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Final Project Belayneh Admas
Final Project Belayneh Admas
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING
SECTION -TWO
NAME ID NO-
BELAYNEH ADMAS 00228/09
Acknowledgment
We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided us the possibility to
complete this project. A special gratitude we give to our Instructor Mr. Kirubel Awoke whose
contribution in stimulating suggestions and advice during progress report, helped us to
coordinate our project especially in writing this report,
Furthermore we would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the
Institute of Technology, which gave the permission to use all required equipment and the
necessary materials to complete the task “IoT Library”. A special thanks goes to our class
mates, who help us to collect samples and other necessary guide material for project. The
institute of technology for giving a chance of attaining the chance of learning teaching processes
and investing an enormous amount of wealth up on us and I would like acknowledge Those of
our family supporting in each month financially and morally.
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ABSTRACT
In this project there are seven chapters are included here; in chapter one discuses about
introduction and the general over view of the project; chapter two tells about literature review
and chapter three methodology of design analysis and chapter four is focus on complete design
analysis of pressure vessel basis on several design consideration. Geometrical analysis, wind
load analysis, and stress analysis are conducted on this design and select the proper material for
components of the pressure vessel through taking some standard tables and standard machine
element components. After all, dimensions and materials are decided for the design component,
on the last two chapters result discussion conclusion and recommendation as well as the part
and assembly drawing also provided for complete description. The main thing here is that the
designed pressure vessel can hold the required fluid of 1m3 as we have checked after we
designed the vessel.
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CHAPTER-1
1. Introduction
1.1 Definition of Pressure Vessel
A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure
substantially different from the ambient pressure. It also defined as a container with a
pressure differential between inside and outside. The inside pressure is usually higher
than the outside, except for some isolated situations. The fluid inside the vessel may
undergo a change in state as in the case of steam boilers, or may combine with other
reagents as in the case of a chemical reactor. Pressure vessels often have a combination of
high pressures together with high temperatures, and in some cases flammable fluids or
highly radioactive materials. Because of such hazards it is imperative that the design be
such that no leakage can occur. The legal definition of pressure vessel varies from
country to country, but often involves the maximum safe pressure (may need to be above
half a bar) that a vessel is designed.
Perhaps the earliest reference to the design of pressure vessel was made in about 1495 by
Leonardo da Vinci in his codex Madrid I. Quoting from a translation, Leonardo wrote
“we shall describe how air can be forced under water to left very heavy weights, that is,
how to fill skins with air once they are secured to weights at the bottom of the water. And
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there will be descriptions of how to lift weights by tying them to submerged ships full of
sand and how to remove the sand from the ships.”
Leonardo’s pressurized bags of air, if implemented did not kill or injure large number of
people and did not force the need for a pressure vessel code.
Numerous boiler explosions took place through the late 1800s and early 1900s. This led
to the enactment of the first code for construction of steam boilers by the Commonwealth
of Massachusetts in 1907. This subsequently resulted in the development and publication
of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code in 1914, which sought to standardize the
design, manufacturing, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels. In 1921 the
National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors was organized to promote
consistent inspection and testing. . The year 1928 saw the advent of welded pressure
vessels. For higher pressures the welded shells were made thicker than 70mm.
The rules for design, fabrication and inspection of pressure vessels are provided by codes
that have been developed by industry and government in various countries. The design
and construction codes all have established rules of safety governing design, fabrication
and inspection of boilers, pressure vessels and nuclear components. These codes are
intended to provide reasonable protection of life and property and also provide for margin
for deterioration in service
The rapid development of finite-element software has remarkably impacted the detailed
design of pressure vessel components. These developments along with continuing
increase in computing speed and storage capacity of the computer have really made the
design process extremely quick and at the same time have led to very accurate design
assessment. Initially in the early to mid-1970s, detailed finite-element analyses were
generally performed for confirmatory analyses.
Today these tasks are routinely accomplished in an interactive mode. The three
dimensional finite element analysis programs using solid elements are rapidly replacing
plate, shell, and two-dimensional programs for routine structural design analysis of
pressure vessels. In addition the concepts of Computer-aided design (CAD) and
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) are being integrated.
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І. Open end construction pressure vessel-In this case, the hoop stress is induced by
the fluid pressure. Example-a simple cylinder with piston, Such as cylinder of press.
ІІ. Closed end construction pressure vessel-In this case, longitudinal stress in addition
to hoop stress are induced.
b) According to dimension
І .Thin-walled pressure vessel-if the ratio of is less than, then the pressure vessel is called thin-
walled vessel. In this case, the radial stress is small and it can be neglected and the longitudinal
and the circumferential stress are constant.
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Remark-The majority of the vessel used in the chemical and allied industries are classified as
thin-walled pressure vessel.
ro Po
Pi
ri
The pressure vessel, according to their geometrical shape, can be classified as follow
i. Cylindrical shape
ii. Conical shape
iii. Spherical shape with one or two cone
c) According to position arrangement
The pressure vessel, according to their position arrangement, may be classified as
follow:
i. Vertical pressure vessel
ii. Horizontal pressure vessel
iii. Spherical pressure vessel
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Vertical pressure vessels are used for a variety of operational needs, mainly as reservoirs of
compressed air - air chambers, as well as pressurized water tanks or expansion tanks to
compensate for the volume of hot water stations with air or steam cushion - aqua mat, and as
releasers called expanders.
Vertical pressure vessels consist of a cylindrical shell and dished bottoms. They are placed on
three welded legs. The size and positioning of the filler necks is adjusted according to the
customer requirements and accordance with the relevant European standards. The pressure
vessels can be produced from ferrous or austenitic steel.
The free horizontal pressure vessel in pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or
liquids at a pressure substantially different from the ambient
pressure.
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This type of pressure vessels are known as thin walled vessels. This forms the most typical
application of plane stress. Plane of stress is a class of common engineering problems involving
stress in a thin plate. Spherical vessel have the advantage of requiring thinner walls for a given
pressure and diameter than the equivalent cylinder. Therefore they are used for large gas or
liquid containers, gas cooled nuclear reactors, containment buildings for nuclear plant,
Pressure vessel has a variety of application. This includes the industry and the private sector.
They appear in this sector as-
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N.B -Not only in the above sectors, pressure vessel are used almost in all industries and in
home.
Generally speaking, pressurized equipment is required for a wide range of industrial plant
for storage and manufacturing purposes.
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I. Head
All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section).Heads is
typically curved rather than flat.
Flat plates are used as covers for access ports or manholes, and as the channel covers of heat
exchangers. Standard Tori-spherical heads are the most commonly used end closures for vessels
up to operating pressures of 15 bars. They can be used for higher pressures, but above 10 bars,
their cost should be compared with that of an Ellipsoidal head. Above 15 bars, an Ellipsoidal
head will usually prove to be the most economical closure to use.
A Hemispherical head is the strongest shape, capable of resisting about twice the pressure of a
Tori-spherical head of the same thickness. The cost of forming a hemispherical head will,
however, be higher than for a shallow Tori-spherical head. Hemispherical heads are used for
high pressures.
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II. Shell
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are welded
together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most pressure vessel shells are
cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape. Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and are
fabricated in a wide range of diameters and lengths.
III. Nozzle
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure Vessel. The
nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit easy
disassembly for maintenance or access.
The method used to support a vessel will depend on the size, shape, and weight of the
vessel; the design temperature and pressure; the vessel location and arrangement; and the
internal and external fittings and attachments. Horizontal vessels are usually mounted on
two saddle supports. Skirt supports are used for tall, vertical columns. Brackets, or lugs, are
used for all types of vessel. The supports must be designed to carry the weight of the vessel
and contents, and any superimposed loads, such as wind loads. Supports will impose
localized loads on the vessel wall, and the design must be checked to ensure that the
resulting stress concentrations are below the maximum allowable design stress. Supports
should be designed to allow easy access to the vessel and fittings for inspection and
maintenance.
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A. Skirt support
B. Leg
C. Saddle
D. Lug
A. Skirt Support
Tall, vertical, cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported by skirts. A support skirt is a
cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower portion of the vessel shell or to the
bottom head (for cylindrical vessels). Skirts for spherical vessels are welded to the vessel near
the mid-plane of the shell. The skirt is normally long enough to provide enough flexibility so that
radial thermal expansion of the shell does not cause high thermal stresses at its junction with the
skirt.
B. Leg support
Small vertical drums are typically supported on legs that are welded to the lower portion of the
shell. The maximum ratio of support leg length to drum diameter is typically 2:1. The number of
legs needed depends on the drum size and the loads to be carried. Support legs are also typically
used for spherical pressurized storage vessels. The support legs for small vertical drums and
spherical pressurized Storage vessels may be made from structural steel columns or pipe
sections, whichever provides a more efficient design.
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C. Saddle support
Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle supports. A saddle Support
spreads the weight load over a large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local stress in the
shell at the support points. The width of the saddle, among other design details, is determined by
the specific size and design conditions of the pressure vessel. One saddle support is normally
fixed or anchored to its foundation.
D.Lug support
Lugs that are welded to the pressure vessel shell, which are shown on, may also be used to
support vertical pressure vessels. The use of lugs is typically limited to vessels of small to
medium diameter (1 to 10 ft.) and moderate height-to diameter ratios in the range of 2:1 to 5:1.
Lug supports are often used for vessels of this size that are located above grade within structural
steel. The lugs are typically bolted to horizontal structural members to provide stability against
overturning loads; however, the bolt holes are often slotted to permit free radial thermal
expansion of the drum.
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Several different types of flange are used for various applications. The principal
types used in the process industries are:
1. Welding-neck flanges.
2. Slip-on flanges, hub and plate types.
3. Lap-joint flanges.
4. Screwed flanges.
5. Blank, or blind, flanges.
Welding-neck flanges: have a long tapered hub between the flange ring and the
welded joint. This gradual transition of the section reduces the discontinuity
stresses between the flange and branch, and increases the strength of the flange
assembly. Welding-neck flanges are suitable for extreme service conditions;
where the flange is likely to be subjected to temperature, shear and vibration
loads. They will normally be specified for the connections and nozzles on
process vessels and process equipment.
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Slip-on flanges: slip over the pipe or nozzle and are welded externally, and
usually also internally. The end of the pipe is set back from 0 to 2.0 mm. The
strength of a slip-on flange is from one-third to two-thirds that of the
corresponding standard welding-neck flange. Slip-on flanges are cheaper than
welding-neck flanges and are easier to align, but have poor resistance to shock
and vibration loads. Slip-on flanges are generally used for pipe work.
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Screwed-flanges: are used to connect screwed fittings to flanges. They are also
sometimes used for alloy pipe which is difficult to weld satisfactorily.
Gaskets are made from “semi-plastic” materials; which will deform and flow
under load to fill the surface irregularities between the flange faces, yet retain
sufficient elasticity to take up the changes in the flange alignment that occur
under load.
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the force per unit area (pressure) on the gasket that is required to cause the
material to flow and fill the surface irregularities in the gasket face. The gasket
factor m is the ratio of the gasket stress (pressure) under the operating
conditions to the internal pressure in the vessel or pipe.
The internal pressure will force the flanges’ faces apart, so the pressure on the
gasket under operating conditions will be lower than the initial tightening-up
pressure. The gasket factor gives the minimum pressure that must be maintained
on the gasket to ensure a satisfactory seal. The following factors must be
considered when selecting a gasket material:
Even if they are essential in our survival, the occurrence not questionable task. The failure of
pressure vessel is very devastating &serious thing since it leads to several economic losses,
environmental pollution, and danger of life. If its failure leads to these effect the cause of the
failure is our focus to minimize it as much as possible. So the cause of failure is mostly design
problem which includes: - improper material selection (material defect), not considering external
factors (temperature, pressure, acidic rain etc…), not considering the type of fluid it store (water,
steam, alcohol, benzene or gaseous), and following improper design procedure.
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These is not the only cause but corrosion and fatigue effect is also the major problem of failure
Corrosion fatigue is fatigue in a corrosive environment. It is the mechanical degradation of a
material under the joint action of corrosion and cyclic loading. Nearly all engineering structures
experience some form of alternating stress, and are exposed to harmful environments during their
service life. So such things are generally leads the pressure vessel to fail.
Specifically, we would like to design support, head, shell and nozzle and it has its own
procedures to design each component and to design the hole assembled of pressure vessels.
The specific objective of the project is to design a vertical pressure vessel subjected to the
following parameters.
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We know that mostly pressure vessels fail in short time due to several factors like, corrosion,
design problem, variable environmental condition, and such a like. Considering these problem
we should construct vessel which serve the customer for long time as much as possible. These
can be done designing pressure vessel considering such problems and also giving greater factor
of safety (allowance) to the construction in order to avoid physical damage.
Generally our scope is producing advanced pressure vessel which is resistant to corrosion and
failure due to any other effect like temperature & pressure change by designing properly.
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2. CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITRETURE REVIEW
1. M.A Khan et al [3] carried out his research on Stress distribution in horizontal pressure
vessel and saddle supports. Her quarter of the pressure vessel is modelled. After that
stress distribution is carried out for pressure vessel He concluded that highly stressed area
is the flange plate of saddle.
2. M. Javed Hyder et al [4] made research on optimization of location and size of opening
in a pressure vessel cylinder using ANSYS. Analysis is performed for three thick walled
cylinder with different internal diameters. From the research it is concluded that location
and size of the hole depends upon the size of the cylinder. The optimum location is where
von Misses stress is minimum and also the whole size should be such that von-Misses
stress should be minimum around the vicinity of the hole.
3. M. Giglio et al [5] presented his research on Fatigue analysis of different types of
pressure vessel nozzle. He carried out comparison of two different methods for the
construction of pressure vessel nozzle. He conclude that failure of nozzles was carried out
by crack passing through their thickness. Both designs (external and integral
reinforcement) give good fatigue life results but nozzle with external reinforcement is
easy to produce than with integral one. Choice of simply produced nozzle obtained with a
cylindrical tube and a reinforcement plate gives good results in terms of stress and fatigue
life.
4. Avinash R.Kharat et al [6] carried out his research on analysis of stress concentration at
opening in pressure vessel using ANOVA. The motivation for this research is to analyze
the stress concentration occurring at the openings of the pressure vessels and the means to
reduce the effect of the same. Finally conclusion shows that sudden change in strain flow
lines causes the strain and stress to rise abruptly. Strain increases with increasing the
opening size in the geometry.
5. Bandarupalli Praneeth et al [7] carried out research on finite element analysis of pressure
vessel and piping design. The stresses developed in solid layer pressure vessel and
multilayer pressure vessel are analyzed. Here, theoretical and ANSYS results are
compared. Finally they conclude that theoretical calculated values are very close to that
of the values obtained from ANSYS is suitable for multilayer stress concentration factor
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(SCF) of a cylindrical vessel with lateral nozzle. Finally they conclude that when the
geometric parameters of the vessels are fixed, SCF of the structure will increase with
decreases in the lateral angle.
6. Shyam R. Gupta et al [8] presented their work on the design and analysis of pressure
vessel using PV Elite software. Due to mathematical calculation designing of pressure
vessel becomes tedious but by using software like PV Elite designing of pressure vessel
can be done easily. By using this software finally they conclude that Due to mathematical
calculation designing of pressure vessel becomes tedious but by using software like PV-
Elite designing of pressure vessel can be done easily.
7. M. Jeyakumar et al [9] researched on “Influence of residual stresses on failure pressure of
cylindrical pressure vessel. Here a main criterion is to study the effect of residual stresses
on the pressure vessel. Conclusion shows that there is a reduction in failure pressure due
to unfavorable residual stresses.
8. Z.ModiAJ,Jadav C.S[10] concluded that the radial stresses in case of hemispherical head
pressure vessel is low compared to other types of head, in this paper author study the
comparative structural behavior of different types of geometry of pressure vessel, the
head is under internal uniform pressure, the analytical and finite element method used for
finding stresses in pressure vessel, the aim is finding best head for specific parameter
with finite element analysis of thin cylindrical pressure vessel, here three types of
geometry consider like hemisphere, flat and ellipsoidal and computation result compared
with finite element analysis
9. Yogesh Borse and Avadesh K. Sharma [12] present the finite element modeling and
Analysis of Pressure vessels with different end connections i.e. Hemispherical,
Ellipsoidal & Toro spherical. They describes its basic structure, stress characteristics and
the engineering finite element modeling for analyzing, testing and validation of pressure
vessels under high stress zones. Their results with the used loads and boundary conditions
which remain same for all the analysis with different end connections shows that the end
connection with hemispherical shape results in the least stresses when compared to other
models not only at weld zone but also at the far end of the end-connection.
From the literature review it is cleared that study of the different factors that affects the
design and overall life of pressure vessel and they have to be considered in different cases
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of pressure vessel. Finite element analysis is an extremely powerful tool for the analysis
of pressure vessel. A structural analysis of the pressure vessel will be implemented. From
above literature review - Inclination angle, circular cross section with hemispherical ends,
fatigue analysis, stress distribution, fracture analysis, optimization of location and size of
opening in a pressure vessel cylinder are the main criteria among all that have to be
considered on the design and analysis of pressure vessel to avoid any failure of pressure
vessel.
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3 .CHAPTER – THREE
3.1 Methodology
Methodology is a general guide line or procedure which are used to solve problems to design
our project which is, design of unfired pressure vessel. We will try to follow the following
procedure.
1) Volume of the fluid to be contain, the total volume or the volume of the fluid within the
pressure vessel either filled or partially filled.
2) Operating pressure, the pressure at which the vessel subjected, this means It is recommended
to design a vessel and its parts for a higher pressure than the operating pressure. A design
pressure higher than the operating pressure with 10 percent, whichever is the greater, will satisfy
the requirement. The pressure of the fluid will also be considering. The maximum allowable
working pressure (MAWP) for a vessel is the permissible pressure at the top of the vessel in
its normal operating position at a specific temperature. This pressure is based on
calculations for every element of the vessel using nominal thicknesses exclusive of corrosion
allowance. It is the basis for establishing the set pressures of any pressure-relieving devices
protecting the vessel.
3) Operating temperature, the temperature of the fluid at which it operates. Design temperature
is the temperature that will be maintained in the metal of the part of the vessel being
considered for the specified operation of the vessel. For most vessels, it is the temperature
that corresponds to the design pressure. However, there is a maximum design temperature and a
minimum design temperature (MDMT) for any given vessel. The MDMT shall be the lowest
temperature expected in service or the lowest allowable temperature as calculated for the
individual parts. Design temperature for vessels under external pressure shall not exceed the
maximum temperatures.
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4) Nature of the fluid, can be volatile, reactive, flammable or not to the environment or to the
wall of the pressure vessel.
5) Major fluid connection, the values that connected and acts inlet and outlet.
6) Design of general shape (cylindrical, spherical, and conical) and orientation (if it is vertical or
horizontal).
7) External load: earth quick wind load
Failure of the vessel checked by the theory of the pressure vessel using the maximum shear stress
theory, analysis of these variables are design methodology for pressure vessel.
We are asked to design vertical pressure vessel which has a capacity to store steam without a
great failures of material or parts.
Selecting suitable material, Geometric, force, cost and stress analysis for each component, Such
as: shell, head, nozzle, flange, bolt and skirt support, Checking the maximum principal and shear
stress with the permissible stress of material.
There are many consideration to select the material for designing purposes based on considering
the fluid/ medium, the working pressure (internal pressure) and the temperature at the design
pressure vessel. To select the proper material the following criterion should be considered:-
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(Table taken from Coulson & Richardson volume 6 chap 13- table 13.2)
We will select the materials based on the following criteria:-
1. performance characteristics (properties)
2. processing (manufacturing) properties
3. environmental profile
4. availability of the material
5. economical consideration
Material manufacturing process in pressure vessel can use many types of material as designed
and customer wants. In our pressure vessel data the working material is low alloy steel with a
strength data at a given working temperature.
Table 3.2: Selected material for pressure vessel
Many pressure vessels are made of steel. Some mechanical property of steel achieved by
rolling or forging could be affected by welding unless special precautions are taken. In addition
to mechanical strength current standard dictate the use of steel with high impact resistance
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especially for vessel in low temperature. In application where carbon steel is used it would suffer
corrosion so special corrosion resistant material must be used
Pressure vessel may also be constructed from concrete (PVC) or other material which are
weak in tension Cabling wrapped around the vessel or with in the wall in the vessel itself provide
the necessary tension to resist the internal pressure .there is also a high order of redundancy tank
to the large number of individual cables resisting internal pressure.
3.1.5 PRESENTATION
`Design part drawing and assembling drawing of vertical pressure vessel using auto CAD.
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Corrosion allowance 2 M
It also includes material selection for the construction of the vessel is low alloy steel.
PD = Pi + [5-to-10] %Pi
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Analysis stress in the thine walled vessels; with internal pressure loading
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𝑃𝑖×𝑑𝑖
t= 2𝜎ℎ
𝑃𝑖×𝜋×𝑑𝑖 2
FT= (intensity of pressure) × (cross sectional area) = 4
At equilibrium
𝑃𝑖×𝑑𝑖
FT=FR t= 4𝜎𝐿
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure mainly. So, in order to design this
shell, it is necessary to determine the values of maximum allowable stress, tensile strength the
internal pressure, design temperature, material selection, welded joint efficiency and corrosion
allowance.
Internal pressure
First find internal pressure from design pressure:
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10
𝑃𝑑 = 𝑃𝑖 + (𝑃𝑖 × 100 )
Where:
Pi – Internal Pressure
𝑝𝑑 – Design Pressure
𝑃𝑑
F= 𝐶×𝑆×𝐸
Where:
𝑡ℎ – Head thickness
𝑃𝑑 – Design pressure, psi
S – Allowable stress, psi
E – Joint factor or efficiency
K – Coefficient
𝐷𝑖 – Inner diameter
K for ellipsoidal head is calculated by
1 𝑎 2
K = 6 [2 + (𝑏 ) ]
Where:
a = 2 (major axis)
b = 1 (minor axis) ∴ K=1
𝑃𝑑 ×𝐷𝑖
Substituting the values we get so far,𝑡ℎ becomes 𝑡ℎ =
2×𝑆×𝐸−0.2𝑃𝑑
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𝐷
𝑅𝑖 – Internal Radius of the shell, = 2𝑖
S– Allowable stress
E– Joint factor take 1.0 for 100% Radiography (the plate will be like virgin plate.)
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The skirt support must be designed to withstand the load imposed by the weight of the vessel
and contents. They are constructed of bricks or concrete, or are fabricated from carbon steel
plate.
Longitudinal bending stress
There are two severe points that longitudinal bending stress appear.
Stress analysis of skirt support
σs (Tensile) = σ𝑏𝑠 – σ𝑤𝑠 And σs (compressive) = σ𝑏𝑠 + σ𝑤𝑠
σ𝑏𝑠 = Bending stress on the skirt
4Mx
σ𝑏𝑠 = π (Ds +t
s ) Ds ts
𝑀𝑠 = Maximum bending moment evaluated at the base of the skirt (Due to wind loading)
Ds =Inside diameter of the skirt at the base
t s = Skirt thickness
𝑊𝑇 = Total weight of the vessel and contents (WT =3886.47N)
𝑇 𝑊
σ𝑤𝑠 = π (Ds +𝑡
𝑠 ) 𝑡𝑠
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The design is carried out in order to prevent problems due to improper design as well as
improper selection of material which results failure and economical as well as energy loss. So in
order to prevent these problems and increase customer’s satisfaction the designer must consider
proper design procedure starts from good time management.
3.7 Reference
Finally state the reference books or any material which are used for the design of pressure vessel
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4. CHAPTER-FOUR
4.1 DETAILED DESIGN ANALYSIS
The give Specification and their corresponding values of our design
Parameter value
We have to give recommendation about the design of vessel. State the problems during
designing of the pressure vessel.
100×3.5MPa=110×PiMPa=350MPa
350
Pi=110 = 3.18𝑀𝑃𝑎 where Pi=Internal pressure
PD=Design pressure
If internal is greater than 300psi or
PD > 0.385×SE then the wall of the cylinder is thick, otherwise
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PD< 0.385×SE or less than 300psi, the wall of the cylinder is thin.
1𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 6894.8𝑃𝑎
𝑥 = 3.5𝑀𝑃𝑎
3.5𝑀𝑃𝑎∗1𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑥= = 507.6𝑝𝑠𝑖 > 300psi, therefore thick walled pressure vessel is employed.
6894.8𝑃𝑎
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MACHIN DESIGN PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN PROJECT 1 B.A
Table 4.1: welded joint factor (table taken from Coulson & Richardson vol 6)
In our design we use joint efficiency value E=1
The above table is above the maximum allowable joint efficiency .taking the factor as 1.0
implies that joint is equally as strong as a virgin plate. This is achieved by radio graphing
complete weld length. Cutting out and remarking any defects. The use of lower joint factor
factors in design through saving cost in radiography will result in any cost saving on inspection
and fabrication against the increased cost of materials.
For carbon and low alloy steel where sever corrosion is not expected the minimum allowance
given that 2mm should be used. I.e. CA=2mm
Two procedures are method 1 and 2 that determining the diameter and the length of vessel.
Method 1:
Where; Pi=internal pressure=3.18MPa
CA=corrosion allowance=2mm
E = Joint efficiency=1
S=allowable stress =235MPa
𝑃𝑖
F1=𝐶𝑆𝐸 F1&F2=vessel ratios
Method 2:
SE
F2=C [PD-0.6]
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𝑳
Table 4.2: diameter for different 𝑫 ratio
𝑳
Diameter for different 𝑫
ratios
𝑳 D
𝑫
3 𝟑 𝟔𝒗
√
𝟓𝝅
4 𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝒗
√
𝟏𝟑𝝅
5 𝟑 𝟑𝒗
√
𝟒𝝅
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MACHIN DESIGN PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN PROJECT 1 B.A
We can select method is preferable then method one because it gives more accurate diameter and
length
Using method 2:-
𝑆𝐸 235𝑀𝑝𝑎×1
F2=C [ 𝑃𝑖 -0.6] = 2 [ -0.6] =146.6mm=14.66cm
3.18𝑀𝑝𝑎
1 inch=2.54cm
x =14.66cm X×2.54cm=14.66cm×1inch
x=5.7716 inch
Therefore, F2=5.7716 inch
𝐿
From graph 2 𝐹2 indicates 𝐷 ratio is
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MACHIN DESIGN PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN PROJECT 1 B.A
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To calculate diameter, length and thickness of the shell use the following data and formulas
Table 4.3 L/D approximation table
Pressure(psi) L/D ratio
0-250 3
250-500 4
>500 5
𝐿
To determine 𝐷i ratio we use both vessel ratio and total inside volume reading from chart:
First let us change the unit of volume in to ft 3 by using conversion factor.
1ft3=0.028317m3
𝐿
F2=5.7716 inch from this take =3
Di
V=35.3145 ft3
L= 3Di
𝜋Di3 𝜋Di 2 L
V= + but L=3Di
12 4
𝜋𝐷3 𝜋𝐷2
V= + L ……….From optimum vessel proportion for vessel with (2).
12 4
D = ∛(0.38217𝑚3 )
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D = 0.72569 m=725.69mm
L = 3× 0.72569𝑚 L = 2.17707mm
𝐷 0.72569
2𝐻𝑖 2 2×
𝐿𝑠 = L - 2.17707 - 4
𝐿𝑠 = 2.17707 – 4
= 2.05612m=2056.12mm
3 3 3
𝑃
𝑃𝑖 <0.385SE……………….use 𝑡𝑠 = 𝑆𝐸−0.6𝑃
𝑖 ×𝑅
𝑖
3.18×362.845
𝑡𝑠 = (235×1)−0.6×3.18 = 4.95mm which is without corrosion allowance so shell thickness will be
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𝐷𝑚 = mean diameter
.𝐷𝑚 = Di + t=725.69+6.95=732.64mm
3.18×732.64
𝜎1 = 𝜎ℎ = = 167.611Mpa
2×6.95
Know check hoop stress is less than design stress for safe design
𝜎ℎ < S ………….. 167.611Mpa < 235Mpa therefore our design is safe
Radial stress: is the stress acting in the radial direction. It is given as follows:
𝑃𝑖 𝐷𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝐷𝑖 3.18 × 732.64
𝜎ℎ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎𝑙 = 𝜎2 = 𝜎𝑙 = = 83.8056𝑀𝑃𝑎
2𝑡 4𝑡 4 × 6.95
Find the maximum shear stress (𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
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σ1 − σ2
τmax =
2
167.611𝑀𝑃𝑎 − 83.8056𝑀𝑃𝑎
τmax = = 41.9027MPa
2
Then, check it is safe by comparing it with design stress.
𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 <
2
41.902MPa < 235𝑀𝑃𝑎
∴Therefore the design of cylindrical shell is safe for longitudinal and hoop stress.
N.B:-Since all stress on the above is less than design stress 235Mpa; therefore the design is safe.
4.2.3 Design of Head
All pressure vessel shell must be closed at the end by heads. The ends of cylindrical vessel are
closed by head various shapes. This are:-
Flat plates head
Hemispherical head
Ellipsoidal head etc.
But our design head is ellipsoidal head. Because of its smooth translation with cylindrical then
which ≈avoides stress concentration effect. For pressure vessel having an internal pressure
above 15Bar, its proved that an ellipsoidal l head is used for economic benefit.
Most standard ellipsoidal are manufactured with a major and minor axis ratio of 2 : 1 the
following equation can be calculated required thickness.
Calculate the stress on the shell using lame’s equation
Tangential stress: - is the maximum tensile stress and it is known as
circumferential stress.
Radial stress: - is the maximum compressive stress and it is negative. The
negative sign indicates that the radial stress is opposite to design stress equal.
Since, if the stress is less than the maximum tensile strength of the material, then the design
is safe. Now to calculate the value of stress.
Our given head has ellipsoidal shape .so to design it we start from calculating its thickness by
using the following steps:
𝑃𝑖 × 𝐷
𝑡ℎ =
(2 × 𝐸 × 𝑆 − 0.2 × 𝑃𝑖)
Where:
𝑡ℎ = thickness of the head
Pi – internal pressure
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𝑃𝑖×𝑅 2 (362.845𝑚𝑚)2
𝜎𝑙 = = 3.18𝑀𝑝𝑎 × 2×6.95𝑚𝑚×184.881𝑚𝑚 = 162.5𝑀𝑃𝑎
2𝑡×ℎ
235
= 162.5=1.5 approximately grater or equal to 1.5Therefore our design safe
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We use the following formulas to find the stress at the tangent line of the head.
𝐷
𝜎𝑙 = 𝑃 ×
4𝑇𝑡ℎ
725.69𝑚𝑚
𝜎2 = 𝜎𝑙 = 3.18𝑀𝑝𝑎 × 4∗6.95𝑚𝑚 = 83𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐷 725.69𝑚𝑚
𝜎1 = 𝜎ℎ = 𝑃 × 2𝑇 = 3.18𝑀𝑝𝑎 × 2∗6.95𝑚𝑚 =166.02 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑡
Next find the maximum shear and compare it with the design stress.
𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎ℎ − 𝜎𝑙 < , if this condition fulfill the design is safe.
2
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MACHIN DESIGN PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN PROJECT 1 B.A
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure vessel. The
nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit easy
disassembly for maintenance or access. Nozzles are used for the following applications:
Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel
Attach instrument connections, (e.g., level gauges, thermos wells, or pressure
gauges)
Provide access to the vessel interior at many ways
Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items, (e.g., a heat exchanger or
mixer)
Nozzles are also sometimes extended into the vessel interior for some applications, such as for
inlet flow distribution or to permit the entry of thermos wells. Openings in pressure vessels in the
regions of shells or heads are required to serve the following purposes:
Man ways for letting personnel in and out of the vessel to perform routine
maintenance and repair
Holes for draining or cleaning the vessel
Hand hole openings for inspecting the vessel from outside
Nozzles attached to pipes to convey the working fluid inside and outside of the
vessel
Instrument nozzles
Compartment for other equipment’
Vessel components are weakened when materials is removed to provide the nozzle. High stress
concentration exits at the opening edge and require extra care to keep loadings acceptability of
opening in the pressure boundary for pressure loading only.
Efficiency method
The area of the metal remaining between adjacent openings compared with the area of the metal
that was there before the opening existed.
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𝑃𝑖𝑅
𝑡𝑛 =𝑆𝐸−0.6𝑃𝑖 + 𝐶𝑎 Where 𝑡𝑛=thickness of nozzle with corrosion allowance
d=diameter of nozzles
Ca = Corrosion allowance
Pi = internal pressure
3.18𝑀𝑃𝑎×25.4𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑛 =235×1−0.6×3.18𝑀𝑃𝑎 + 2𝑚𝑚 = 2.4mm: Rn = internal nozzle radius = 25.4mm d=di + 2 × Ca =
50.8mm + 2 × 2mm = 54.8mm
Do = the outer diameter of nozzle
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MACHIN DESIGN PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN PROJECT 1 B.A
A1= d (t −𝑡𝑟 ) or
A1= 2(t −𝑡𝑟 ) (𝑡𝑛 − t)
A1= 2(t −𝑡𝑟 ) (𝑡𝑛 − t)) = 2(6.95− 4.95) (2.4 – 6.95) = -18.2𝑚𝑚2
Take the larger area Therefore A1 = 109.6mm2
A 2 = 5𝑡𝑛 (𝑡𝑛 − ca) = 5 × 2.4 (2.4 − 2) 𝑚𝑚2 = 4.8mm2 is the smaller Inward
Area of welds, A4
A4= 2(0.5) (t2) = 2 × 0.5 × (6.95)2 = 48.3mm2
The total area of reinforcement is: 02
AT = A1+A 2+A3 + A4
𝐴 𝑇 =109.6mm2 + 4.8mm2 + 83.4mm2 + 48.3mm2 = 246.1mm2
Since 𝐴 𝑇 < A that is 246.1𝑚𝑚2 > 251.46mm2 therefore the opening is adequately not reinforced
for that reason our design is to safe.
We need additional reinforcement by taking 𝑡𝑤 = 4mm thickness of the pad for good welding.
Area available in an element
𝐴1 = (Dp − d − 2 × 𝑡𝑛 ) × t w But Dp = 2d – 2 t w where t w = thickness of pad.
Dp = 2×54.8 – 2 ×4 Dp = 101.6mm
In order to check weather our calculation is right since thin diameter does not extend beyond the
outer limit of the permitted reinforcement zone
2d=2×54.8=109.6, since 101.6 <109.6. Our design is acceptable
Since the required reinforcement area is less than the available area therefore it needs additional
reinforcement or filler material for welding. From fig c=𝑡𝑟𝑛 .
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MACHIN DESIGN PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN PROJECT 1 B.A
Ѳ = 5.16°, by using this angle, read F from pressure vessel design manual-2-book figure 2-48.
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AT = A1 + A2 + A3 + A41 + A43 = (114.5 + 4.704+ 4.704 + 15.68+ 15.68) 𝑚𝑚2 =155.268 mm2
AT < A………..155.268mm2 <266.32mm2.
The area reinforcement is required A = 266.32mm2
The area available in the cylinder shell A1 = 114.5mm2
The area available in nozzle projecting out ward is changed and is given by
Therefore the opening is adequately reinforced for that reason our design is safe.
Since our total reinforcement area is less than area reinforcement required (195.742mm2 <
266.32mm2). Therefore our design is safe.
Next find the stress analysis of the nozzle by finding of the hoop (𝜎ℎ ) and longitudinal (𝜎𝑙 )
stresses by the following formulas:
𝑃𝑑 𝐷𝑖 𝑝𝑑𝐷𝑖
𝜎ℎ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎𝑙 =
2𝑡𝑛 4𝑡𝑛
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MACHIN DESIGN PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN PROJECT 1 B.A
3.5 × 50.8 𝑁
𝜎ℎ = 𝜎1 = = 52.81
2 × 2.4 𝑚𝑚2
3.5×50.8 𝑁
𝜎𝑙 = 𝜎2 = = 18.52 𝑚𝑚2
4×2.4
𝑃𝑖×𝑅ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒
t handhole = ᵟ𝑑𝐸−0.6𝑃𝑖
3.18×100
t handhole = 235×1−0.6×3.18 t handhole = 1.36mm
Total thickness of the hand hole including the corrosion allowance calculated as follows
t thandhole = t handhole + C where C=corrosion allowance
t thandhole = 1.36mm + 2mm t thandhole = 3.36mm
Area for the hand hole will be:
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πDhandhole 2
Ahandhole = 4
π×2002
Ahandhole = 4
Ahandhole =31400mm2
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MACHIN DESIGN PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN PROJECT 1 B.A
It carries all the loads at the pressure vessel. In order to design this three legs support we
consider the dead weight. The major sources of dead weight loads are
The vessel shell
The vessel head
The vessel fitting, manhole and nozzle
Wind load
Weight of fluid
Weight of shell: is the sum of the weight of shell material and the fluid stored on it.
Weight of shell material
The material is low alloy steel we take 𝜌 = 7850kg/m3
𝑊𝑠 =π𝐷𝑚 𝑡𝑠 ρ L g where: - Dm = mean diameter of shell
g= acceleration due to gravity taken as 9.81m/s2
t s =thickness of shell
L= vessel length, tangent to tangent
But L=Ls + 2 Ho
𝐷𝑜
L=Ls + 2 but Do= outside diameter of the shell
4
739.59
L=2056.12 + 2 × L= 2426mm
4
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Dm = 732.64mm
Ws = π Dm 𝑡𝑠 𝜌 L g
Ws = π×0.73264 ×0.00495× 7850 × 2.426 × 9.81
𝑊𝑠 =2127.4N
Weight of shell fluid
Ws f=𝑚𝑓 ×g but mf= 𝜌×𝑣𝑓 where 𝑣𝑓 =volume of the fluid on the shell
𝜋×Di2
ms f = 𝜌 × 𝑣𝑓 but Vf = 𝐿𝑠 ( )
4
(𝜋×0.725692 )
Vf = 2.05612 × 4
Vf = 0.85m3
ms f = 1000 ×8.5×10−10
𝑚𝑠𝑓 =8.5×10−7 kg
Ws f = ms f ×g
Ws f = 8.5×10−7 ×9.81
Ws f = 8.34×10−6 N
Weight of head: is the sum of the weight of head material and the fluid stored on it.
Weight of head material
The material is low alloy steel we take 𝜌 = 7850kg/m3
Wh = 1.084Dm2 ×𝑡ℎ × 𝜌×g
Where: - Dm = mean diameter of ellipsoidal head
g= acceleration due to gravity taken as 9.81m/s 2
𝑡ℎ =thickness of head
𝜋×0.725693
Vhf = 8
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MACHIN DESIGN PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN PROJECT 1 B.A
Vhf = 0.15m3
𝑚ℎ𝑓 = 𝜌×𝑣𝑓
Vn = 186847.6 mm3
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mn = 𝜌×Vn
mn = 7850×1.868476−4
mn = 1.47kg
Wn = mn ×g
Wn = 1.47×9.81
Wn = 14.42N
Weight of nozzle fluid
Wnf =mf ×g but mf = 𝜌×Vf where: - Vf = volume of the fluid on the nozzle
𝜋𝑑𝑖 2 𝐿
Vf = 4
𝜋50.82 ×245
Vf = 4
Vf = 496321.6mm3
We take 𝜌 of water =1000kg/m3
mf = 𝜌×𝑣𝑓
mf = 1000×0.0004963216m3
mf = 4.96×10−1 kg
Wfn =mf ×g
Wfn = 4.96×10−1 ×9.81
Wfn = 4.87N
Weight of Wind (wind load)
The atmospheric pressure is varies from place to place then we take the mean atmospheric
pressure in aids Ababa as Patm = 1012N/m2.
Wwn = Patm ×Af where Patm = mean atmospheric pressure
Af = projected area
But Af = D0 ×Htotal
𝐷 739.59
𝐻ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 4𝑂 = =184.9mm
4
But Htotal = Lshell + 2 Hhead + Lskirt we take length of the skirt (Lskirt ) = 500mm
Htotal = 2056.12mm + 2 ×184.9mm + 500mm
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Where Mx = moment due to wind X is the distance measured from the free end (approximately
equal to Total height of the vessel = 1.5m) and ' w ' the load per unit length (Newton Per meter)
and calculated as follows:
Dm =Di + t where: - Dm = mean diameter of vessel
Dm = 725.69mm + 6.95mm
Dm = 732.64mm = 0.73264m And
w = Dm ×Patm = 0.73264m×1012N/m2
w = 741.43N/m And
x2
Mx = w
2
2.932
Mx = 741.43× 2
Mx = 3182.6Nm
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Wd =4275.04N
Now let us find the loading on each leg: -
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𝑊𝑑
Q= where n= number of legs let n=3
𝑛
Q= load
Wd = design weight
4275.04𝑁
Q= 3
Q=1425.01N
𝑄
The area of legs calculated as follows: - ᵟ𝑑= 𝐴 where ᵟ𝑑 = design or allowable
2
stress=510N/mm for 5.8(carbon steel) material
𝑄 1425.01
A=ᵟd A= A=2.8mm2
510
Skirt thickness
The skirt thickness must be sufficient to withstand the dead-weight loads and bending
Moments imposed on it by the vessel; it will not be under the vessel pressure. Mostly it sets from
the horizontal 80° .
We can give the thickness and diameter of skirt by its standard by considering shell diameter.
2𝐿
Internal diameter of skirt at lower part (𝐷𝑠 ) = 739.59+2×4.95+𝑡𝑎𝑛80
2×500
𝐷𝑠 =739.59+2×4.95+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛80 =925.82mm
4×3182.6 Nm
σ𝑏𝑠 = π (0.92582 +0.03m)×0.92582m×0.03m
𝑀𝑠 = Maximum bending moment evaluated at the base of the skirt (Due to wind loading)
Ds =Inside diameter of the skirt at the base
t s = Skirt thickness
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3886.4N
σ𝑤𝑠 = π (0.92582m +0.03m)×0.03m
σ𝑤𝑠 = 43182.22N/m
To calculate the resultant tensile stress on the skirt:
σs (Tensile) = σ𝑏𝑠 – σ𝑤𝑠
σs (Tensile) =152642.69 N/m2–43182.22 N/m2
σs (Tensile) = 109460.47N/m2
To calculate the resultant compressive stress on the skirt:
σs (Compressive) = σ𝑏𝑠 + σ𝑤𝑠
σs (Compressive) =152642.69 N/m2–43182.22 N/m2
σs (Compressvie) = 195824.91N/m2
Since both σs (Tensile) and σs (Compressive) are less than the allowable or design stress that is
ᵟ𝑑= 510× 106 N/m2 therefore our design is safe.
We Select butt joint especially square butt joint for the connection of both head and shell but for
the connection of nozzle to the shell part select corner joint.
Stresses for Welded Joints:
The stresses in welded joints are difficult to determine because of the variable and unpredictable
Parameters like homogeneity of the weld metal, thermal stresses in the welds, changes of
physical Properties due to high rate of cooling etc. The stresses are obtained, on the following
assumptions [2]:
The load is distributed uniformly along the entire length of the weld, and
The stress is spread uniformly over its effective section.
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The following table shows the stresses for welded joints for joining ferrous metals with mild
steel electrode under steady and fatigue or reversed load.
Table 4.6 standard for weld design
Since the stress in the weld material is to be 81Mpa our electrode is mild steel electrode. The
recommended minimum size of weld is 14mm size of weld between 25mm- 55mm
π(d𝑜2 − di 2 )×ᵟm
F= where: - d𝑜 = outside diameter of the nozzle
4
3.18×π×54.82
FR = 4
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1) Tension joint
2) Shear joint
In the tension joint the bolt and clamped component at the joint are designed to transfer the
external tension load through the joint by away of clamped component through the design of
proper balance of joint and bolt stiffness. The second type of bolted joint transfer the applied
load in a shear on the bolt shank and relies on shear strength of the bolt, tension loads on such
joints are only identically 2.
We select mild steel material to design bolted flange joints because of easily workable, very
hard, yet malleable, good for construction, easy to shape and machine and very flexible and can
be harden.
Table 4.7 material selection for bolt design
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Use the following formula important to find the size and number of bolt.
Let Di = internal diameter of cylinder
Dp = design pressure in the cylinder
This force is resisted by n number of bolt and the resisting force offered by n number of bolts
πdc2 ×σ𝑡𝑏×n
Fp = …………………………………………. (2)
4
π×725.692 ×3.18
F= 4
F=1314616.4N
From equation (2) the resisting force by the bolt
πdc2 ×σ𝑡𝑏×n
FR = 4
In our design we select the material for the bolt is mild steel. So, σtb= 497N/mm2 the core
diameter is from the table by taking standard M16 size.
From the table we take dc= 13.546mm
πdc2 ×σ𝑡𝑏×n
FR = 4
π×13.5462 ×497×n
FR =
4
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1314616.4
∴ n= = 18.36≈19
71589.3
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Then we will calculate the stress on the bolt. Let us take standard bolt size of M16
𝐹 𝜋𝐷𝑖2 𝜋(16) 2
Stress on a bolt = 𝐴𝑖 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 but 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 = = =
𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 4 4
200.96mm2
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69190.34𝑁
= 200.96mm2 = 344.3𝑀𝑃𝑎
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Now as we design the bolt before our bolt is Bolt 𝐌𝟏𝟔 standard size
For this reason our flange design parameters are in the first row of the table above that means
d1= 200mm
d2= 18mm
d3= 240mm
d4=258mm
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h=44mm
b= 20mm
D= 320mm
f= 3mm
K= 280mm
Bolt M16
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Since W= mg
m=22.61kg
1ton=1000kg
m=22.61kg m=0.02261ton
1ton=1000$
0.02261ton=cost of head
Cost of head=22.61$=457.85birr
We have two head
Cost of head=2×457.85birr=915.7birr
Cost analysis of nozzle (opening)
W=14.42N
Since W= mg
m=1.47kg
1ton=1000kg
m=1.47kg m=0.00147ton
1ton=1000$
0.00147ton=cost of nozzle
Cost nozzle=1.47$=29.77birr
We have two nozzles
Cost nozzle=2×29.77birr=59.54 birr
Cost analysis of support
𝜌𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 =8300kg/m3
v=w × d × L=0.03×0.92582×0.5=0.0138873m3
m=ρ × v=8300×0.0138873= 115.27kg
1kg=20.25
115.27kg=cost of support
Cost of support=2334.2birr
We have three skirts from the above calculation so:-
So cost support=3×2334.2birr=7002.6birr
Cost of other material
Cost of other material is like welding, labor, ladder and other assistants to o be pressure vessel be
100$
Cost of other material=2025birr
The total cost of the pressure vessel is the summation of all the above value.
Cost of pressure vessel=cost of shell+ cost of head + cost of nozzle + cost of support +
cost of other material
Cost of pressure vessel = 4392.225+915.7+59.54+7002.6+2025
Cost of pressure vessel =14395.065 birr
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CHAPTER 5
5.1 Result and discussion:
The following table shows the overall geometry of vertical pressure vessel. That we have
calculate and analysis in the project.
Table 5.1 result
components dimensions
1) shell 𝐷𝑜 = 739.59mm
Di = 725.69mm
t s = 4.95mm
Dm = 732.64mm
Ls = 2056.12mm
Vs = 0.850003m3
Di = 725.69mm
2) head Do = 739.59mm
Hi = = 181.42mm
Ho = 184.881mm
t h = 4.95mm
Vh = 0.053m3
Sf = 43.75mm
di = = 50.8mm
do = 59.6mm
t rn = 2mm
t r = 4.95mm
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dc =13.546mm
n=19
Lthreadedpart =38mm
D=d= 16mm
5) Nut dc =13.835mm
dp = 14.701mm
D=d= 16mm
d1= 200mm
d3= 240mm
d4=258mm
h=44mm
b= 20mm
D= 320mm
f= 3mm
K= 280mm
Bolt M16
H=60
Ahandhole = 31400mm2
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V= 1.00019m3
Ds = 925.82mm
t s = 30mm
In this pressure vessel design report we have designed a total inside volume (V= 1.00019m3)
Pressure vessel for steam storing application. In this process we have designed shell, head, inlet
and outlet nozzle, bolt flanged joint, flange, hand hole and vessel support .All of these
components are designed by using appropriate formulas for each and their factor of safety are
checked for strength to avoid failures.
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CHAPTER 6
6.1 Conclusion and recommendation
6.1.1 CONCLUSION
We conclude from this pressure vessel design the pressure with nominal volume 1𝑚3 which is
used to store steam at 3.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 300℃ designed above is designed to satisfy all the required
requirements to be able to work under the above parameters. A corrosion allowance of 2mm is
applied during the design to prevent failure due to corrosion and fatigue conditions. Our pressure
vessel is made with the material called low alloy steel for all part and carbon steel for skirt
design due to have higher than to those of the plain carbon steels for given applications. This
means it has higher strength, hardness, hot hardness, wear resistance, toughness, and more
desirable combinations of these properties.
During designing of this project we have so, many problems are happened like in calculating of
area of reinforcement actually in the required area of the nozzle. In our design of pressure vessel
the required area less than available area. So, we can use the reinforcement pad.
The design of pressure vessel in initialized with the specification requirements in terms of
standard technical specifications along with numerous requirements that lay hidden from the
market.
The storage of fluid at higher pressure in the pressure vessel is at the heart of its performance and
it is the first step towards the design. The pressure vessel components are merely selected, but
the selection is very critical. A slight change in selection will lead to a different pressure vessel
altogether from what is aimed to be designed.
It is observed that all the pressure vessel components are selected on basis of available ASME
standards and the manufactures also follow the ASME standards while manufacturing the
components.
Selection of pressure vessels components should be according to standards rather than
customizing the design:-the standards lead to;
A universal approach
Less time consumption
Easy replacement
So less overall cost.
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6.1.2 Recommendation:
The length of the vessel and the diameter of the vessel is very small so it is difficult to design the
man hole .there for we recommended that for the future designs the diameter of the vessel and
the length should be comfortable.
.In our design project we are design that hand hole because of a very small diameter of the vessel
and this hand hole is design at the two side of head .
When we design some part we have to collect information from different source. This means the
design is performed by using many references and web sites. So the materials needed for design
case must be fulfilled in order to perform applicable design for all users.
We recommended that the pressure vessel design should include the earthquake loading,
vibration, loading from piping and external equipment and wobble effect in which the pressure
vessel delivered with. More try to study the load analysis by recent software and it is our
suggestion to test the pressure vessel in laboratory before use.
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Chapter- 7
7.2D and 3D Part and Assembly drawings of a column (vertical layout) pressure vessel.
7.1 2D drawing
A. Shell
B. Head
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C. hand hole
D. Nozzle
E. Flange
F. Skirt
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G.Bolt
H.Nut
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V. Bolt
VI. Nut
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VII. Flange
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Figure 7.2 I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII $ VIII are 3D part drawing of vertical pressure vessel.
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REFERENCES:
[1]. Coulson & Richardson’s Chemical Engineering volume- 6
[2]. Pressure vessel hand book -10th edition.
[3]. M.A Khan, “Stress distribution in horizontal pressure vessel and saddle supports”,
International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 87 (2010).
[4]. M. Javed Hyder, K, Asif,” “Optimization of location and size of opening in a pressure
vessel cylinder using ANSYS”, engineering Failure Analysis 15 (2008).
[5].M. Giglio, “Fatigue analysis of different types of pressure vessel nozzle”, revised 19
November 2002; accepted 20 November 2002
[6]. Avinash R.Kharat, V. V. Kulkarni,” Analysis of stress concentration at opening in
pressure vessel using ANOVA”, IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering
and Technology, eISSN: 2319-1163.
[7]. Bandrupalli Praneeth, T.B.S.Rao, “Finite Element Analysis of Pressure Vessel and
Piping Design “, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology-
Volume3Issue5- 2012
[8]. Shyam R. Gupta, Ashish Desai, Chetan P. Vora, “Optimize nozzle location for
minimization of stress in pressure vessel”, Volume 1, Issue 6, June 2014, e-ISSN: 2348 -
4470
[9]. M. Jeyakumar, T.Christoper, “Influence of residual stresses on failure pressure of
cylindrical pressure vessel”, Chinese journal of aeronautics, (2013).
[10]. Modi A J, Jadav C.S, “Structural Analysis of Different Geometry Heads For Pressure
Vessel Using Ansys Multiphysiscs”, the 5th International Conference on Advance in
Mechanical Engineering. 2011.
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[15]. GUIDEBOOK FOR THE DESIGN OF ASME SECTION VIII PRESSURE VESSELS Second
Edition by James R. Farr
[16]. A text book of machine design, R.S. KHURMI & J.K. GUPTA, [A Textbook for the Students of
B.E. / B.Tech. U.P.S.C. (Engg. Services); Section ‘B’ of A.M.I.E. (I)] EURASIA PUBLISHING HOUSE
(PVT.) LTD. RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI-110 055
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