CLL 331

FLUID PARTICLE MECHANICS

Lecture 3:RIGID PARTICLES IN FLUID

28-07-23
Instructors
• Vikram Singh (Course coordinator)

TAs
• Prasoon and Athira

Lectures
• Tue, Wed, and Fri: 9-10 am

Tutorials
• ??
 Content
• Intro to Suspensions (Colloidal Suspension and
Particulate Suspensions)

~ 0.1nm ~ 1nm ~ 10nm ~ 100nm ~ 1um ~ 100um ~ 1000um

O

H H
Protein/polymer
Water Bacteria Sand
Virus
No dispersed
phase
Colloidal Particulate
Dispersed Phase
Colloidal Suspensions
Diffusion
 Diffusion

Fick’s Law Of Diffusion Mechanism?

dc
J = -D
dz
 Conduction

High Temp Low Temp

 Conduction

High Temp Low Temp

Mechanism?
 Historical Background
• In the beginning of 20th century, the existence of atoms and molecules was not yet
confirmed

• Kinetic theory of gases was developed assuming material is made up of atoms and
molecules but not yet proven

• Einstein and Smoluchowski derived Brownian diffusivity using kinetic theory of gas
kT
• Using Stokes-Einstein relation (DB = ), first time using a
6pµR
macroscopic/microscopic phenomena a molecular quantity could be predicted
Concentration
as a function of
height??

Perrin’s
experiments

N A ~ 7 X 10 23
Colloidal Suspensions
• Dispersed phase particles from continuum
length scale to about 1 μm

• Motion of these colloidal

particles is no longer
deterministic, thermal
motion is important
• Molecular diffusivity vs
Brownian Diffusivity
Brownian Diffusion vs Molecular Diffusion

• Brownian motion (or Brownian diffusion) • Molecular diffusion is a result of a

is a result of interaction of a particle (with molecule’s own thermal motion
thermal energy) with thermal motion of
molecules in the fluid phase
kT
DB =
6pµR
Brownian Diffusion vs Molecular Diffusion

• Brownian motion (or Brownian diffusion) • Molecular diffusion is a result of a

is a result of interaction of a particle with molecule’s own thermal motion
the molecules in the fluid phase

kT
DB =
6pµR

Size of the particle >> Size

of the molecules
 Homework
For a particle undergoing Brownian motion, in 3D,

x = 6 Dt
2 (For uniform motion, x = Ut)
 Homework
For a particle undergoing Brownian motion, in 1D,

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4

Plot
<x^2>

t
 Homework
For a particle undergoing Brownian motion, in 1D,
t <x^2>
Run this for n particles 10^3 ?
10^4 ?
10^5 ?
-3 -2 -1 1 2 10^63 ?4
-4
10^7 ?
Plot 10^8 ?
<x^2>
10^9 ?

t
(longer time scale, with x>>\lambda)

(Drunkard’s random walk)

𝑥 =? ?
 Summary
~ 1nm ~ 1um ~ 100um

No Brownian motion but

surface forces or colloidal
forces are important here

•Negligible Brownian
motion of particles
Homogeneous at Homogenous at • No surface forces
molecular scale Colloidal scale

Colloidal Suspension Particulate Suspension

Solution
(Non-colloidal
suspension)
Stokes Flow/ Creeping Flow/ Low Re No Flow
R Dr
2
v~
µ
Drag force

Valid only for

particle size
larger with Buoyant force Acceleration, a = 0
small enough
Brownian
Diffusivity
 Content
• Intro to Suspensions (Colloidal Suspension and Particulate
Suspensions)

• Stokes Flow (recap)

- Reversibility
- Instantaneity
- Linearity
Continuum Mechanics

•Negligible Brownian
motion of particles
Homogenous at • No surface forces
Colloidal scale

Particulate Suspension
Colloidal Suspension
(Non-colloidal suspension)
Navier-Stokes Equation
æ ¶u ö
r ç + u.Ñu ÷ = -Ñp + µÑ 2u (Newtonian fluid)
è ¶t ø
Navier-Stokes Equation
æ ¶u ö
r ç + u.Ñu ÷ = -Ñp + µÑ 2u (Newtonian fluid)
è ¶t ø
Unknowns: u, p
Navier-Stokes Equation
æ ¶u ö
r ç + u.Ñu ÷ = -Ñp + µÑ 2u (Newtonian fluid)
è ¶t ø

Ñ.u = 0 (Continuity equation for

incompressible fluid)
 Navier-Stokes Equation
æ ¶u ö
r ç + u.Ñu ÷ = -Ñp + µÑ 2u
è ¶t ø

rU 2
µU
~ ~ 2
L L
 Navier-Stokes Equation
æ ¶u ö
r ç + u.Ñu ÷ = -Ñp + µÑ 2u
è ¶t ø

rU 2
µU 𝜌𝑈 ! 𝜇𝑈
~ ~ 2
𝑅𝑒 =
𝐿
/ !
𝐿
L L
æ ¶u ' ö
Reç + u '.Ñu ' ÷ = -Ñp '+Ñ 2u '
è ¶t ' ø
Re << 1 (Stokes Flow) Re >> 1 (Potential Flow)
Stokes Flow Potential Flow
¶u
µÑ u = Ñp
2
+ u.Ñu = -Ñp
¶t
Ñ.u = 0 Ñ.u = 0

Viscous Flow Inviscid Fluid

Examples: Low Re Number Flow
Small speed

Small size

rdv
<< 1
µ

Highly viscous
Governing Governing
equation for equation for
the continuous the rigid
phase particles
dv
µÑ u = Ñp
2
Viscous Flow m = å Fi
¶u dt
+ u.Ñu = -Ñp Inviscid Fluid
Single Particle
¶t
Ñ.u = 0
 Consequences of Stokes Flow

§ Instantaneous
0 = -Ñp '+Ñ 2u '
§ Linear

§ Reversible
 Instantaneous
¶u
¶t
- Negligible
• The flow responds immediately to forces – No acceleration

• The velocity can still depend on time as a parameter but not as an

independent variable.

• Pseudo Steady state.

 Instantaneous
Is Stokes Equation valid at
the instant when the particle Drag force
is placed in the liquid?

Acceleration, a = 0?
Buoyant force
 Instantaneous
Is Stokes Equation valid at
the instant when the particle Drag force
is placed in the liquid?

Acceleration, a = 0?

æ ¶u ' ö Buoyant force

Reç Sr + u '.Ñu ' ÷ = -Ñp '+Ñ 2u '
è ¶t ' ø
Lc
Sr ~
U ct c
Sr- Strouhal Number
 Instantaneous
Is Stokes Equation valid at
the instant when the particle Drag force
is placed in the liquid?

Acceleration, a = 0?

æ ¶u ' ö Buoyant force

Reç Sr + u '.Ñu ' ÷ = -Ñp '+Ñ 2u '
è ¶t ' ø
Lc
Sr ~
Sr- Strouhal Number U ct c
ReXSr << O(1) – Stokes flow
Re<<O(1) and ReXSr ~ O(1) – Acceleration term is important.
 Instantaneous
Is Stokes Equation valid at
the instant when the particle Drag force
is placed in the liquid?

Acceleration, a = 0?
¶u Buoyant force
is not negligible when Re Sr ~ O(1)
¶t
Lc Lc
Sr ~ t c <<
U ct c Uc