Techniques for optimal Placement of Electric Vehicle
Charging Stations: A review
Sohail Ahmad Parah
2023 International Conference on Power, Instrumentation, Energy and Control (PIECON) | 979-8-3503-9976-9/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/PIECON56912.2023.10085887
Department of Electrical Engineering
Jamia Millia Islamia
New Delhi, India
Sohailparah11@gmail.com
Abstract— The excess uses of conventional vehicles are the
major concern to deteriorate our environment. The excess
releases of greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels are
the key factors responsible for global warming. Therefore most
countries like Saudi Arabia, the USA, India, etc, and their
policymakers think that conventional Vehicles must be
replaced by electrical vehicles. Electric vehicles play a
significant role in improving air quality, energy security, and
economic opportunity. The placement of charging station is a
complex problem involving a number of constraints, decision
variables and objective functions. Therefore, for solving non-
linear and complex nature of the charging station placement
researchers apply different optimization algorithms. This
review paper focuses on the optimal placement of electric
vehicle charging station planning using different optimization
techniques by various researchers.
Keywords— charging station, distributed generations electric
vehicles, and electric vehicle charging station.
I. INTRODUCTION
Traditional vehicles are the main causes of pollution due
to the release of greenhouse gases emissions. Traditional
vehicles harm the ecology and create various health issues.
Delhi is one of the most polluted states in India, almost 89%
of the public are not feeling good or feel sick due to bad
quality of air and it is considered traditional vehicles are the
main cause of pollution [1]. Researchers and policymakers
think that there is must be an urgent need for an alternative
mode of transport and environmental friendly in the form of
electric vehicles. The transition from traditional vehicles to
electric vehicles has a lot of benefits like environmental and
economic benefits. The dependency on fossil fuels and oil
decreases while using electric vehicles over conventional
vehicles. The Co2 gas emission can be reduced by using
electric vehicles [2]. The electric vehicle sector is growing
day by day very quickly. It is considered that in 2030 there
will be almost 18.7 million electric cars therefore almost 9.6
million charging stations (CSs) are required [3]. Although
electric vehicles have a lot of advantages there are also
certain issues for optimal placement. For the large
acceptance of electric vehicles and charging the battery, there
should be a charging station (CS). If the CS is not efficiently
placed then there will be power losses and voltage
degradation. Researchers focus on optimal locations of
electric vehicle CS for reducing electric vehicles CS
construction cost and increasing grid efficiency. In the last
few years, there has been a lot of research for the optimal
placement of EVCS. In [4] for optimal placement and aid in
decision making two metrics have been involved for
investigation is quantitative and qualitative. Different
979-8-3503-9976-9/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE
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Majid Jamil
Department of Electrical Engineering
Jamia Millia Islamia
New Delhi, India
mjamil@jmi.ac.in
solutions were examined based on simulation and machine
learning. The Greenfield and Austin area of Bengaluru are
used for comparing solutions with traditional approaches. A
different class of Gaussian distribution and clustering
solutions were evaluated. The urban and EV owner
perspectives were considered. In [5] for EVCS placement a
framework of machine learning is developed in order to
examine spatial disparities. In literature the analysis of
mostly used Optimization techniques are shown in figure 1
[6]. For placement of EVCS problem, the comparative
overview of mostly used optimization techniques is given in
table 1.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: section II
discusses PSO, GA is discussed in section III, section IV
discusses IP, section V discusses ACO, section VI discusses
CSO, hybrid algorithms are discussed in section VII, section
VIII discusses Cplex software program, IX section discusses
GWO, section X discusses future research directions and
section XI concludes this paper.
II. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
PSO is encouraged by social behavior of the swarm. In 1995
Eberhart and Kennedy proposed PSO [7]. The two
methodologies used by PSO are artificial life and
evolutionary computation. In artificial life, food is searched
in a cooperative way by the swarm. In a swarm, each
member learns experience and search pattern to locate food.
In PSO each solution is referred as a particle. PSO has the
ability to provide high efficiency compared to other
techniques. As compared to the Genetic Algorithm, PSO has
fast convergence. In [8] PSO is used for optimal planning
for EVCS based on running and construction cost by
considering traffic flow and geographic information as
constraints. In [9] PSO is used for optimal placement and
DGs are used for minimization of losses. The proposed
technique is implemented for 15, 33, 69 and 85 IEEE bus
system. In [10] PSO is used for V2G charging station for
optimal placement in the grid during peak period by varying
coefficients. In [11] for optimal placement and optimal
capacity of EVCS a methodology is proposed by using PSO
for unbalanced Radial Distribution system. This work also
explains RDS effect with respect to real power losses and
voltage profile and also additional DGs are used. In radial
distribution system DER and EVCS are placed as an optimal
location and for optimization problems objective function is
power loss and solved by using PSO [12]. The main
disadvantage of PSO is easy divergence and low precision.

Figure.1. Analysis of optimization techniques.
III. Genetic Algorithm (GA)
GA is inspired through natural selection. The selection,
mutation, and crossover are three basic operators [13].
Among two individuals best fitness value is chosen by the
selection operator and genes are then passed to next-
generation [13]. The mating between two individuals is
represented by the crossover operator [13]. The diversity of
the population is maintained by the mutation operator and
also premature convergence is avoided by the mutation
operator [13]. For city traffic networks an optimal method is
proposed in [14] using GA. In this method, transportation
cost is minimized by using the grid partition method. The
constraints in this method are station capacity and traffic
density. The optimal solution is not obtained because for
optimization, the cost function is not considered. In [15], for
optimal locations using improved GA, a model is introduced
in which transportation and investment cost is considered. In
[16] the feeder energy loss and investment cost are
minimized by using a multi-objective approach. The IEEE-
33 distribution system is used to test this approach and
comparison is done between GA and hierarchical GA. In
[17], the cost of transportation and investment cost are
reduced using modified GA for optimal location. In [18], for
optimal placement hybrid GA is utilized by optimizing
investment and travelling cost. In [19], the probe data of the
taxi is taken into account for location of charging station.
The probe data of taxi is a history of taxi such as speed and
position.
IV. Integer Programming (IP)
IP is an optimization technique in which all or few variables
are referred as integers. The term LIP is that in which
constraints and objective functions are linear in nature.
While as mixed MIP is when some variables are treated as
an integer. In [20], the transportation cost, CS placement
cost and charging cost is minimized by designing an IP
model. In [21], for CS location MIP model is designed in
which travelling distance is reduced therefore range anxiety
problem is reduced and integration of EVs is improved. For
showcases implementation the selected metropolitan areas
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are Chicago and Seattle. In this paper only travelling
distance is reduced. In [22] MIP technique is used for
placement of EVCS in which parking demand and travelling
cost is treated as objectives. Only optimal zones are
identifies for placement of CS. In [23] the two step model is
developed. In first step by using hierarchical clustering
analysis, the information is collected on highways in
“demand clusters”. In second step for location, LP technique
is used by taking cost related factors and constraints. For EV
users travelling cost is not considered by LIP. In [24] for
solving placement problem of EVCS the game theory model
was build and later it was transformed into LIP model.
Finally dual path algorithm is used to solve the model in
order to make process strong viable and easy. During
modeling problem the important factors such as road
network, capacity constraints, traffic flow, and structure of
distribution network are not considered. In [25] for
expansion distribution network problem and sitting and
sizing of CS, a mathematical approach is suggested. In order
to solve the problem MIP technique is used in which
constraint is voltage limit. The stochastic problems cannot
solve by IP, hence become disadvantage of IP.
V. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)
ACO is that type of algorithm that mimics trailing behavior
of ants. During walking ant releases pheromones and
direction of many pheromones is followed by each ant [26].
In [27] for optimal placement in distribution system ACO is
used to optimize cost which includes cost of line power loss,
travelling cost and operating cost. The constraint is taken as
preserving power system security and traffic flow. The
IEEE-69 bus is used in order to check results. For
optimization Hybrid ACO and bees are employed in which
traffic conditions taken as constraints [28]. In this hybrid
technique CS cost is minimized and also distribution power
loss is minimized. In [29] distribution network transmission
loss is minimized by using ACO.
VI. Chicken Swarm Optimization (CSO)
CSO is bio-inspired optimization that mimics the behavior
of chickens in swarm [30]. Based on chicken fitness values,
chicken population is divided into hens, dominant rooster
and chicks. The least strength chickens are called chicks,
chickens with intermediate strength designated as hens and
the highest strength chickens are called roosters. The
relationship between mother and child is randomly
established. After every N time steps the relationship
between mother-child and hierarchal order is updated. In
[31] for operation and planning of CS a novel CSO is used.
The three scenarios examined for operation of CS are
coordinated charging, uncoordinated charging and
bidirectional V2G. The IEEE-33 bus is used for testing
purpose.
VII. Hybrid Algorithms
Hybrid algorithms is that type of algorithms in which two or
more algorithms combines in order to solve same problem.
In [32] for optimal solution a hybrid solution is used which
is an amalgamation of TLBO and CSO. The cost is
 Table.1 Review analysis of optimization techniques

Optimization Author References Inspiration Advantages Challenges

techniques where technique
is used

Particle Swarm Eberhart and PSO is inspired from Simple computation and Early convergence and High
Optimization(PSO) Kennedy foraging and social good for multi-objective chances to get stuck in local
[8], [9], [10], behavior of swarm. optimization. optima.
[11], [12]

Genetic algorithm Goldberg and GA is inspired by GA is stochastic and easy For placement and sizing
(GA) Holland. natural selection. to implement. problem GA is computationally
[14], [15], [16, expensive that is time-
[17],[18], [19] consuming.
Ant colony Marco and Dorigo ACO is inspired by Performs better compare Uncertain time convergence.
optimization the foraging behavior to ACO other global
(ACO) [28], [29] of ants. optimization techniques.

Chicken swarm X.Meng, Yu Liu, CSO is encouraged In terms of optimization Convergence speed is slow and
optimization (CSO) X.Gao, and H. by the behavior of robustness and accuracy difficult to achieve global
Zhang. chicken in a swarm. CSO achieve good optimal solutions.
[31] optimization results.

Gray wolf S.Mirjalili. GWO is inspired by Easy to implement Convergence rate is slow,
optimization the hunting compared to other solving accuracy low and bad
(GWO) [39] mechanism and techniques. local searching ability.
natural habit of gray
wolves.
Teaching Learning Rao RV and TLBO is inspired For operation any More space is required and
Based Kalyankar VD. algorithm based on algorithm parameter does computation time is more.
Optimization teaching-learning not required.
(TLBO) [33] process.

CPLEX Robert E. Bixby It is inspired from It solves constrained Optimization routines are
optimization honey bees by their problems efficiently. difficult to modify.
software package [34], [35] intelligent behavior.

Linear Integer George Dantzig - It solves different LIP is not applicable for
Programming combination of problems. stochastic problems.
(LIP) [20], [24]

Artificial bee Karaboga and - It is inspired from Simplicity and proper Requires new fitness tests on
colony (ABC) Basturk honey bees by their exploration ability. new algorithm parameters.
intelligent behavior.

considered as objective function. TLBO is combined with
grading mechanism of CSO due to which population
utilization rate improved. The solutions obtained by
TLBO CSO were better than TLBO and CSO. In [36] for
optimal location hybrid technique is introduced. This
technique is the combination of PSO and gray wolf
optimization. In order to improve reliability, minimize
power loss and maximize net profit of grid network, the
proposed hybrid technique is applied on IEEE-33 and
IEEE-34 bus system. In this paper capacitors are used to
improve voltage profile and minimize power loss. For
optimal placement hybrid algorithm is proposed based on
artificial intelligence approach [37]. This hybrid algorithm
is combination of Gray wolf optimization and PSO and
DGs are used for power minimization. This algorithm is
verified on 33 and 69 IEEE bus system.
VIII. Cplex Commercial software
Cplex is optimization commercial software package that
solves IP problems that uses either barrier interior point or
primal or dual variants of simplex method. In [36] Cplex
software is used for multi-period flow refueling location
model, but only location problems are highlighted in this
work. In [37] the transportation network is modeled with
graph theory in order to find shortest distance between
allocated CS and vehicle location. By using this model, at
each location the station size is optimized based on

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charging demand. The Cplex is used for solving
established model which reduces overall cost.
IX. Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO)
In the year 2014 Mirjalili etal introduced GWO[38]. The
leadership structure and hunting strategy of grey wolves in
nature served as inspiration for the GWO algorithm. Grey
wolves come in four fundamental varieties: alpha, beta,
delta, and omega. Leaders of the pack are the alpha grey
wolves. Both men and women could be the leaders. The
majority of grey wolf alphas are in charge of making
hunting decisions. The subordinate beta grey wolves
support the alpha grey wolves' choices and activities. The
victims are the omega grey wolves. Hunters, carers, and
others arrived at the delta grey wolf category. In [39]
GWO technique is used for optimal placement of fast CS
and GWO is tested on IEEE 34 bus system.
X. Future research directions
1) Wireless EV charging technology: This technology
charge electric vehicle automatically without use of
cables. The wireless charging solutions suffers from many
challenges and still in early stage. This technology for
upcoming years is new research area.
2) Integration of solar and wind energy with EVCS
placement and check feasibility analysis.
3) Different optimization and hybrid algorithms can be
used to solve EVCS problem: For charging placement
most of researchers use GA and PSO. For optimal
placement and get better results other techniques can be
used like CSO, TLBO, GWO, spider monkey
optimization, bat algorithm etc. Hybrid algorithm is still in
initial stage and provides far better solutions compared to
individual algorithms.
XI. Conclusion
This paper presents a literature review on optimal
placement of EVCS. In this work optimal placement is
based on different optimization techniques. The aim of
this study is to review the different algorithms for optimal
placement of EVCS. This work also helps researchers in
selecting suitable technique for optimal placement and
also helps in developing efficient technique for solving
optimal placement problem. Hybrid algorithms provides
far better solutions compared to stand- alone algorithms.
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