Johnry S.

Grafia
Chemistry
Timeline of Design Chemistry

Democritus: 430 BCE

Democritus was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher from Abdera, primarily remembered
today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe. None of his work has survived.

Democritus of Abdera, named the building blocks of matter atomos, meaning literally
“indivisible,” about 430 bce. Democritus believed that atoms were uniform, solid, hard,
incompressible, and indestructible and that they moved in infinite numbers through empty space
until stopped.

John Dalton: 1808

John Dalton FRS was an English chemist, physicist and meteorologist. He is best known for
introducing the atomic theory into chemistry, and for his research into colour blindness, which he
had. Colour blindness is known as Daltonism in several languages, being named after him.

All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms. Atoms of a given element are
identical in size, mass, and other properties. Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and
other properties. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.
Joseph John Thomson: April 30, 1897
Joseph John Thomson OM FRS was a British physicist and Nobel Laureate in Physics, credited
with the discovery of the electron, the first subatomic particle to be found.

Thomson proposed the plum pudding model of the atom, which had negatively-charged
electrons embedded within a positively-charged "soup." Rutherford's gold foil experiment
showed that the atom is mostly empty space with a tiny, dense, positively-charged nucleus.

Ernest Rutherford: May, 1911

Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, PRS, HonFRSE was a New Zealand
physicist who was a pioneering researcher in both atomic and nuclear physics. Rutherford has
been described as "the father of nuclear physics", and the greatest experimentalist "since Michael
Faraday".

In 1911, Rutherford described the atom as having a tiny, dense, and positively charged core
called the nucleus. Rutherford established that the mass of the atom is concentrated in its
nucleus. The light, negatively charged, electrons circulated around this nucleus, much like
planets revolving around the Sun.
Niels Bohr: 1913
Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to
understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research.

The Bohr model shows the atom as a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons with the
electrons in circular orbitals at specific distances from the nucleus (Figure 1). These orbits form
electron shells or energy levels, which are a way of visualizing the number of electrons in the
various shells.

James Chadwick: 1932

James Chadwick, CH, FRS was an English physicist who was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in
Physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932. In 1941, he wrote the final draft of the MAUD
Report, which inspired the U.S. government to begin serious atom bomb research efforts.

The atomic model after Chadwick's discovery consisted of what can be seen below; positively
charged protons and neutral neutrons bound together as the atom's nucleus, with negatively
charged electrons occupying energy levels surrounding the nucleus.
Modern atomic:
The modern atomic model represents atoms containing a nucleus of protons and neutrons and a
vague gradient or cloud surrounding it containing the electrons; this is sometimes referred to as
the cloud model. The reason electrons are represented as a cloud is because of their behavior
being probabilistic.

The modern atomic theory establishes the concepts of atoms and how they compose matter.
Atoms consist of negatively charged electrons around a central nucleus composed of more
massive positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons