Chap 10P Wave Optics Arvind 2023

Chap 10: Wave Optics
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Nature of Light
Various theories about nature of light
1. Corpuscular theory of light (1675, Newton, Tiny particles)
2. Wave theory of light (1673, Huygens)
3. Electromagnetic nature of light waves (1873, Maxwell)
4. Planck’s quantum theory of light (Max Plank, Light travels in

small packets called photons & in 1905 Albert Einstein used this
theory to explain Photo electric effect)
This shows Dual Nature of Light

Wave fronts
A wavefront is defined as the continuous locus of all such particles of
the medium which are vibrating in the same phase at any instant.
or
The locus of all such points oscillating in the same phase is called a
wavefront.

Different Types of Wave fronts
1. Spherical wavefront
From a point Source

2. Cylindrical wavefront
From a Linear Source such

as fine rectangular slit

3. Plane wavefront

Ray of Light
An arrow drawn perpendicular to a wavefront in the
direction of propagation of a wave is called a ray.
 The energy of a wave travels in a direction

perpendicular to the wavefront.
 Rays are perpendicular to wavefront.
 The time taken for light to travel from one wavefront to

another is same along any ray.

Rays

Huygen’s Principle of Secondary wavelets
Huygens’ principle is the basis of wave theory of light.
It tells how a wavefront propagates through a medium.
According to Huygens’ Principle, each point on a wavefront is a source of
secondary waves, which add up to give a wavefront at any later time.

Huygen’s Principle of Secondary wavelets
This principle is based on the following assumptions:
1. Each point on a wavefront acts as a fresh source of new disturbance, called
secondary waves or wavelets.
2. The secondary wavelets spread out in all directions with the speed of light in the
given medium.
3. The new wavefront at any later time is given by the forward envelope (tangential
surface in the forward direction) of the secondary wavelets at that time.

How to Construct new Secondary Wavelet by Huygen’s Principle
1. According to Huygens' principle, each point on AB

becomes a source of secondary disturbance, which
travels with the same speed c. To find the new
wavefront after time t, we draw spheres of radii Ct,
from each point on AB.
2. The forward envelope or the tangential surface CD

of the secondary wavelets gives the new wavefront
after time t.
3. The lines aa', bb', cd, etc., are perpendicular to both

AB and CD. Along these lines, the energy flows from
AB to CD. So these lines represent the rays. Rays are
always normal to wavefronts.

Reflection on the Basis of Wave Theory
∠𝑖 = ∠𝑟
i.e., The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

Refraction on the Basis of Wave Theory
sin 𝑖 𝑣1 1
= = 𝜇2 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
sin 𝑟 𝑣2
The constant 1𝜇2 is called the refractive index of the second medium with
respect to first medium.

Effect on wavelength, Frequency & Speed during Refraction
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜐 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑜
𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟.
𝜇2 𝜈1 𝜈𝜆1 𝜆1
= = =
𝜇1 𝜈2 𝜈𝜆2 𝜆2
 The refractive index of a medium with respect to vacuum is
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 𝑐

𝜇= =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑣

Behavior of a Prism, Lens & Mirror
When a plane wavefront is incident on it
Prism Convex Lens Concave Mirror

Principle of Superposition of Waves
When a number of waves travelling through a
medium superpose on each other, the
resultant displacement at any point at a given
instant is equal to the vector sum of the
displacements due to the individual waves at
that point.
𝑦Ԧ = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛

Interference of Light
When two light waves of the same frequency and having zero or constant
phase difference travelling in the same direction superpose each other, the
intensity in the region of superposition gets redistributed, becoming maximum
at some points and minimum at others. This phenomenon is called
interference of light.

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Expression for intensity at any point in interference pattern
𝐴2 = 𝑎1 2 + 𝑎2 2 + 2𝑎1 𝑎2 cos Φ
𝐼 ∝ 𝐴2
𝐼 = 𝑎1 2 + 𝑎2 2 + 2𝑎1 𝑎2 cos Φ
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 2 𝐼1 𝐼2 cos Φ
Φ= Phase Difference
2 𝐼1 𝐼2 cos 𝜙 is called as interference term

Expression for intensity at any point in interference pattern
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 2 𝐼1 𝐼2 cos Φ
𝐼𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙

𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼0
𝜑
𝐼 = 4𝐼0 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2
2
In another form
𝜑 Φ= Phase Difference
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4𝐼0
2

Q. Find the intensity at a point on a screen in Young’s double slit
experiment where the interfering waves of equal intensity have a path
difference of
𝜆 𝜆
(i) , and (ii) [CBSE 2017]
4 3

Q. The intensity at the central maxima in Young's double slit
experiment is I𝑜 . Find out the intensity at a point where the
𝜆 𝜆 𝜆
path difference is 6 , 4 and 3.

Constructive Interference (Maxima)
𝐴2 = 𝑎1 2 + 𝑎2 2 + 2𝑎1 𝑎2 cos Φ
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 2 𝐼1 𝐼2 cos Φ
Phase difference even multiple of 𝝅

Path difference even multiple of 𝝀/𝟐
Path difference integral multiple of 𝝀
Destructive Interference (Minima)
𝐴2 = 𝑎1 2 + 𝑎2 2 + 2𝑎1 𝑎2 cos Φ
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 2 𝐼1 𝐼2 cos Φ
Phase difference odd multiple of 𝝅

Path difference odd multiple of 𝝀/𝟐
Coherent & Incoherent Sources
Coherent Sources: Two sources of light which continuously
emit light waves of same frequency (or wavelength) with a zero
or constant phase difference between them, are called
coherent sources.
Incoherent Source: Two sources of light which do not emit light

waves with a constant phase difference are called incoherent
sources.

Need of Coherent Sources
Need of coherent sources for the production of interference pattern
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 2 𝐼1 𝐼2 cos Φ
The term 2 𝐼1 𝐼2 cos Φ is called interference term.
There are two possibilities:
1. If cos Φ remains constant with time, total intensity at any point will remain
constant. The intensity will be maximum ( 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )2 at points where cos Φ
is +1 and minimum ( 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 )2 at points where cos Φ i𝑠 − 1. The sources
in this case are coherent.

Need of Coherent Sources
2. If cos Φ varies continuously with time assuming both positive and
negative values, then the average value of cos Φ will be zero over time
interval of measurement. Then interference term averages to zero.
There will be same intensity, 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 at every point i.e., there will be
general illumination on the observation screen. The two sources in the
case are incoherent.

Two independent sources cannot be coherent
Two independent sources cannot be coherent
This is because of the following reasons:
1. Light is emitted by individual atoms and not by the bulk of matter acting as a
whole.
2. Even a tiniest source consists of millions of atoms, and emission of light by them
takes place independently.
3. Even an atom emits an unbroken wave of about 10−8 second due to its
transition from a higher energy state to a lower energy state.
The millions of atoms of a source cannot emit waves in the same phase.
Conditions for obtaining two coherent sources of light
Conditions for obtaining two coherent sources of light:
1. The two sources of light must be obtained from a single source by some method.
(Then the relative phase difference between the two light waves from the sources will remain constant with
time.)
2. The two sources must give monochromatic light.

(Otherwise, different colours will produce different interference patterns and fringes of different colours will
overlap.)
3. The path difference between the waves arriving on the screen from the two
sources must not be large.
(It should not exceed 30 cm. Then the phase difference produced due to path difference will not be constant.
There will be general illumination on the screen.)

Theory of Interference Fringes
𝑥𝑑
(path difference) 𝑝 =
𝐷
Position of Bright Fringes:
𝑛𝐷𝜆
𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑑
Positions of Dark Fringes:
2𝑛−1 𝐷𝜆
𝑥𝑛′ = 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒
2𝑑
Fringe Width
𝐷𝜆
𝛽=
𝑑
As 𝛽 is independent of 𝑛 (the order of fringe), therefore,
all the fringes are equal width. In case of light 𝜆 is
extremely small, D should be much larger than 𝑑, so that
the fringe width 𝛽 may be appreciable and hence
observable.
Measurement of Wavelength:
𝛽𝑑
𝜆=
𝐷
Q. In Young’s double slit experiment two disturbances arriving at a
𝜋
point P have phase difference of . The intensity of this point
3
expressed as a fraction of maximum intensity 𝐼0 is
3 1
(a) 𝐼0 (b) 𝐼0
2 2
4 3
(c) 𝐼 (d) 𝐼 [CBSE 2017]
3 0 4 0

Q. In a Young’s double lit experiment, the source is white light. One of the
holes is covered by a red filter and another by a blue filter. In this case
(a) There shall be alternate interference patterns of red and blue

(b) There shall be an interference pattern for red distinct from that for blue
(c) There shall be no interference fringes
(d) There shall be an interference pattern for red mixing with one for blue

Q. Yellow light of wavelength 6000 Å produces fringes of width 0.8
mm in Young’s double slit experiment. If the source is replaced by
another monochromatic source of wavelength 7500 Å and the
separation between the slits is doubled then the fringe width becomes
(a) 0.1 mm
(b) 0.5 mm
(c) 4.3 mm
(d) 1 mm

Q. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 6500 Å and 5200 Å
is used to obtain slit experiment 1Å = 10−10 𝑚 . The distance
between the slits is 2.0 mm and the distance between the plane of the
slits and the screen is 120 cm.
(i) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from the
central maximum for the wavelength 6500 Å.
(ii) What is the least distance from the central maximum where the
bright fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide?

Q. In a double slit experiment, the distance between the slits is 3mm and the
slits are 2 m away from the screen. Two interference patterns can be seen on
the screen one due to light with wavelength 480 nm, and the other due to
light with wavelength 600 nm. What is the separation on the screen between
the fifth order bright fringes of the two interference patterns?

Q. In a YDSE, the slits are 2 mm apart and are illuminated with a mixture
of two wavelengths 𝜆 = 750 𝑛𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆′ = 900 𝑛𝑚. At what distance
from the common central bright fringe on a screen 2 m from the slits will
a bright fringe from one interference pattern coincide with a bright
fringe from the other?

Sustained interference pattern
The interference pattern, in which the positions of maxima
and minima of intensity on the observation screen do not
change with time, is called a sustained or permanent
interference pattern.

Conditions for sustained interference
1. The two sources should continuously emit waves of same frequency or wavelength.
2. The two sources of light should be coherent.
3. For a better contrast between maxima and minima of intensity, the amplitudes of the
interfering waves should be equal.
4. The two sources should be narrow, otherwise interference will occur between waves
of different parts of the same source and contrast will be poor.
5. The interfering waves must travel nearly along the same direction.
6. The sources should be monochromatic.
7. To have sufficient fringe width d must be small & D must be large.

Intensity Distribution Curve for Interference
The intensity of a bright fringe will be
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘(𝑎 + 𝑎)2 = 4𝑘𝑎2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
So all bright fringes will have the same

maximum intensity
The intensity of a dark fringe will be
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑘(𝑎 − 𝑎)2 = 0

Conservation of Energy in Interference
2 2
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∝ 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 & 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∝ 𝑎1 − 𝑎2
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 2 + 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 2
𝐼𝑎𝑣 ∝
2
Or
𝐼𝑎𝑣 ∝ 𝑎12 + 𝑎22
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ∝ 𝑎12 + 𝑎22
Comparison of Intensities at Maxima & Minima
2
𝑎1 2
𝑎2 + 1
2 2
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑟+1 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
= 2 = 2 = =
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 𝑎1 𝑟−1 𝐼1 − 𝐼2
𝑎2 − 1
𝑎1 𝐼1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 = = = 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠.
𝑎2 𝐼2
Note: The intensity of light through a slit is proportional to its width. If

𝜔1 and 𝜔2 are the widths of the two slits 𝑆1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆2 , then
𝜔1 𝐼1 𝑎12
= = 2 = 𝑟2
𝜔2 𝐼2 𝑎2
Q. The intensity of the light coming from one of the slits in a YDSE is double
the intensity from the other slit. Find the ratio of maximum intensity to
minimum intensity in the interference fringe pattern observed.

Interference Pattern with White Light
White Light consists of colors from violet to red with wavelength range
from 4000 Å 𝑡𝑜 7000 Å. Different component colours of white light
produce their own interference pattern. At the centre of the screen, the
path difference is zero for all such components . So bright fringes of
different colours overlaps at the centre & we will get white bright fringe.
Since the violet has the lowest 𝜆 the closest fringe on either side of the
central while fringe is violet, while the farthest fringe is red.

Interference in Thin Films
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑩𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒆:
𝜆
2𝜇𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑟 = 2𝑛 + 1 , 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3 …
2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑫𝒂𝒓𝒌 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒆:
2𝜇𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑟 = 𝑛 𝜆, 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3, … .

Displacement of Interference Fringes
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑠
𝐷 𝛽
∆𝑥 = 𝜇−1 𝑡 = 𝜇−1 𝑡
𝑑 𝜆

Diffraction of Light
The phenomenon of bending of light around the corners of
small obstacles or apertures and its consequent spreading into
the regions of geometrical shadow is called diffraction of light.
The diffraction effect is more pronounced if the size of the
aperture or the obstacle is of the order of the wavelength of
the waves.

Types of diffraction
1. Fresnel’s diffraction: In this, source and screen are placed close
to aperture or obstacle and light after diffraction appears
converging towards screen and hence no lens is required to
observe it. The incident wave fronts are either spherical or
cylindrical.
2. Fraunhoffer’s diffraction: In this, source and screen are placed at

larger distances (effectively at infinity) from aperture or obstacle
and converging lens is used to see diffraction pattern. The
incident wavefront is planer one.

Diffraction at a Single Slit
Path difference between A & B
𝒑 = 𝑩𝑵 = 𝒂 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂:

𝜆
𝜃𝑛′ ≃ sin 𝜃𝑛′ = 2𝑛 + 1
2𝑎
𝑛 = 1,2,3,4 …
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂:

𝜆 𝜆
𝜃𝑛 ≈ sin 𝜃𝑛 = 2𝑛 =𝑛
2𝑎 𝑎
𝑛 = 1,2,3,4 …

Intensity Distribution
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠,
𝜆
𝜃 = ± 2𝑛 + 1
2𝑎
𝜆 𝜆
Minima at positions 𝜃 = ±2𝑛 = ±𝑛
2𝑎 𝑎
The intensities of secondary

maxima relating to the intensity
of central maximum are in ratio,
1 1 1
1: : : :…
21 61 121
Thus the intensity of the first

secondary maximum is just 4%
of that of the central maximum.
Angular width of Central Maxima
Angular width of central maximum: The angular
width of the central maximum is the angular
separation between the directions of the first
minima on the two sides of the central maximum
The directions of first minima on either side of

central maxima are given by
𝜆
𝜃 = 𝑎 this angle is called half angular width of
central maximum
𝟐𝝀
Angular width of central maximum = 2𝜃 =
𝒂
Linear width of Central Maxima
Linear width of central maximum:

2𝐷𝜆
(Linear width) 𝛽0 = 𝐷 × 2𝜃 = 𝑎
𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝛽0
2𝜃 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = =
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝐷

Linear width of Secondary Maxima
𝜆
Direction of nth minimum, 𝜃𝑛 = 𝑛
𝑎
𝜆
Direction of (n+1)th minimum, 𝜃𝑛+1 = (𝑛 + 1)
𝑎
Angular width of nth secondary maximum

𝜆 𝜆 𝜆
𝜃𝑛+1 − 𝜃𝑛 == 𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛 =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Hence the linear width of nth secondary maximum
=Angular width X D
𝐷𝜆
𝛽=
𝑎
𝛽0 = 2𝛽
Thus the central maximum of a diffraction pattern is twice as wide as any secondary maximum.
Clearly, width of a secondary maximum
1
∝
𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
Q. Two wavelengths of sodium light 590 nm and 596 nm are used, in turn to
study the diffraction taking place at a single slit of aperture 2 × 10−4 𝑚. The
distance between the slit and the screen is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation
between the positions of the first maxima of the diffraction pattern obtained
in the two cases.

Q. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 600 nm is incident normally
on a slit of width ‘a’. If the distance between the slit and the screen is
0.8 m and the distance of 2nd order maximum from the centre of the
screen is 1.5 mm, calculate the width of the slit.

Q. (a) In a single slit diffraction pattern, how does the angular width of the central
maximum vary, when
(i) Aperture of slit is increased?

(ii) Distance between the slit and the screen is decreased?
(b) How is the diffraction pattern different from the interference pattern obtained in
Young’s double slit experiment?

Interference VS. Diffraction
S.no. Interference Diffraction
1. It is the result of superposition of secondary It is the result of superposition of secondary
waves starting from two different wavefront waves starting from different parts of the same
originating from two coherent sources. wavefront.
2. All bright and dark fringes are of equal width. The width of central bright fringe is twice the
width of any secondary maximum.
3. All bright fringes are of same intensity. Intensity of bright fringes decreases as we move
away from central bright fringe on either side.
4. Regions of dark fringes are perfectly dark. Regions of dark fringes are not perfectly dark.
5. At an angle of 𝜆/𝑑, we get a bright fringe in the At an angle of 𝜆/𝑎, we get the first dark fringe in
interference pattern of two narrow slits the diffraction pattern of a single slit of width a.
separated by a distance d.
Q. In the diffraction due to a single slit experiment, the aperture of the
slit is 3 mm. if monochromatic light of wavelength 620 nm is incident
normally on the slit, calculate the separation between the first order
minima and the 3rd order maxima on one side of the screen. The
distance between the slit and the screen is 1.5 m. [CBSE 2019]

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Chap 10P Wave Optics Arvind 2023

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Chap 10: Wave Optics

One Shot Video

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2. Wave theory of light (1673, Huygens)

3. Electromagnetic nature of light waves (1873, Maxwell)

4. Planck’s quantum theory of light (Max Plank, Light travels in

This shows Dual Nature of Light

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From a point Source

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From a Linear Source such

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 The energy of a wave travels in a direction

 Rays are perpendicular to wavefront.

 The time taken for light to travel from one wavefront to

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1. According to Huygens' principle, each point on AB

2. The forward envelope or the tangential surface CD

3. The lines aa', bb', cd, etc., are perpendicular to both

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𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 𝑐

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Prism Convex Lens Concave Mirror

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2 𝐼1 𝐼2 cos 𝜙 is called as interference term

𝐼𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙

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Phase difference even multiple of 𝝅

Phase difference odd multiple of 𝝅

Incoherent Source: Two sources of light which do not emit light

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2. The two sources must give monochromatic light.

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Position of Bright Fringes:

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(a) There shall be alternate interference patterns of red and blue

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2. The two sources of light should be coherent.

6. The sources should be monochromatic.

7. To have sufficient fringe width d must be small & D must be large.

𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘(𝑎 + 𝑎)2 = 4𝑘𝑎2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

So all bright fringes will have the same

The intensity of a dark fringe will be