CLL 331

FLUID PARTICLE MECHANICS

Lecture 2:RIGID PARTICLES IN FLUID

26-07-23
 Suspension
Solid particles dispersed in liquid/gas
and sometimes liquid drops (emulsions) or gas bubbles
in liquid

Dispersed
Phase

Continuous
Phase
Suspensions: Examples
Blood
Fluidized
Bed

Latex
Milk
Suspensions: Examples

SMOG
 Suspensions: Examples

Active Suspensions
(Microorganisms)

• Can lead to large scale

flows on length scales much
larger than a single particle
size

(Gachelin et al., 2014)

Suspensions: Examples

Algae/Phytoplankton Tomato Ketchup

Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery

• Less toxic
• Larger surface to volume ratio
• Better targeting
• Increased residence time
Suspensions: Examples

Nanoparticles in water?

Polymer molecules in water?

Sugar molecules in water?

Suspensions: Examples

Nanoparticles in water? ü
Polymer molecules in water? ü
Sugar molecules in water? X
Suspensions: Examples

Nanoparticles in water? ü
Polymer molecules in water? ü
Sugar molecules in water? X
Molecular dispersions are true solutions, the theories of
continuum mechanics cannot account for molecular
heterogeneities (refer to notes from Transport
Phenomena) in solutions.
 Content
• Intro to Suspensions (Colloidal Suspension and Particulate
Suspensions)

~ 0.1nm ~ 1nm ~ 10nm ~ 100nm ~ 1um ~ 100um ~ 1000um

O

H H
Protein/polymer
Water Bacteria Sand
Virus

Colloidal Particulate
 Motion of a
Single Particle
 Motion of a Single Particle

Aristotle’s version of motion of a particle

 Motion of a Single Particle

Aristotle’s version of motion of a particle Galileo’s correction

Stokes Flow/ Creeping Flow/ Low Re Number Flow

Drag force

Buoyant force Acceleration, a = ?

 Stokes Flow/ Creeping Flow/ Low Re Number Flow

Drag Force,
Fd = 6pµRv Drag force

Buoyant Force,
4 3
Fb = pR g ( r p - r f ) Buoyant force Acceleration, a = ?
3
 Stokes Flow/ Creeping Flow/ Low Re Number Flow

Drag Force,
Fd = 6pµRv Drag force

Buoyant Force,
4 3
Fb = pR g ( r p - r f ) Buoyant force Acceleration, a = 0
3

Aristotle wasn’t completely wrong!

 Stokes Flow/ Creeping Flow/ Low Re Number Flow

Drag Force,
Fd = 6pµRv Drag force

Buoyant Force,
4 3
Fb = pR g ( r p - r f ) Buoyant force Acceleration, a = 0
3
R Dr
2
v~
µ
Aristotle wasn’t completely wrong!
 Content
• Intro to Suspensions (Colloidal Suspension and
Particulate Suspensions)

~ 0.1nm ~ 1nm ~ 10nm ~ 100nm ~ 1um ~ 100um ~ 1000um

O

H H
Protein/polymer
Water Bacteria Sand
Virus
No dispersed
phase
Colloidal Particulate
Dispersed Phase
Colloidal Suspensions
(Interparticle/interfacial forces and
motion)
Diffusion
 Diffusion

Fick’s Law Of Diffusion Mechanism?

dc
J = -D
dz
 Conduction

High Temp Low Temp

 Conduction

High Temp Low Temp

Mechanism?
 Historical Background
• In the beginning of 20th century, the existence of atoms and molecules was not yet
confirmed

• Kinetic theory of gases was developed assuming material is made up of atoms and
molecules but not yet proven

• Einstein and Smoluchowski derived Brownian diffusivity using kinetic theory of gas
kT
• Using Stokes-Einstein relation (DB = ), first time using a
6pµR
macroscopic/microscopic phenomena a molecular quantity could be predicted
Concentration
as a function of
height??

Perrin’s
experiments

N A ~ 7 X 10 23
Colloidal Suspensions
• Dispersed phase particles from continuum
length scale to about 1 μm

• Motion of these colloidal

particles is no longer
deterministic, thermal
motion is important
• Molecular diffusivity vs
Brownian Diffusivity
Brownian Diffusion vs Molecular Diffusion

• Brownian motion (or Brownian diffusion) • Molecular diffusion is a result of a

is a result of interaction of a particle with molecule’s own thermal motion
thermal motion of molecules in the fluid
phase
kT
DB =
6pµR
 Homework
For a particle undergoing Brownian motion, in 3D,

x = 6 Dt
2 (For uniform motion, x = Ut)
 Homework
For a particle undergoing Brownian motion, in 1D,

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4

Plot
<x^2>

t
 Homework
For a particle undergoing Brownian motion, in 1D,
t <x^2>
Run this for n particles 10^3 ?
10^4 ?
10^5 ?
-3 -2 -1 1 2 10^63 ?4
-4
10^7 ?
Plot 10^8 ?
<x^2>
10^9 ?

t
(longer time scale, with x>>\lambda)

(Drunkard’s random walk)

𝑥 =? ?