1

MODERN PHYSICS

[ML2 T–1]
Photo Electric Effect  (Work Function)


  εV 
 εV
W  h 0

Note :-
Remark :-

Electron

Remark :-

 Electrode–

 DIODE–

+ – (i) Forwardwise–
Forwardwise

(ii) Reversewise–
Reversewise
 (Thresold Frequency)–

 forwardwise Reversewise

Diode


Forwardwise Reversewise
 (Plank Constant)
+ –

ε = hυ
– +

h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [By - Khan SIR ]

 2

 AC DC  LASER (Light Amplification Stimuated Emission

of Rediation)– Laser

+ + LASER
AC – –


DC
  MASER (Microwave Amplification of Stimulated
Emission of Rediation)– Laser
 Light Emiting Diode–
 (Fluorescence Substance)
 Photo Diode–

(i) Diode  Ground

State Existing State

Ground State
(ii)

(iii) LED

Ground State
(iv) Photo Diode
 (Phosphorescence Substance)

 TRIODE–
Triode
 Ground
 Triode
State Existing State
Metastabised State
Ground State
+

Existing State
Metastablised State
–

Ground State

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [By - Khan SIR ]

 3

 (Semiconductor)– 2. n-Type

 
  Negative
 (Hole)–

+ – + – + – + – +

+ –+ –+ –+ –+

 Printed Circuit Board
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+
(PCB) Device + –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+
n-Type
negegative (–ve)
(P) – Phosphorus
3. PN-Junction : p-Type n-Type
PN-Junction
 N
PCB P
 PN-

Junction diode



 (Dopping)–
Dopping

1. p-Type p-Type

 (Al)
 Positive

+ + + + +
– – – – –
+ + + + +
– – – – –
+ + + + +
– – – – –
+ + + + +
– – – – –
PN-Juction PN-Junction diode
P-Type  Transistor :
Positive (+ve)  Transistor Amplifire, Voltage, Regulator Switch
(Al) – Aluminium

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [By - Khan SIR ]

 4

(Generator)

e.m.f

Startor

Armeture

 Transistor Brush
1. Emitter (E) : Dopping

2. Collector (C) : Dopping slipring AC

Commutator DC
3. Base (B) : Emittor Collector

 PNP Transistor : Emittor Collector Generator

Alternating current Direct Current

(AC) (DC)

Alternator Dynamo
Slipring Cammutator
Right hand rule Left hand rule

 NPN Transistor : Collector Emittor 




 e.m.f

 e.m.f. slipring A.C

current
 e.m.f commutator
Note :- NPN-Transistor DC Current
 Solid State :
Solid State
Ex. 1. PN-Junction = ×
2.
3. PCB-Printed Circuit Board unit  
1000
4. Transistor
Bill = Unit × Rate
Note :- Voltage

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [By - Khan SIR ]

 5

Q. cooler 700W 220 V  Rectifier – AC DC

8 3 unit  Invertor – DC AC
(15d) (Losses of Current)
700   8  15   Input Output
Unit =
1000 Loss
Unit = 84  Electricity
Bill = Unit × Rate 1. (Mechanical Loss)– device
= 84 × 3
device
= 252
Q. 15W 10 100W
1500 W 
8
(Mechanical Loss)
Unit  Lubricant
2. (Copper Loss)–
Unit = P  t
1000
P–
P2 – 
P3 – 3. (Iron Loss)–
 Pt1 1    P2t2    P3t3 
 30days
1000
(Eddy Current)
15 10 10   100  3  8  1500  2 
 30days 
1000
1500  2400  3000  30days
1000
6900  30 days
1000 
Unit = 207
Bill = Unit × Rate
= 207 × 4 
= 828
Q. 20 W 30 100 W 10
2000 W AC 20 Logical Gate
24 AC
 electronic signal
5

unit
 Algebra
Unit = 20  30  20  100  10  24  2000  5 Binary
1000
ON = 1
1200  24000  1000 OFF = 0
1000
(i) AND GATE– Gate Input
35200  30days
1000
Signal (On or High) Output
Unit = 352 signal Switch On
Bill = Unit × Rate
= 352 × 5
= 1760

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [By - Khan SIR ]

 6

(iv) NAND GATE– AND GATE NOT

GATE
A Y
B NOT + AND = NAND GATE

A
Y
Y  A.B B

A B Y
1 1 1 A
Y
0 1 0 B
1 0 0
0 0 0
Y  A.B
(ii) OR GATE–
A B Y=A×B Y= A×B
A 1 0 0 1
Y
B 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1
YAB
1 1 1 0
A
(v) NOR GATE– NOT GATE OR GATE

NOT + OR = NOR GATE

B

A
Y
B

A B Y
1 1 1 A
1 0 1 Y
B
0 1 1
0 0 0
YAB
(iii) NOT GATE– Signal
Output 0 (Zero) Signal
Invertor gate A B Y=A+B Y= A+B
1 0 1 0
A Y
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
YA 1 1 1 0

A YA Remark :- NAND NOR GATE Universal Gate

1 0
0 1

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [By - Khan SIR ]