province in India. Likewise, eon. {on roduction in Indi increased when the Civil War inthe United States cut ofF Samet supplies of cotton for British textile mills, &y Monat Impact of Colonialism India both benefited from and was harmed by British colo- svete Ialigm, On the negative sid. the British held much of the political and economic Sa4#e8 Power. The British restricted Indian-owned industries such as cotton textiles. The emphasis on cash crops resulted in a loss of self-sufficiency for many villagers. The conversion to eash crops reduced food production, causing famines in the late 1800s. The British officially adopted a hands-off policy regarding Indian religious and social customs, Even so, the increased presence of missionaries and the racist attitude of most British officials threatened traditional Indian life On the positive side. the laying of the world’ third largest railroad network was major British achievement. When completed. the railroads enabled India to dlevelop a modern economy and brought unity to the connected regions. Along with the railroads, a modern road network, telephone an telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals enabled India to modernize. Sanitation and public health improved. Schools and colleges were founded. and literacy increased. Also, British troops cleared central India of bandits and put an end to local warfare amor peting local rulers. Toby Japan Pensa Fronce trubian PACIFL Seman Sea eae OCEAN The Neen Bengat j Joenon N BORMED, tworay «A Ome ies Soe OCEAN = Tease FS Senawaseisiieoay Social Class in India Inthe photograph at right a British oficer is waited on by Indian servants. Tis reflects the clas syter in India itish Army Social class determined the way of lf fr the British Army | in india, Upper-class men served as officers. Lowwer-class | itis served at lesser rank and did not advance past the rank of sergeant. Only men with the rank of sergeant and shove were allowed to bring thei wives to India ach English office's wife attempted to re-create England in the home setting Like a general, she ditected an army of 20 to 30 servants. Indian Servants Caste determined indian occupations. Castes were divided into four broad categories called vara. Indian civil servants || wete ofthe third vara. House and personal servants were | ofthe fourth varna Even within the vatna, jobs were strictly regulated, | which is why such large servant staffs were required. For example, in the picture here, both servants were of the same vara. However, the person washing the British oficer’s feet was ofa different caste than the person doing the fanning The Sepoy Mutiny By 1850, the British controlled most of the Indian subcontinent. However, there 4s of discontent, Many Indians believed that in adltion to con- were many poe trolling their land, the British were trying to convert them to Christianity. The Indian also resented the constant racism that the British expressed toward them. peopl Indians Rebel As economic problems increased for Indians, so did their feelings of resentment and nationalism. In 18% the sepoys, the Indian sol the cartridges of their new Enfield rifles were greased with beef and pork soldiers had to bite off the ends. Both Hindus, who con- sip spread amor fat, To use the cartridg sider the cow sacred, and Muslims, who do not eat pork, were outraged by the news. A garrison commander wats shocked when 85 of the 90 sepoys refused to accept the cartridges. The British handled the crisis badly. The soldiers who had disobeyed were jailed. The next day, on May 10, 1857, the sepoys rebelled. They marched to Delhi where they were joined by Indian soldiers stationed there. They captured the city of Delhi. From Delhi, the rebellion spread to northern and central India, - Same historian hve cll this outbreak the Sepoy Mutiny The uprising spread Ramco northern ii, ite ain tok plas Both Bish and eps ted thet to slaughter each eters armies. The East Indi Company took more than a eat 10 Book backs regain control of the country, The British government sent troops to help them, B) phinstone’s com. The Indians could not unite against the British due to weak leadership and seri- ecorpme splits between Hinds nd Muslin Hind dd ot wat he Main Mogha Dae Sp Fmpte restored Indeed, many Hindus preferred British rule 10 Muslim rule. Most ore Of the princes and maharajahs who had made alliances with the East India The A sn 793 Imperi1 This engraving shows sepoys attacking the British infantry at the Battle of Cawnpare in rebellion. The Sikhs, a religious group that had Company did not take part in ighals, also remain been hostile to the M | loyal to the British. Indeed, from then ton, the bearded and turbaned Sikhs became the mainstay of Britain’s army in India Turning The mutiny marked a turning point in Indian history. As a result of the mutiny, in 1858 the British government took direct command of India. The part of India that was under direct British rule was called the Raj. The term Raj 1 India from 1757 until 1947, A cabinet minister in London 10 British rule 0 directed policy, and a British governor ments orders. After 1877, this official held the ttle of vieeroy, ined loyal 10 Britain, the British yy had made with them. They al in India carried out the Yo reward the many princes who had re promised to respect all treaties the East India Comp: also promised that the Indian states that were still free would remain independent Unofficially, however, Britain won g control of those states, The Sepoy Mutiny fueled the racist attitudes of the British. The British atitude is illustrated in the following quote by Lord Kitchener, British commander in chief ter and gr PRIMARY SOURCE itis this consciousness of the inherent superirity ofthe European which has won for us India. However well educated and clever a native may be, and however brave he may prove himself, | believe that no rank we can bestow on him would cause him to be ‘considered an equal ofthe British officer. {LORD KITCHENER, quoted in KM, Panikkar, Asia and Western Dominance sen the British and the Indians, A political The mutiny increased distrust be sted that both Hindus a ined under the pamphlet su nny and oppression of the .. treacherous Engl aatteseny at change te imgedtNationalism Surfaces in India In the early 1800s, some Indians began demanding more modernization and a treater role in governing themselves. Ram Mohun Roy, a modern-thinking, well- fducated Indian, began a campaign to move India away from traditional practices and ideas. Sometimes called the "Father of Modern India,” Ram Mohun Roy save arranged child marriages and te rigid caste separation as pats of religious life that needed 10 be changed. He believed that if the practices were not changed, India ‘would continue to be controlled by outsiders. Roy’s writings inspited other Indian yeformets to call for adaption of Western ways. Roy also founded a social reform ‘movernent that worked for change in India. Besides modernization and Westernization, nationalist feelings started to surface in India. Indians hated a system that made them second-class eitizens in theit own ‘country, They were barred from top posts in the Indian Civil Service. Those who managed to get middle-level jobs were paid less than Europeans. A British engineer oon the East India Railway, for example, made nearly 20 times as much money as an Indian engineer. Nationalist Groups Form This growing nationalism led to the founding of two nationalist groups, the Indian National Congress in 1885 and the Muslim League jn 1906, At first, such groups concentrated on specific concerns for Indians. By the early 1900s, however. they were calling for self-government The nationalists were further inflamed in 1905 by the partition of Bengal. The province was t00 large for administrative purposes, so the British divided it into a Hindu section and a Muslim section. As a result, ats of terrorism broke out, In 1911, yielding to pressure, the British took back the order and divided the province ina different way. B Conflict over the control of India continued to develop between the Indians and the British in the following years. Elsewhere in Southeast Asia, the same struggles for control of land took place between local groups and the major European pow. ers that dominated them, You will learn about them in Section 5. ‘jewel in the crown” + Sepoy Mutiny * Rj USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING Which ofthe effects you ised 3, Why did Britain consider India 6 MAKING INFERENCES How did economic imperialism later became causes? its “jewel inthe crown”? lead to India’s becoming a British colony? (eam erat 4. Why didn't Indians unite 11 EVALUATING DECISIONS What might the decision to —_ ‘against the British in the Sepoy grease the sepoys cartridges with beef and pork fat eee Mutiny? feveal about the British attude toward indians? Expire ‘5. What form did British ule take &, SYNTHESIZING How did imperialism contribute to unity under the Raj? and to the growth of nationalism in India? 9, WRITING ACTIVITY [ENPIRE BUILDING) Write an editorial to ‘an underground Indian newspaper, detaling grievances ‘against the British and calin for self-government RUSRCRCILIN crearinc a pouicat caRtoon 1947, india was divided into two counties: mostly Hindu India and mostly Muslim Pakistan ovever, the two countries maintain a tense relationship today. Research to learn about the se of this tension and illustrate it in a political cartoon, The Age of Imperialism 795