Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is a widely used reference for bacterial classification.

The
classification is based on various physiologic and genetic characteristics of bacteria. Here's a simplified
explanation of the classification:

1. Shape and Arrangement: Classifies bacteria based on their shape (cocci for spherical, bacilli for
rod-shaped, spirilla for spiral). Describes the arrangement of cells, such as pairs, chains, clusters,
etc.
2. Gram Staining: Divides bacteria into two main groups based on their response to Gram staining:
Gram-positive and Gram-negative.
3. Cell Wall Composition: Further categorizes bacteria based on the composition of their cell walls,
including whether they have peptidoglycan, its thickness, and other structural features.
4. Metabolism: Classifies bacteria based on their metabolic characteristics, such as how they obtain
energy (aerobic, anaerobic) and carbon source utilization.
5. Endospore Formation: Considers whether bacteria can form endospores, which are resistant
structures that help bacteria survive harsh conditions.
6. Motility: Differentiates between motile and non-motile bacteria, as well as the presence and
type of flagella.
7. Oxygen Requirements: Classifies bacteria based on their oxygen requirements, such as obligate
aerobes (require oxygen), obligate anaerobes (cannot tolerate oxygen), and facultative
anaerobes (can survive with or without oxygen).
8. Biochemical Reactions: Examines various biochemical reactions, such as the ability to ferment
sugars, produce specific enzymes, or utilize certain metabolic pathways.
9. Genomic Characteristics: Takes into account genetic information, including DNA content, GC
content, and genetic relatedness.
10. Ecological Considerations: Considers the natural habitat and ecological niche of the bacteria.

By combining information from these characteristics, Bergey's classification system helps scientists and
microbiologists identify, name, and classify bacteria in a systematic and organized way. Keep in mind that
the classification system has evolved over time with advancements in molecular biology and genetics,
providing a more accurate understanding of bacterial relationships.