Article 1157 of the Civil Code of the Philippines is another crucial provision that complements the

principles established in Article 1156. It addresses the concept of performance, providing guidance on
how contractual obligations are discharged and the consequences of non-compliance. Article 1157
states:

"Obligations arise from:

1. Law;

2. Contracts;

3. Quasi-contracts;

4. Acts or omissions punished by law; and

5. Quasi-delicts. (n)"

Let's delve into the key components of Article 1157:

1. **Obligations Arising from Law:** This refers to obligations that are imposed by statutes or legal
provisions. These obligations are not dependent on the will of the parties but are inherent in the nature
of the legal system. For example, the obligation to pay taxes or the duty to respect the rights of others
are obligations arising from law.

2. **Obligations Arising from Contracts:** Contractual obligations are those voluntarily assumed by
parties through mutual consent. As outlined in Article 1156, contracts involve the essential requisites of
consent, object, and cause. When parties enter into a valid contract, they willingly accept certain
obligations, and failure to fulfill these obligations may result in legal consequences.

3. **Obligations Arising from Quasi-contracts:** Quasi-contracts are legal relationships that arise in the
absence of a formal contract but are imposed to prevent unjust enrichment or to ensure fairness. An
example is when someone benefits from another person's property or services without a formal
agreement, and the law imposes an obligation to make restitution.

4. **Obligations Arising from Acts or Omissions Punished by Law:** This category encompasses
obligations that arise as a consequence of violating laws or regulations. Legal sanctions may include the
obligation to pay fines, compensation to victims, or other forms of restitution.
5. **Obligations Arising from Quasi-delicts:** Quasi-delicts, also known as torts or civil wrongs, create
obligations when a person causes harm to another due to negligence or fault. In such cases, the injuring
party is obligated to compensate the injured party for the damages suffered.

Article 1157 provides a comprehensive view of the various sources from which legal obligations can
arise. It establishes a broad framework for understanding the diverse nature of obligations in civil law,
encompassing both voluntary agreements between parties (contracts) and obligations imposed by law to
ensure justice, fairness, and the orderly functioning of society. This article is foundational to the legal
principles guiding the performance and enforcement of obligations in the Philippines.