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VS Lec21 2023
VS Lec21 2023
VS Lec21 2023
• Thickener
- Critically loaded Thickener
- Underloaded Thickener
- Overloaded Thickener
• Droplets/Bubbles in fluid
• Packed Beds
Packed Bed
Examples of Packed Beds
Packed Bed
Examples of Packed Beds
• Adsorption
• Reaction
• Distillation unit
• Filtration
Advantages- High surface area, plug flow behavior
p2
p1 - p2 ?? Q
p1
Darcy Flow
Darcy’s Law
- Dp −Δ𝑝
= KU 𝑈 =𝜅
𝜇𝐿
L
(Ohm law - V=RXI) Permeability
Darcy Flow
−Δ𝑝
For the case of a packed bed, what is
𝑈 =𝜅
𝜇𝐿
the dependence of permeability on
the physical parameters of the
packed bed?
- Dp
= KU K=??
L
Pipe Flow Analogy
Pipe Flow Analogy
- Dp 32 µU
= d
L d2 p1 p2
U is the average velocity in the tube
Pipe Flow Analogy
- Dp 32 µU
= d
L d2 p1 p2
U is the average velocity in the tube
- Dp K1µU e
=
Le d e2
Pipe Flow Analogy
- Dp 32 µU
= d
L d2 p1 p2
U is the average velocity in the tube
- Dp K1µU e
= Unknowns
Le d e2
Model of the Packed Bed
Consider the packed bed to be equivalent to many parallel tubes of same
diameter and length
Model of the Packed Bed
Consider the packed bed to be equivalent to many parallel tubes of same
diameter and length
Le = K 2 L
Here the constant K2 is a result of the tortuosity of the channel
Pipe Flow Analogy
Length of the tube is proportional to the length (or depth)
of the packed bed
Le = K 2 L
Here the constant K2 is a result of the tortuosity of the channel
Q U Superficial velocity
Ue = =
Ae e (Void fraction)
Equivalent Diameter Calculation
np d eq Leq 4
2
Volume of the cylinders:
Volume conservation-
LA0e = np d eq Leq 4
2
…………………. (1)
LA0e = np d eq Leq 4
2
…………………. (1)
Area Conservation-
LA0e = np d eq Leq 4
2
…………………. (1)
𝑑! =? ?
Equivalent Diameter Calculation
np d eq Leq 4
2
Volume of the cylinders:
LA0e = np d eq Leq 4
2
…………………. (1)
- Dp K1µU 4e
= de =
K2L ed e2 (6 / d )(1 - e )
Pipe Flow Analogy
- Dp K1µU e
= (From Poiseuille Flow)
Le d e2
- Dp K1µU 4e
= de =
K2L ed e2 (6 / d )(1 - e )
- Dp µU (1 - e ) 2 Carmen- Kozney
= 180
L d e
2 3 Equation
- Dp Darcy Equation
= KU
L
Turbulent Flow
- Dp r f U 2
(1 - e )
= 1.75 For high Reynolds number
L d e3 (Burke Plummer Equation)
Ergun Equation
- Dp µU (1 - e ) r
2
f U 2
(1 - e )
= 150 + 1.75
L d e
2 3 d e 3
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
- Dp d e 3
Friction factor, f =
*
L r f U 2 (1 - e )
Ergun Equation
- Dp µU (1 - e ) r 2
f U 2
(1 - e )
= 150 + 1.75
L d e
2 3 d e 3
- Dp d e 3
Friction factor, f * =
L r f U 2 (1 - e )
Re
Ergun Equation
- Dp µU (1 - e ) r 2
f U 2
(1 - e )
= 150 + 1.75
L d e
2 3 d e 3
- Dp d e 3
Friction factor, f * =
L r f U 2 (1 - e )
Re
Where,
r f dU 𝑑𝜀
Re =
* (𝑑! ~
(1 − 𝜀)
)
µ (1 - e )
Ergun Equation
Dp d e 3
r f U 2 L (1 - e )
f*
µ (1 - e )
150 r f Ud
f = * + 1.75
*
Re
Ergun Equation
Dp d e 3 150
r f U 2 L (1 - e ) f = * + 1.75
*
Re
(Rhodes)
Pressure drop for non-spherical particles
- Dp µU (1 - e )
2
r f U 2 (1 - e )
= 150 + 1.75
L d sv e
2 3
d sv e 3
Blaine Experiment
Powder Holder
Vacuum
Manometer
Blaine Apparatus
Measurement of surface area of particles
Vacuum
Manometer
Blaine Apparatus
Measurement of surface area of particles
Atmospheric Pressure
Vacuum
Blaine Apparatus
Measurement of surface area of particles
Atmospheric Pressure
Powder Holder
Vacuum
Atmospheric
Pressure
Manometer
Low Pressure
Dp µU (1 - e ) 2
= 150
L d sv2 e 3
Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)
Using Ergun Equation at low Re,
Dp µU (1 - e ) 2
= 150
L d sv2 e 3
6
For the case of spherical particle, Sv = Sv = surface area per
d sv unit volume
Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)
Using Ergun Equation at low Re,
Dp µU (1 - e ) 2
= 150
L d sv2 e 3
6
For the case of spherical particle, Sv =
d sv
Dp µU (1 - e ) 2
= 150
L d sv2 e 3
Dp µUSv2 (1 - e ) 2 Sv = surface area per
= 4.17 unit volume
L e3
Dpe 3
=U
4.17 LµS v (1 - e )
2 2
Measurement of surface area of particles
Powder Holder
Vacuum
dx
A1U = A2utube = - A2
dt
Manometer Atube = A2
Blaine Apparatus
Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)
Using Ergun Equation at low Re,
Dp µU (1 - e ) 2
= 150
L d sv2 e 3
Dp µUS v2 (1 - e ) 2 Sv = surface area per
= 4.17 unit volume
L e3
Dpe 3
=U
4.17 LµS v (1 - e )
2 2
dx From experiments
A1U = Atubeutube = - Atube = A1U
dt
Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)
From the experiment, we can measure the superficial velocity and delP at
the same time,
dx - Atube dx
- Atube = A1U Þ U =
dt A1 dt
Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)
From the experiment, we can measure the superficial velocity and delP at
the same time,
dx - Atube dx
- Atube = A1U Þ U =
dt A1 dt
Dp = 2 xr f g
From the experiment, we can measure the superficial velocity and delP at
the same time,
dx - Atube dx
- Atube = A1U Þ U =
dt A1 dt
This is manometer fluid
Dp = 2 xr f g
2 xr f ge 3 Atube dx
=-
4.17 LµS v (1 - e )
2 2
A1dt
Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)
2 xr f ge 3 Atube dx
=-
4.17 LµS v (1 - e )
2 2
A1dt
2 xr f ge 3 Atube dx
=-
4.17 LµS v (1 - e )
2 2
A1dt
x0 A1 2 r f g 1 e3
ln = t
x Atube 4.17 µ S v L (1 - e )
2 2
2 A1 2 r f g 1 e3
=
S vexperiment, t
In the
A
with time (t) tube
4 .17 µL ln 0 (1 - e )
we are notingx position of2 manometer fluid (x)
x
Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)
2 xr f ge 3 Atube dx
=-
4.17 LµS v (1 - e )
2 2
A1dt
x0 A1 2 r f g 1 e3
ln = t
x Atube 4.17 µ S v L (1 - e )
2 2
2 A1 2 r f g 1 e3
Sv = t
Atube 4.17 µL ln x0 (1 - e )2