be stable at a certain sl e slope angle is greater Jope will be unstable ‘and soils/rocks located at higher downwards and outwards. in such cases in order to taining structure is to be provided. The soil mass behind a II, in most of the cases retains soil mass, which are vertical or nearly vertical. The purpose of the retaining structure is to maintain soils located at ,f a retaining wall the soil mass located at higher different locations. In the absence o! creation will have a tendency to move towards the lower elevation and the soil mass will be unstable. lope angle. If th ‘Any material will than its safe value, the s elevation tend to move maintain the stability of soil a ret 3.2.1 General Like water, every material exerts pressure to the sides and bases of a vessel in which itis contained. In wate, the resulting pressure is equally transmitted in all directions of the container that it retains. In the case of the grains stored in sil soils retained behind retaining structures, the vertical pressure exerted at the iba and the lateral pressure exerted on the sides are not equal as in the ie water, It is because of the fact that the shear strength of soil pe ao ie shear strength in soils in most of the situations will haye some value. ‘There are three types of earth pressures. They are Ss pressure and passive earth pressure. They are elat 3.2.2 Earth Pressure at Rest ‘The magnitude and direction of earth pressure acting on a retaining structure and ¢ ’ foundation depends largely upon relative strain of the soil eiEARTH PRESSURES AND RETAINING WALLS Any material will be stable at a certain slope angle. If the slope angle is greater than its safe value, the slope will be unstable and soils/rocks located at_higher elevation tend to move downwards and outwards. In such cases in order to maintain the stability of soil a retaining structure is to be provided. The soil mass mass, which are vertical or behind a retaining wall, in most of the cases retains s nearly vertical. The purpose of the retaining structure is to maintain soils located at different locations. In the absence of a retaining wall the soil mass located at higher elevation will have a tendency to move towards the lower elevation and the soil mass will be unstable. 3.2.1 General Like water, every material exerts pressure to : vessel it which it is contained, In water, ene ae if directions of the container that it, soils retained behind retaining struct and the lateral pressure exerted on shear strength in sols in most ofthe situations There are three types of earth pressur Pressure and passive earth pressure, They are elaEARTH PRESSURES AND RETAINING WALLS Ba INTRODUCTION ‘Any material will be stable at a certain slope angle. If the slope angle is greate than its safe value, the slope will be unstable and soils/rocks located at highe elevation tend to move downwards and outwards. In such Gases in order t maintain the stability of soil a retaining structure is to be provided. The soil mas behind a retaining wall, in most of the cases retains soil mass, which are yertical 0 nearly vertical. The purpose of the retaining structure is to maintain soils located a different locations. In the absence of a retaining wall the soil mass located at highe elevation will have a tendency to move towards the lower elevation and the soi mass will be unstable. 3.2. EARTH PRESSURE 3.2.1 General Like water, every material exerts pressure to the sides and bases of a vessel it which it is contained. In water, the resulting pressure is equally transmitted in al directions of the container that it retains. In the case of the grains stored in silos 0 soils retained behind retaining structures, the vertical pressure exerted at the bas and the lateral pressure exerted on the sides are not equal as in the case of th water. It is because of the fact that the shear strength of soil is not zero and th shear strength in soils in most of the situations will haye some value, . There are three types of earth pressures. They are earth pressure at rest, active earth pressure and passive earth pressure. They are elaborated in subsequent sections, Ss 3.2.2 Earth Pressure at Rest The magnitude and direction of earth pressure acting on a retaining foundation depends largely upon relative strain of the soil behind the : When the soil is prevented from strain by an unyielding retaining st rigidity, the pressure exerted is known as the earth pressure at rest. Li on basement wall of a building generally belongs to this category, the situation of earth pressure at rest, gory. Fi3.2.1 Like water, every material exerts pressure to the sides and bases of a vessel in which it is contained. In water, the resulting pressure is equally transmitted in all directions of the container that it retains. In the case of the grains stored in silos or soils retained behind retaining structures, the vertical pressure exerted at the base and the lateral pressure exerted on the sides are not equal as in the case of the water. It is because of the fact that the shear strength of soil is not zero and the shear strength in soils in most of the situations will haye some value. General There are three types of earth pressures. They are earth pressure at rest, active earth pressure and passive earth pressure. They are elaborated in subsequent sections. 3.2.2 Earth Pressure at Rest ‘The magnitude and direction of earth pressure acting on a retaining structure and foundation depends largely upon relative strain of the soil behind the structure. When the soil is prevented from strain by an unyielding retaining structure of | a rigidity, the pressure exerted is known as the earth pressure at rest Late pane basement wall of a building generally belongs to this category. Figure 3- situation of earth pressure at rest. Earth Pressures and Retaining Walls= Fig.3.1 Earth pressure at rest 3.2.3 Active Earth Pressure minimum value, the earth pressure any farther. This minimum earth pressure is known as the active earth pressure, Fig 3.2 illustrates this situation. Retaining wall Fig.3.2 Active earth pressure 3.2.4 Passive Earth Pressure state of passive pressure exists when the movement of the wall is such that the is requi the wall to @ horizontally. A large force is required to move ein 2 eae a failure is reached where a sliding wedge is formed. Book of Foundation Engineering‘is moved inward and upward with ; Tespect of failure, the pressure is at a maximum value and additi pasa Se the earth pressure any further. The resulting earth pressure is "as passive earth pressure. Figure 3.3 shows this situation, tothe original position. At additional deformation Retaining wall ‘Shearing resistance Fig.3.3 Passive earth pressure 3.2.5 Variation of Pressure The amount of movement is called magnitude of the earth pressure is largely depends upon the flexibili of soil structure interaction. yield. The relationship between the yield and illustrated in Fig.3.4. As the earth pressure ity of the wall, the earth pressure problem is a case Passive Pp Pressure, —*J————————— Ae Wall —_ +—Pressure at rest, Po Pe Active Pressure rent ‘Away from backfill, into 14 Development of active and passive earth pressure Earth Pressures and Retaining WallsThe hori ; : rao Tequired to reach the active state of plastic equilibrium is very active Sate bene horizontal strain required to cause failure of the soil in pace 5 %. The soil is required to have 0.5 % of strain to attain half ‘aximum value of passive pressure in dense sands. On the other hand to in the full passive resistance, the amount of strains required i sistance, of strains required is 5 % ands aid 15% in loose sands. a e 3.2.6 Design Considerations for Retaining Walls (Earth pressure is a function of wall deformation. In cohesionless soils, wall ) deformations of the order of 0.001 H to 0.05 H are required to develop active and ) Passive earth pressure respectively. In cohesive active earth pressure develops when the deformation of wall is around 0.004 H (Wu, 1975). Deflection needed to _ develop passive earth pressure in cohesive soil is not exactly defined. 3.3.1 General Every earth retaining structure holds soil on its back. The examples of retaining structures. are retaining walls, sheet pile walls, crib walls, bracing in excavation, bridge abutments and basement walls. sbtidzelabufments and t 3.3.2 Ret The retaining wall is a structure built for the purpose of maintaining soils located at different elevations. jing walls 3.3.3 Backfill Backfill is the material retained on the back of the wall. As far as possible backfill material should be of cohesionless because it is free draining and pore pressure does not develop in such soil provided there is some drainage arrangement in the wall system. Some form of filter materials should be used just behind the wall to preclude pore pressure developed within the backfill. The water collected in the filter is allowed to drain through the weep holes/filter provisions in the retaining wall. il to cohesive one, with water table at When the backfill changes from granular soil , the top ofthe wall, the pressure in the wall gts almost doubled. The water pressure tehind the wall becomes 20 to 30 per cent more ifthe water content in the soi iypes from wet condition to fully saturated condition. Thus, it is more desirable A Text Book of Foundation Engineeringsibl e clay backfill should be avoided because, during rainy season, yell highly and shrink considerably. Swelling produces enormous ‘earth pressures which is unpredictable. When the clay soil shrinks, develop in the backfill where water is collected and thereby e pressure is added to the wall. Surcharge ge is the load above the top surface of a retaining wall. Surcharge adds When a soil mass gets deposited naturally or artificially, the coefficient of earth pressure attains a value known as coefficient of earth pressure at rest (K,) which is intermediate between coefficient of active earth pressure (K,, ) and coefficient of passive earth pressure ( K,, ) values. In this case the horizontal stress is given by, —__ Ph=f(ov)=Koxrxz G.1) Where, = Vertical stress at depth ‘2’. 7 = Unit weight of soil z = Depth below ground surface The value of K, depends upon the relative density of sand, and the process by which the process of deposition has taken place. If the process does not involve artificial tamping, the value of K, ranges from about 0.4 for loose sand to 0.6 for dense sand. Artificial tamping increases the value of K, to about 0.8. Derivation of K, - The value of K, can be obtained by the theory of elasticity. Consider a cylindrical sample of soil which is acted upon by stresses Oy, Oy andr, , in three principal directions. Let €, be the strain induced in the direction of oy . Then we can write, ox-nx(oy+9z 62) ex= 2 ~ But in this case, Oy =o} and £y =0 hence, ox -Hx(ey +92 Or, ox-1x(sx +92) =0 if: Earth Pressures and Retaining Walls9x(I-1)-nx0z=0 ox: wy ox. = pp G20) 10x =Koxyxz B.2b) Jaky in 1948 has suggested an approximate relationship for Ko. The relation is: K,=1-sing G3) For normally consolidated clay, the value of K, is less than 1. For pre- consolidated soils with over-consolidation ratio more than 4.5, Ky could be 1 or even more. For normally consolidated clays, _— Brooke and Ireland (1965) suggested relation for K, as: K, =0.95-sing G4) Fraser (1957) suggested relation for Ky as: Ko=0.9x(1-sing) G3) Kezdi (1962) suggested relation for Ky as: Ka =( teasing ll2se4) Ee Tsing For normally consolidated clay, Alpan in 1967 suggested relation for K,, as: Ko =0.19+ 0.233% logy9x(PI) 67 Where, PZ = plasticity index. For over-consolidated clay, Alpan in 1967 suggested relation for K, as: Ko(oc)=Ko(nc) OCR" ( Where, n=0.54x10\28! 3.5.1 General There are two classical earth pressure theories. They are: « Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory ‘* Coulomb’s Earth Pressure Theory i i i lished the theory of Charles Augustine Coulomb in 1776 for the first time put 5 _W. J. Rankine in 1857 published his theory of lateral Jateral earth pressure. A Text Book of Foundation Engineering‘proach. These theories provide the magnitude, direction : active and passive earth pressures acting on a retaining ‘re known as classical earth pressure theories. _RANKINE’S EARTH PRESSURE THEORY ankin "s ag the following assumptions while deriving his theory. The * The soil mass is homogeneous and semi - infinite, The back of the retaining wall is vertical. The back of the wall is smooth, * The wall movement is sui led, ifficient so that the condition of plastic equilibrium is ful a Development of Active and Passive State - In Figure 3.5, Let XY Tepresents a'gemi-infinite mass|of a cohesionless soil having unit weight, y. In the initial stage every particles of soil mass at. any depth will be in a staté_ of earth pressure at rest as long as there is no yielding of soil. Expansion 45° + 6/2 RTT OPA Yv A? ORR PSO SRO oy on fy t ey Direction of major Direction of minor a) Active state mince sess“ pial sens Compression eines 50 ey, 2 x oy Lo, Syne! ai h ey ey Direction of minor am b) Passive state pF | principal stress 1 Direction of major principal stress Fig.3.5 Development of active and passive state Earth Pressures and Retaining Wallsa oversee ai Renee Gee ©, on Ge vertical plane 48 we £ 8 Renee othe sertcad see AB oe OK egtte + my ts exes, o Heyden, Wher, A, ~ Comttiacane of carts yowenee ot st Me wel i cerned, ther wel expats (Rieter F poesewes wertue! mie 08 Db Oe prem tom meee Y senile : Pe preset tae os wench Wf the SE sine bee grmualty darcrnent sett the Sin Dette te tne 48 the pce On Se stl ews a Dias phen ane PE, thom see oot comin vather ‘thite Soe comment) tes prenenen OAD premaey sed Os Revere ae fer Raton 6 Dee et tear Mase of ae demegrenes and Oe Freer.» ‘ ote fy eet combewn sah oa . 2 bom porenes coat on ws) Ow 7 - oe te fe he form of 5 wostge tatind He te — sit et ee ee . ertass wade of he gon tnt De wed Comey ay eames ested paw ~ The mame sau of tamer persnues = @ & a wh tate fosters os cathed Se peewee Bah preeeurs w ate of toe wn ane ot ee ok entighans titi Ven we te Rann ps ous of plums ewer nem BAD WALL VELDENG ABOUT Bast We tomtom of a wall tone te earn onward amd toy ie fined ws shemwn m Fig EA, the with Gain oy stoner sineng wore sing arte omen the 6M Nemes Ae Keituon the beeacem gers cited ont Ge cae of pate gehen eterna, wie tt ag OMe kn 9 ee oh hn emtorne, A Nat thew of Fommcaon bmgmenreyFig. 3.6 Tn such ‘ase theoreisal and experineal work has concluded that the surface of sliding starts at (Fig, 3.6a) at an angle 45° +f with the horizontal and then it becomes steeper until it intersects the ground surface at i 3 m right angle. The cae of pressure against the wall is roughly parabolic instead Trae ig. 3. a In such case the distribution of pressure is roughly pa active pressure P, act ata height varying fiom 0.45 7 The coefficient of H i.e. (0.45 or 0.55) is denoted by 7, ( Mechanics Literature. Based on experimental results, it has been estimated that the resultant active thrust acts\at 0.5 7. The average value ofthe coefficient 7, is 0. This pressure is slightly greater than Coulomb's active pressure p, and is greater by 10 per cent ie. p, = required to achi Similar investigation regarding the effect of ‘pushing the bottom of the wall towards the soil have shown that the susface of sliding starts at & (Fig 3.8) at an angle bolic and the resultant 0.55 H above the base. Fig 3.7) by most of Soil -1*p,. A 0.1 percent movement of the top of wall is ve this state. 45° —$ withthe horizontal and then i also intersect the ground surface at a right 2 angle. . 3.7 Point of application of active thrust ” Earth Pressures and Retaining Wallscy Fig.3.8 Wall fixed at top passive case The corresponding distribution of pressure is shown in Fig 3.8, This phenomenon is known as arching passive case. Figure 3.9 below shows the state of stresses on the base and the side of the prism CA (Fig. 3.5) at depth z in a Mohr circle. The vertical stress oy, is the principal stress. OP and OQ are the two Mohr envelopes satisfying the Coulomb's equation of shear strength. Initially the stresses ©, and o, are the major and minor principal stresses. The points A and B in the diagram respectively denote these stresses at rest condition. Assume the vertical stress is held constant and the horizontal stress is decreased. By doing this the point A of the Mohr circle is shifted to position 4’ and the diameter of the Mohr circle is increased Failure envelope Fig.3.9 Development of active state ‘A Text Book of Foundation Engineering— If the process of decreasing the horizontal stress is continued, a limiting condition is reached where the Mohr circle would be tangential to the Mohr envelope at a Certain diameter corresponding to the point A" as shown in the Fig.3.9. At this Condition the soil mass is at the verge of failure. After achieving this condition it would not be possible to decrease the magnitude of the horizontal stress because the soil would have been failed already before attempting to do so. This limiting condition of failure is called the Rankine’s Active State of Plastic Equilibrium and the magnitude of horizontal stress OA" (7, ) at this condition is known the Active Earth Pressure and denoted by the symbol p,.. Figure 3.10 shows the stress condition in a soil mass in active State. From the figure, Pp, = OE =OC-CE CE =CD=CB=OCsing Pa = OC-OCxsing = OC(I~sing) 3.12) Also, oy =OB=0C+CB=0Cx(1+sing) (3.12a) From the Eqs.(3.12) and (3.12a) we can have, 3.126) Pe Fig.3.10 Stress condition in active state lesing Or, oe-[ Gt ov Or Pa=Kaxoy =Kyx xz e120) Earth Pressures and Reining VoIf the process of decreasing the horizontal stress is is reached where the Mohr circle would be tan; Certain diameter corresponding to the point A" as shown in the Fig.3.9. At this Condition the soil mass is at the verge of failure, After achieving this condition it would not be possible to decrease the magnitude of the horizontal stress because the soil would have been failed already before attempting to do so. continued, a limiting condition ential to the Mohr envelope at a This limiting condition of failure is called the Rankine’s Active State of Plastic Equilibrium and the magnitude of horizontal stress OA" (c,,) at this condition is Known the Active Earth Pressure and denoted by the symbol 2. Figure 3.10 shows the stress condition in a soil mass in active state. From the figure, P, =OE =OC~CE CE=CD=CB=0Csing Pa =OC-OCxsing = OC(1 ind) (3.12) Also, Gy =OB =0C+CB=0Cx(1+sing) G.12a) From the Eqs.(3.12) and (3.12a) we can have, G.12b) 1, . , b : 2 Pe c oy Fig.3.10 Stress condition in active state 1=sin' or, o-[teaet jew a On Pa=Kaxoy =Kax1xz . part Presursend Reng osIf the process of decreasing the horizontal stress is continued, a limiting condition is reached where the Mohr circle would be tangential to the Mohr envelope at a ig.3.9. At this This limiting condition of failure is called the Rankine’s Active State of Plastic Equilibrium and the magnitude of horizontal stress OA" (cr, ) at this condition is known the Active Earth Pressure and denoted by the symbol p,.. Figure 3.10 shows the stress condition in a soil mass in active state, From the figure, a P,=OE=0C-CE CE =CD=CB=OCsing Pa =OC-OCxsinp=OC(1-sing) @.12) Also, Gy =OB=0C+CB=0Cx(1+sin) G.12a) From the Eqs.(3.12) and (3.12a) we can have, Pz _\-sing oy 1+sing G.12b)“Se Tsing 7a" (65° ~$/2) and is known as the coefficient of earth pressure. As in the istributi i Soils is also triangular. In the Mohr ciele naastie Pro, the tne 2D pares ie the failure plane and is inclined at an angle of (45° + 6/2) with the i ajor principal plane. The failure planes or the slip lines are shown in Fig3.11. These lines make an angle of (45° + /2) to the major principal plane Which is horizontal in this case. ay ° 45° + 9/2 ae ey Fig.3.11 Stress condition in active state 3.6.2 Passive Earth Pressure Figure 3.12 shows the state of stresses on the base and the side of the prism CA, (Fig. 3.5) at depth z ina Mohr circle. The vertical stress 0, is the principal stress. OP and OQ are the two Mohr envelopes satisfying the Coulomb’s equation of 8 a shear strength. Initially the stresses a, and oj, are the major and minor principal stresses. The points A and B in the diagram respectively denote these stresses at rest condition, The Circle 1 indicates the in-situ condition; point A indicates the horizontal stress while the point B indicates the vertical stress. Assume the vertical stress is held constant and the horizontal stress is now increased. By doing this, the point A of the Mohr circle is shifted to position 4° toward right as shown in Fig.3.12. ‘The diameter of the Mohr circle is decreased in the initial phase will be zero when it equals to the vertical stress and then is increased continuously with the increase in the horizontal stress. If the process of increasing the horizontal stress is continued, a limiting condition is reached where the Mohr circle would be Mohr envelope at a certain diameter corresponding to the point tangential to the A as shown in the Fig.3.12. ‘A Text Book of Foundation EngineeringFallure envelope Falure envelcbe Fig.3.12 Development of passive state o At this condition the soil mass is at the verge of failure. After achieving this condition, it would not be possible to increase the magnitude of the horizontal stress because the soil would have been failed already before attempting to do so. This limiting condition of failure is called the Rankine's Passive State of Plastic Equilibrium and the magnitude of horizontal stress ©, at this condition is known the Passive Earth Pressure and denoted by the symbol Po. Figure 3.13 shows the stress condition in a soil mass in passive state. From the figure, Pp =OC+CE = OC+CD =OC+OCxsind =OC(I+sing) Also, 0, = OB = OC - BC = OC -CD =0C-0Cxsing OES ° Beas © ae Fig.13 Sess condition in passive state ; 00x(1-5i LIBRARY ee teen) Institute of Engineenng Dee Assing ®urwanchal Campus. Oharan oy” I=sinFig3.12 Development of passive state a At this condition the soil mass is at the verge of failure. After achieving this condition, it would not be possible to increase the magnitude of the horizontal stress because the soil would have been failed already before attempting to do so. This limiting condition of failure is called the Rankine’s Passive State of Plastic Equilibrium and the magnitude of horizontal stress o, at this condition is known the Passive Earth Pressure and denoted by the symbol p,, Figure 3.13 shows the stress condition in a soil mass in passive state. From the figure, Pp =OC+CE = OC +CD =OC+OCxsing =OC(1+ sing) Also, , = OB = OC — BC = OC -CD =0C-OCxsing Fig.3.13 Stress condition in passive state ‘Therefore, =0C%(1-sing LIBRARY ee Institute of Engineenrg Pp _l+sing ®uewanchal Campus. Driaran oy I-sing Earth Pressures and Retalning Walls wmFig3.12 Development of passive state o At this condition the soil mass is at the verge of failure. After achieving this condition, it would not be possible to increase the magnitude of the horizontal stress because the soil would have been failed already before attempting to do so. This limiting condition of failure is called the Rankine’s Passive State of Plastic Equilibrium and the magnitude of horizontal stress 07, at this condition is known the Passive Earth Pressure and denoted by the symbol pp Figure 3.13 shows the stress condition in a soil mass in passive state, From the figure, Pp =OC+CE = OC+CD =OC+0Cxsing =OC(1+sing) Also, 0, = OB = OC - BC = OC -CD =0C-0Cxsing 2 Biya © eS ‘ Fig.3.13 Stress condition in passive state iY ‘Therefore, oy = OCx(1-sind) et earao = itsing ‘erinwanchal Campus, Dharan oy 1-sing[ssn os me [ SS laoy Pr=Kpxoy =Kpxyxz Where, Kem j2Stttan?( 4502472) This coefficient K pis known as the coe @.3) Mficient of passive earth pressure. As in the Pressure in case of soils is also triangular. In the Mohr circle shown in Fig 3. 1S, the line ED comesponds tothe failure plane and Fig.3.14_ Failure planes in passive case ‘These lines make an angle of (45°-$) to the minor principal plane, which is horizontal in the passive condition. ini is ‘The height of the wall is Zand the i 3.15 a retaining wall is shown. J 9 pte ei pe tb te i f ight ofthe wall below water i ‘of the wall is g per unit area. The height re it weight of the sand water table is y, and that below table je.Z, :/Theyenit weight aPressure due to surcharge Fig3.15 Rankine’ active earth pressure in partially submerged sand CASE1 Consider a depth z, such that z is less than Z,. Then the earth pressure at depth z is given by: Pz=Kax(1x2+a) Whenz=Z,, p2=Kax(1*21+9) CASE Consider a depth z, such that z is greater Z,. Then the earth pressure at depth z is given by: Pz Whenz=Z,, pz=Kax(11*Zi +4) Whenz =Z,+Z,, pz=Kax11.*Zi+Ka*Ysat(2~Z1)+KaX pz =Kyx1exZit aX *Za + aX ox r21 +a (2-21) 49) Or, pz =KyxTaXZi + Ka%(Yoab+¥w )*22 #4 v or, pz = Kar HD+ Kat *Z2 +Ka Tw Za *Ka 4 ‘As shear strength of water is zero, and then value of Ka in the third term of the ‘above equation is unity. Hence, i pz KaxrrXZi+Ka* tad *Z2 4122+ Kad G14) : The following conditions can exist. dry or nd. hi In this case, depth Z, Z and g=0. Hence, 1 pz=KaxnXZ i Earth Pressures and Retaining Walls i: P2=KaxYuupXZ +7 xZ i Or moist and carries surcharge Inthis case, depth Z,-0, Z, = Z, Hence, Pz=KaxyxZ)+Kyxq Soil is completely submerged and caries surcharge In this case, depth Z; = 0, Z,=Z., Hence, Pz =KaxYsup XZ + Yw XZ+K, xq Fig 3.16 shows two layers of homogeneous cohesionless soil (dry or moist) with thicknesses D,and D,, units weights 7, and y,, and angle of intemal frictions #rand g,, respectively. The shearing stresses on horizontal and vertical planes are zero and hence the stresses on horizontal and vertical planes are principal stresses. A Fig 3.16 Effect of soil stratification Consider a depth z, such that 2< D,, then, pz =Karx11*2 When z=D,, pz=Ka xnxDp BB. This pressure in Fig 3.16 is represented by BB. m+ Text Book of Foundation EngineeringConsider a depthz, such that 2> D, th : 5 then, surcharge atthe interface of layers is q=7, pi x1x2x cosi=Kp xyxz Kp =Kp! xcosi Fig.3.20 Passive earth pressure Mobt’s circle in sloping backfill cosi+eosi-cos* cosi-y/cos%i—cos? and is known as the coefficient of passive earth pressure. Direction of Failure Planes (Passive Case) —If a and a, are the inclinations of failure planes with horizontal as shown in Fig.3.21 then, Caren ay = 0p +0, Where, Kp =cosix y= 20-1 eel “ae ‘Earth Pressures and Retaining Walls aBu 6p = 450-4 2 Hence, a, = (45 -2 i a, = (45) Bp similarly, ay = 659-8, Where, siny =>. cP a yet, ee 2 ‘Active Case P=Py=KayHl Passive Case P=Pp=KpyH rae ive casein sloping backfill301 Active Case 2 the Mohr’s circle in which point B indi vertical ton shows th ’s circle in which point B indicates the verti _E eens he i pee The cl ge envelope. ‘case the relation between p, and 0, is given by: mn Pa =Kaxoy -2xex/Kq G17) Pa=Kaxyxz-2xex Ka eae Where, K, =1=8i96 - tan( 4st -# T+sing 2 In the above Eq.(3.18) when Z =0, Fig3.23 ‘Mohr Circle in Active Case in Cohesive Soil Pa e-2xex Ka ‘The negative sign indicates that the pressitt is negative and tensile. As a result cae tat se ap between backs and wal, Te esl sess decreases wit te increasing value of. When 2 =2c1 8» Po 0. 2 Kg x 1x20 -2x0% Ka Or, 0 = (Ka x1%20-2%6 be hax 7220 “2*° 2x6. G.19) On, °K IKe EarthThe depth 20 is tension crac“ tt of ap between backfil and wall, and is known as rack along the length of wall toa depth a defined bythe or Come ese? bee Distribution — Fig 3.24 shows the pressure distribution behind a wal by. ne * cohesive backfill. The total resultant active earth pressure Py is given P, # J(Kuxrez-2%0% JK )xae % 1 nyo [dekyxret rex JE] 9, Ke | a . = 2 “ie agit tefiat Fig.3.24 Pressure diagram in active case in cohesive soil Py : : : aes tc] en] By=[ Pek prt doth Ky ] é (3.20a) : {| «2 ¥ Y ‘Text Book of Foundation Engineering [penn arent]MOPAR TARE aeons fs te? For, # =0, the Ea. (3.208) reduces to: , pont? mont] 2a? ak Ong KaxreH2—2xcxH x /Ky_ OnLy pepe, 2x0 Pane we @21) For, ¢ = 0, the Eq. (3:21) reduces to: Ho=4e8- 252, G2) 3.10.2. Passive Case Figure 325 shows the Mohr’s circle in which point B indicate the vertical stress and point represents the passive pressure. The wall canis s anne, Surcharge. : i i Fane emeine A See TS ' ray 4 : Z e ; a beats +———1, +0, —__+ 2 Fig325. Mois circle in pssve casein cohesive si Earth Pressures and Rewwinng VoiThe olrcle is tangent to the failure envelope, Fe hang pe. For this case the relation between p, Pa=Kpxay +2xe/Kp +qxKp (3.23) Kyo Ltn af gge Tmsing "(45 +f The ined by i = resultant passive earth pressure Py is obtained by integrating Eq 3.23, Ty [[iixraa+axeVR aut) 0 1H Bra[ Derastan +2xcn20 Rp +qxz¥k lb Bp = Lxyxt?xKp +2xexHx/Rp +qxHxKp (3.24) For, # = 0, the Eq.(3.24) reduces to: Poa diya? 42xexH +qxH 3.25) For soils below the water table, the submerged unit weight is to be used 3.10.3 Pressure Distribution Figure 3.26 given below shows the pressure distribution behind a wall retaining a cohesive backfill in passive case. elk + ak Li. thy + 25fkp +a, " Pregsure diagram in passive case in cohesive Soil34L1 General {etal wedge method of mals is shown in F327. The flowing sep are wo ‘be followed to make the analysis. Step 1 —a.mass of sil behind the wal is considered asa fre body. The force P. which must exist between the fre body and the wall, is found by writing the ‘equation of equilibrium for the free body as a whole. Step 2 ~ a different free body is considered, having a different boundary through the soil. Once again the required force between the wall andthe free body i found Step 3 — the actual force against the wall will be the largest value of P found as the result of considering all possible free bodies.Fig3.28 Trial wedge method for active case The forces acting at the free body LJM are: Weight of the wedge = pxArea UMxy =5xIMxDoxy = bettsconcttey afayat? xco co resultant of distributed stresses between soil and wall N — = __ resultant of normal stresses within soil along assumed f, ov plane wall = resultant of shear stresses within soil along assumed plane wall = Nxtand ‘Considering the equilibrium of the wedge and referring the force polygon ‘we have by sine rule, ‘Text Book of Foundation EngineeringoF, = Wxtan(o-4) biLige ye or, Pa =2XxH? xcotgxtan(0-$) 3.26) Now the problem is to find out the maximum value of P which would give the value of earth: pressure in active case. This is done by differentiating P with Tespect to @ and equating to zero. Then: Fa Lo, 8 Ba bey Ht? | 000-9), soto_|_ sin2e cos2(0-6) =sin(@—9)cos(0 - 4) +sin@cos@ _ [sin@cos(0- 9)]° 5 Or, -sin2(@—-¢)=-sin2@ Or, _sin{l80-2(6-4) Or, — {180--2(0-¢) Or, —{90-(0-9)}=8 Or, 90=20-¢ 20-9 =90° 2.0450 48 Substituting the value of @ in Eq.(3.26) we get, Fa = Pere xcot(45°+$ tl 2-4) 45 By =}xryxH? xtan?(45° -$) G27 ‘This relation is same as that obtained from Rankine’s Theory. Passive case - The equation is derived as follows. A planar failure wedge JM is Nn ‘There are distributed normal stresses along LJ and JM and ‘shear stresses along JM. The resultant of these stresses are carried out ‘in the analysis. In this case, the force F acts above the normal and the angle ‘between the force F and weight W” will be (0 +4) “The forces acting at the free body W/M are: + Earth Pressures and Reining Ves 0‘Weight of the wedge ek 1 1 pe Area BMY = xIMxUxy =x Heatox xy =dnyat? xcot P= ‘esultant of distributed stresses between soil and wall N= resultant of normal stresses within soil along assumed plane wall T= ‘sultant of shear stresses within soil along assumed plane wall = Nxtang ‘Considering the equilibrium of the wedge and refering the force polygon we have, Pp = Jaya? xcotoxtan(0+6) 3.28) ‘Now the problem is to find out the maximum value of P to fail the wedge in the active case. This is done by differentiating Pp with respect to 0 and equating to zero. Then: Ge as 0 piel Per ooo, 0 cos?(0+4) ie ~sin(0 + #)cos(0 +9) +sin cos [sin 9cos(9 - ¢)|? Or, — ~sin2(0+)=-sin20 or, Or, Or, Or, Or, 204+9=90° Or, @=45° -t & "Substituting the value of @ in Eq.(3.29) we get, Bea bert? o(459-$) tn[ sof) Bp aferdita? out)Coulomb's made the following assumptions in the development of his theory. The assumptions are: * The soil is isotropic and homogeneous, * The surface of rupture is a plane. © The failure wedge is a rigid body. * There is friction between backfill and the wall, * Back of wall need not be vertical © Failure is two dimensional, * The soil is cohesioniess. * Coulomb’s equation of shear strength is valid, Coulomb made his derivation based on limit equilibrium approach. 3.12.2 Active Case Figure 3.29 below shows the cross section ofa retaining wall, Equilibrium analysis Of failure wedge ABC involves: * Weight of wedge ABC (magnitude and direction known) * _ P, (direction known, magnitude unknown) * 8 (direction known, magnitude unknown) Hence, the triangle of forces can be drawn and P, can be determined. ‘Weight of We ABC — From A ABC, ‘Area of A ABC= = ADxBC BC _ sin(a+B) bs AB sin(0-B) = sin(a+B) as e-—) Earth Pressures and Retaining WallsoT ero9rl aitl to snomgolavsh Direction of wail s fern eruseze sumed ai ie fe8 gnivollfabee Plane: <'declio> evosnano gg Isoinev 9d 100, ras lew to Asse SR Casal Nie emt eS eri ovr aio Again, AD = AB sinff80®2 (2 6)}' AB sin(a +0) bile 2i pga anode nolteupe.s'deralin(a +B) aie jest ciineipee ri aae eich sin(a +B) Z_len(a + 6) zievlons muindilivpa Mew 8 iyo 52 201g il ale * W=yxV Flsin(a + sin(® — (evrorol noitostib bne obutingem}"s ine filew iostsisW = Triangle of Forces fdr WyPymmbRov/o0 soiizeb) « *. AABC = send aviioA LSLE 2sin J OLE surgi (630) sybo —PBhonismipiob od neo Bs ewan od sano esoicl Yo slyasis ait o¢paffy sin(@-#) _ sin(180° -(@-4)+(0-8)}] Eatin vse 30) 331) eK) ney EEG et e v $$ $§_— (3.32a) aa {amas 3 singe = oan 20+ p—a+8) In order to get the maximum value of Po,fr019 aM eworle wotod OF.£ siwaiT DBA A ment DEA A 10 sav DEA ayboW Yo intgiow ‘ = GAA toank Qs DY Mie og i ES carers (8+ 0) ni Fat = O8AA 5 ye? sin’ eee ir Fania OFS) y alee eB M Bik até” oi sa anaes): oe A bn 95,27 v0 ex10 10 aegis glut oaiz od? mort oe G0) GeA@hgyoatinie + foe Where, Ky = an 38 p50 Aa PwinkA BY brispyninurisedu2 ARGS: Te G33) (0 +0) nie ~ B=@ (evelea Bacttateayr 6 (a8 Wan friction poate wall), = sin,‘The point of application of P, is ata distance ort 3.123 Passive Case Figure 3.30 below ‘shows the cross sectiot From A ABC, above the base of the wall. n of a retaining wall. Areaof AABC=1.ADxBC BC _ sin(a+p) AB sin@=f) « BC apsin(@+B) See aes Again, AD = ABsin{180° —(a +6)} = ABsin (a+ 0) Weight of Wedge ABC sin (a +B) # Areaof AABC=> ABsin(a+0)xanSG+D ue sa(e+6) 3.34) 2 Wayxves™ AG neers) ¢ Triangle of Forces for W, Pp and R From the sine rule, . = . sin(@+9) sin[1809 - (+4) +(a+8)}] Substituting the value of W from the Eq.(3.34) into (3.35) we get, : me fi, yee ne 636) | a ee sin @- .In order to get the maximum value of Pp, 2, 38 a sin?(a-9) ee Gavan) 2, pines Soenl9 +B). sPoance1 ey 2 yH Or, Pp Di (3.37) Earth Pressures and Reaning WolsWhere, Kp = p 338) sin Sanh eeeeaT ., ea in (a+ Note: try =o When, B = 0 (leveled backfilled), 6 = d (no vi friction) and a = 90° (vertical interface between wall and peel thet = o0- “ortaal ing The point of application of Py is at distance of +! above the base ofthe wal. 3.13.1 Active Case In this method a rethning wall is drawn to a suitable scale as shown in the Fig3.31. Tr the procedure Dray in at ante with tre horas [1 @+ ania + opie] © Lay offon AE distances AV, Al, A2, A3 etc to a suitable scale to represent the weightof wedges ABV, ABI, AB2, ABS, and (ee) Re LAs glbolina ef GA onil aT JA onit ort oF (49) of trups alyno ne tk OARo ved. oni (AD jto-the line AE. The line © ” Draw’ lines parallel to AD froni’pdiht8°V, \1, 2, 3 to intersect the assumed lines AV, Al, A2, A3 at points V’, 1’, 2°, 3° ete respectivebys2 ovieesq oitoittenos {noidqerg e'nrontlud” SLERI * Join points V’, 1’, 2", 3° etc by a smooth curve which is the auool suseeorq opresdarddoous's Moor & yd of "B.C. wainiog mol « orl} of insannt onié olStidetithe poltte Ooh spresstite locus MUCH éhde'thE tangent to the curve is parallel to'thespilitie2A !ollstnq el 97109 ati ni “29 Yo sbewindDraweTC Uparaltél 10 the pressure ihe "AD. THe’ tdgnitiide of CC’ in its nattirabwniitscpives-the abive présviird Py.!®" anit 2i DA oni! on’ .Foinl ACSeandiproduce!wo-mieer the sifted lof the Baekfill at C. AC is the rupture line, aml saan [BARR Passive Case @TUD CIDA GHA 2. “In this method a retaining wall is drawn to a suitablejisgals: gaisbown iis the abe £F£ vid ni,mworle 2i noitsveox9 by | f f fie Arogedtngres chic to. ode eates fA HBB: elow the horizontals qj noiivve wi bee Ed a “Ad At eterto,aauitable goale to represent:the ABZIABWARALendSAOM 01 6 end ten! I line atAD an Angle equal to (+5) to the line AE. The line AD is called sep intersect the weight AD from points, 3,4 i vectors A2, A3, A4 at points 2°, 4" ene o Fig 3.32 Culmann's graphical construction passive case ‘© Join points, 2’, 3°, 4° etc by a smooth curve which is the pressure locus. '* Select the point C’ on pressure locus curve such that the line tangent to the curve is parallel to the @-line AE. ‘© Draw CC’ parallel to the pressure line AD. The magnitude of CC’ in its natural units gives the passive pressure Pp. Join AC". The line cuts the surface ofthe backfill st C. The line AC i the rupture line. 3.14.1 Arching in Soils “The lateral support in a braced excavation is shown in Fig 3.33. The earth Pressire iis greatest about of side the cut. Bae cooceeeve be ‘of the supports