Notes

English-II
 Punctuation

1. Period (.)
Indicates that a thought or sentence is complete.
2. Question Mark (?)
Make a sentence into a question.
3. Exclamation (!)
Show emphasis or emotion in a sentence.
4. Ellipsis (…)
Omits parts of your writing.
5. Parentheses ( )
Enclose extra information in sentence.
6. Hyphen ( - )
Joins related words together to create compound words.
7. Apostrophe (‘)
Indicates that letters have become omitted or show a noun’s possession.
8. Comma ( , )
Provides pauses by separating parts of a sentence.
9. Colon ( : )
Introduces or points to related by text.
10. Semi Colon ( ; )
Connects two separate but related independent clauses.

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  Internet
The internet is a vast network the connects computer all over the world through
which people can share information and communicate from anywhere with an
internet is to move computerized data from one place to another.

 Advantages
1. For communication
2. To the information
3. For sending and receiving the information
4. It save time
5. It is used for entertainment
 Disadvantages
1. One of the main disadvantage of internet is cyber crime.
2. It has reduce job.
3. Too much use of internet can waste your time.
4. Loss of personal information.
5. Spread of fake news.

 Library
A library is a place where we can read or learn all types of knowledge and
information through books. We can say that a library is a collection of knowledge
and information for learning.
A library is a collection can include books near papers maps, documents and
information articles.

 Aim of Library
The aim of library is to provide a wide range of information to support learning
throughout in education career.
Library promotes reading and learning for life.

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  Advantages
1. The best place to get learning.
2. To keep yourself safe from bad habits.
3. For getting oceans of knowledge.
 Disadvantages
1. Limited number of books are available.
2. It is costly to build library.
3. People who live near library can only access.

 Write an application for fee concession.

The Chairman,
Department Physics,
MUST-AJK
Subject: Application for fee concession
Dear Madam/Sir,
My name is Nouman Hussain and I am a student of your university studying in
BS Physics. I belong to a very poor family, in which my father's monthly income
is only 7 to 8 thousand rupees. With this much income, it sometimes becomes
difficult to maintain the entire house when the house is 2 sisters and 1 brother.
Meanwhile, it becomes almost impossible for my father to pay the school fees
for both me and my sisters. Therefore, from the bottom of my heart, I request you
to kindly grant me a full fee concession. If you do this for me then my family will
be forever grateful to you.
Yours obediently,
X.Y.Z.

 What are Meeting Minutes?

Meeting minutes are notes that are recorded during a meeting. They highlight the
key issues that are discussed, motions proposed or voted on, and activities to be
undertaken. The minutes of a meeting are usually taken by a designated member of
the group. Their task is to provide an accurate record of what transpired during the
meeting.
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  Steps Involved in Recording Meeting Minutes
There are five main steps involved in recording the minutes of a meeting. They
are:

1. Pre-planning
2. Record-taking
3. Writing or transcribing the minutes
4. Sharing meeting minutes
5. Filing or storage of minutes for referencing in the future

 Pre-Planning
If a meeting is well-planned in advance, taking minutes will be a lot easier. That
said, the chairperson and the secretary or minutes-recorder should work together to
determine the agenda of the meeting beforehand. For example, the person recording
minutes could work with the chair to draft a document that will serve as an agenda
and provide the format for the meeting.

 Meeting Agenda
If it’s not possible for the chair and secretary to meet and come up with a draft,
then it’s up to the secretary to get a copy of the agenda before the meeting starts. The
meeting agenda will serve as a guide for how to take notes and prepare the minutes.
In addition, the agenda also includes other details, which need to be incorporated in
the minutes. They include:
Names of all the members present – includes guests and speakers
Documents that may be handed out as the meeting progresses, such as copies of a
list of proposals to be voted on

 Expectations
When an individual is chosen as the minutes recorder, it’s important for them to
know what is expected of them. Therefore, the individual should approach the chair
of the committee and ask what their role in the meeting will be. For example, if the

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meeting will involve proposing motions, the designated member should inquire as
to whether he should include the names of those proposing motions and those
seconding.

 What to Include in Meeting Minutes

Before recording any details, a designated minutes recorder should familiarize
themselves with the type of information that they should record. A group may be
using a specific format to record notes but, overall, the minutes of a meeting typically
include the following details:
 Date and time the meeting happened
 Names of attendees, as well as absent participants
 Acceptance of, or amendments made to, the previous meeting’s minutes
 Decisions made regarding each item on the agenda, such as:
 Activities undertaken or agreed upon
 Next steps
 Outcomes of elections
 Motions accepted or rejected
 New business
 Date and time of the next meeting

 The Process of Writing Meeting Minutes

When the meeting ends, the individual tasked with writing minutes should get all
the resources he needs to write up the minutes in a clear, presentable way. Here are
some tips to consider:
Once the meeting ends, don’t take too long to write the minutes. This way,
everything that took place in the meeting is still fresh in your mind.
Review the outline that had been created earlier and make adjustments where
necessary. This might include adding extra information or clarifying some of the
issues raised. Also, check to see that all verdicts, activities, and motions were clearly
recorded.

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 Revise the minutes and ensure they’re brief but clear.

 Distributing the Meeting Minutes

Once the secretary completes writing the minutes, he’s supposed to share them
with the group members. They can be shared online or through the cloud.
Considering that minutes and other types of documents can entail a lot of paperwork,
it may be preferable to use a paperless sharing approach.
For example, if the minutes recorder was documenting the minutes using Microsoft
Word, which does not offer online sharing, then they might consider using Google.

 Academic Writing
Academic writing, or scholarly writing, helps scholars present ideas, analyze
research and construct an effective argument. Though the purpose of scholarly
writing can vary among disciplines, this style of writing has many common features.
If you work in academia, you may benefit from knowing the characteristics and
categories of scholarly writing to help you publish your original work.
Academic writing is a formal style of writing that researchers and educators use in
scholarly publications. It focuses on evidence-based arguments and logical
reasoning to guide a reader's understanding of a subject. Writers can use this format
to identify and analyze a concept and propose a theory or rational conclusion.
Professionals may use scholarly writing differently depending on their field. For
example, scientists use this type of writing to explain their research and support their
findings, while literary critics use scholarly writing to make a convincing argument
through fact-based research.

9 Parts Of Speech
 Noun
Refers to the words or phrases that represent a person, a place, a thing or activity, or
a quantity or idea.

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E.g. dog, cat, elephant, school, work, town, Manila, teacher etc.

 Pronoun
Refers to the words that are used instead of a noun or noun phrase in a sentence.
E.g. I, its, me, my, she, that, this those, etc.
 Verb
Refers to the words or group words that describe an action, experience or express a
state of being.
E.g. Run, sit, stand, go, have, get promise, invite, etc.

 Adjective
Refers to the words that describe a noun or pronoun.
E.g. angry, brave, careful, healthy, little, old, generous, tall, some, good, big etc.

 Adverb
Refers to the words that describe a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a whole
sentence.
E.g. badly, fully, carefully, hardly, nearly, hungrily, never etc.
 Article
Refer to the words that are used before a noun to modify the noun.
E.g. the, a, an.
 Preposition
Refers to the words that are used before a noun, pronoun, or gerund to show place,
time, direction.
E.g. above, except, from, in, near, of before, since, etc.

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  Conjunction
Refers to the words that connect words, phrases or clauses in a sentence.
E.g. and, or, so, after, since, before, either, neither, etc.
 Interjection
Refers to the words or phrases that are used to express a strong feeling or emotion.
E.g. ahem!, aha!, gosh!, aw!, great!, hey!, hi!, hooray!, etc.

What’s a gerund?
A gerund is the noun form of a verb that ends in –ing.
For example: playing, dancing, eating
Example:
 Crying is a cathartic way to release negative emotions.
 Baking is my favorite hobby.
 His favorite activity is reading.

Verb
A word that shows an action, state or an event is called a verb.
Types of verbs

1) Regular Verb
A verb that's past (2nd form) and past participle (3rd form) is made by adding 'd'
or 'ed' is called regular very.
2) Irregular Verb
If the formation of the verb is otherwise than the regular verb, it is called irregular
verb.
3) Linking Verb

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 A verb that acts as a link between two words is called linking verb. It connects or
link a subject to a noun or an adjective in the predicate.
4) Transitive Verb
A verb that needs object to complete itself is called transitive verb. It is called
transitive because it passes its action from subject to object.

5) Intransitive Verb
A verb that doesn't need any object to complete itself is called intransitive verb. It
doesn't pass its action from subject to the object.
6) Finite Verb
Finite verbs mean those verbs which can change their form in accordance with the
subject.
7) Infinite Verb
An infinite is a verb which has "to" before it. It shows infinite action when is used
at the beginning of the sentence.