1.

According to the passage, which of the following is the correct chronology of the given
events?

I. The United States uses the bomb against Japan.

II. The United States uses the threat of nuclear war to its diplomatic advantage.
III. The United States tests the atomic bomb in 1945.
IV. World War II ends.
Atomic Diplomacy

Atomic diplomacy refers to attempts to use the threat of nuclear warfare to achieve diplomatic
goals. After the first test of the atomic bomb in 1945, US officials considered the non-military
benefits of the American nuclear monopoly. In the following years, government officials
sometimes used or considered atomic diplomacy.

During the Second World War, the United States, Britain, Germany, and the Soviet Union were
all engaged in scientific research to develop the atomic bomb. By mid-1945, however, only the
United States had succeeded, and it used two atomic weapons on the cities of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki to bring a rapid and conclusive end to the war with Japan. US officials did not debate
at length whether to use the atomic bomb against Japan, but argued that it was a means to a
faster end to the Pacific conflict that would ensure fewer conventional war casualties. They did,
however, consider the role that the bomb’s impressive power could play in postwar US relations
with the Soviet Union.

President Franklin Roosevelt made the decision not to inform the Soviet Union of the
technological developments. After Roosevelt’s death, President Harry Truman had to decide
whether to continue this policy of guarding nuclear information. Truman mentioned the
existence of a destructive bomb to Joseph Stalin at the Allied meeting at Potsdam. However, he
did not provide specifics about the weapon or its uses. By mid-1945, it was clear the Soviet
Union would enter into the war in the Pacific. This would allow the Soviets to be in a position
to influence the postwar balance of power. US officials recognized there was little chance of
preventing this. Some US policymakers hoped that the US monopoly on nuclear technology and
the demonstration of its destructive power in Japan might influence the Soviets to make
concessions. Truman did not threaten Stalin with the bomb, recognizing instead that its
existence alone would limit Soviet options and be considered a threat to Soviet security.
Following the Second World War, US confidence in its nuclear monopoly had ramifications for
its diplomatic agenda. The fact of the bomb was useful in ensuring that Western Europe would
rely on the United States to guarantee its security. It could protect the region by placing it under
the American “nuclear umbrella” of areas that the United States professed to be willing to use
the bomb to defend. The US insistence on hegemony in the occupation and rehabilitation of
Japan stemmed in part from the confidence of being the sole nuclear power and in part from
Japan’s total surrender to US forces. Though it inspired greater confidence in the immediate
postwar years, the US nuclear monopoly was not of long duration; the Soviet Union
successfully exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949, the United Kingdom in 1952, France in
1960 and the People’s Republic of China in 1964.

A. I, II, III, IV
B. III, IV, I, II
C. III, I, IV, II.
D. III, I, II, IV

2. What is the cartoonist attempting to depict in this American cartoon from 1914?
The Chain of Friendship
 A. militarism throughout Europe
B. Nationalism throughout Europe
C. the web of European alliances.
D. how Russia and Germany were more powerful than Serbia and Austria

3. Which of the following monetary policies might make the economy grow faster?
Monetary Policy

Monetary policy is the process through which a government controls the supply of money. The
ultimate goal of controlling the supply of money is reaching a certain interest rate to promote
economic growth and stability, stable prices, and low unemployment.

Monetary theory provides insight into how to make the best monetary policies. There are two
types of monetary policies, expansionary or contractionary. Expansionary policies favor
increasing the supply of money. Contractionary policy involves releasing less money than is
normal or even taking money out of circulation. Expansionary policy is often used during times
of recession by lowering interest rates, making it more appealing for people and businesses to
borrow money and expand their spending. Contractionary policy attempts to slow inflation (or
devaluation of a currency) to avoid market distortions and deterioration of asset values.

Monetary policy is different from fiscal policy, which includes tax policies and government
spending and borrowing.

Monetary policy navigates the relationship between interest rates in an economy (the price at
which money can be borrowed) and the total supply of money. Monetary policy controls one or
both of these to influence economic growth, inflation, exchange rates with other currencies, and
unemployment.

Some of the tools monetary policy uses to achieve these outcomes are increasing interest rates
by fiat; reducing the monetary base; increasing reserve requirements (to contract the monetary
supply); and decreasing reserve requirements (to increase the monetary supply).
Monetary policies can be described using the following terms: accommodative if the interest
rate is meant to spur economic growth; neutral, if the policy is meant neither to create growth
nor stop inflation; or tight, if it is meant to combat inflation.

In most countries, central banks have the task of creating and carrying out monetary policy.
Oftentimes this is done independently of the executive.

The most important tool of monetary policy is open market operations. This involves
controlling the amount of money in circulation through the buying and selling of various
financial instruments, like treasury bills, company bonds, or foreign currencies. Buying or
selling these financial instruments will result in more or less base currency entering or leaving
market circulation.

A. a policy that forgives small business loans that have been at least 80% paid off
B. a policy that lowers the interest rate on all business mortgages
C. a policy that rewards businesses that meet a certain gross profit threshold
D. All of the above.

4. How does the divine right of kings differ from consent of the governed?
Consent of the Governed
Consent of the governed is a phrase found in the United States Declaration of Independence.
The US Founding Fathers were dedicated to founding a government whose powers came from
the consent of the governed. In other words, the powers of the government would come from
the citizens.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed
Divine Right of Kings

The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of
royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority,
deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of
his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm. It implies that only God can judge
an unjust king and that any attempt to depose, dethrone or restrict his powers runs contrary to
the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act. It is often expressed in the phrase "by the
Grace of God", attached to the titles of a reigning monarch.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings

A. It allows the thought that citizens have the right to overthrow a king
B. It gives glory and honor to only a god as the ruler
C. It refuses to acknowledge the people as equal citizens
D. It states that all decision-making belongs to the monarchy.

5. Which of the following describes what Hitler and the Nazi Party did to gain popularity
with the German people shortly after coming to power?
Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von
Hindenburg on January 30, 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all political opposition
and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on August 2, 1934, and Hitler became dictator of
Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery and Presidency. A national
referendum held August 19, 1934, confirmed Hitler as sole Führer (leader) of Germany. All
power was centralized in Hitler’s person, and his word became above all laws. The government
was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and
Hitler’s favor. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and
ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy. Extensive
public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen(motorways). The
return to economic stability boosted the regime’s popularity.

Racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic people (the
Nordic race) were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race and
therefore were viewed as the master race. Millions of Jews and other peoples deemed
undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitler’s rule was
ruthlessly suppressed. Members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed,
imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders
imprisoned. Education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military
service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed. Recreation and tourism
were organized via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics
showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels
made effective use of film, mass rallies, and Hitler’s hypnotizing oratory to control public
opinion. The government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and
banning or discouraging others.

Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands,
threatening war if they were not met. It seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939.
Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939, launching World
War II in Europe.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/axis-powers/

A. They signed a peace agreement with the Allied powers of Great Britain, France, Italy, and
Russia
B. They consolidated all government functions under one coordinated body
C. They restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment.
D. They created educational and career opportunities for women