Polyphase system

3-Phase star & delta configuration

Lecture 5
Overview

 Differences between three-phase and single-phase voltages.

 Characteristics of delta and wye connections.
 Voltage and current values for delta and wye connections.
 Cables used in transmission lines
 POLYPHASE SYSTEM
 A polyphase system is basically an ac system composed of a certain number of single-phase ac
systems having the same frequency and operating in sequence.
 Each phase of a polyphase system (i.e., the phase of each single-phase ac system) is displaced
from the next by a certain angular interval.
 In any polyphase system, the value of the angular interval between each phase depends on the
number of phases in the system.
 Three-phase systems, also referred to as three-phase circuits, are polyphase systems that
have three phases.
 A three-phase ac circuit is powered by three voltage sine waves having the same frequency and
magnitude and which are displaced from each other by 120°, the voltages are said to be
balanced.
 If the loads are such that the currents produced by the voltages are also balanced, the entire
circuit is referred to as a balanced three-phase circuit
 The phase shift between each voltage waveform of a three-phase ac power source is therefore
120° (360°/ 3 phases).
 The sinusoidal waves for 3 phase system is shown in the figure
 The three phases can be used as single phase each. So if the load is single phase, then one
phase can be taken from the three phase circuit and a neutral to complete the circuit.
Three-Phase Advantages

 The three phase system can be used as three single phase line so it can act as
three single phase system.
 The three phase generation and single phase generation is same in the
generator except the arrangement of coil in the generator to get 120° phase
difference.
 A three-phase system needs three conductors; however, each conductor is only
75% the size of the equivalent kVA rated single-phase conductors.
 The instantaneous power in single phase system falls down to zero as in single
phase we can see from the sinusoidal curve but in three phase system the net
power from all the phases gives a continuous power to the load.
 Single three phase transformers for the same KVA rating will be smaller,
cheaper and lighter than individual single phase transformers connected
together because copper and iron core are used more effectively
Three phase connection

 In three phase circuit, connections can be given of two types:

 Star connection
 Delta connection
 Wye (star) connection:
 Wye – Configuration:
 In wye (star) connection, the starting point or finishing ends of three
phase coils are connected together to form a neutral point.
 A common wire is taken out from the neutral point which is called as
neutral.
 Three phase four wire system is derived from star connections (3-Phase,
4 Wires System).
 Line voltage refers to the amount of voltage measured between any
two line conductors in a balanced three-phase system or it is the
voltage measured from one phase conductor to a different phase
conductor
 Phase voltage refers to the voltage measured across a each phase
winding

 In star connection Line Voltage is √3 times of Phase Voltage. i.e. VL = √3

VPH
 Line Current is Equal to Phase Current. i.e. IL = IPH
 Delta (∆)connection:
 In delta connection, the opposite ends of three phase windings are
connected together.
 In other words, the end of each winding is connected with the start of
another winding and three wires are taken out from the coil joints.
 No Neutral Point in Delta Connection.
 Three phase three wire system is derived from delta connections (3-Phase,
3 Wires System).
 Line Voltage is Equal to Phase Voltage. i.e. VL = VPH
 Line Current is √3 times of Phase Current. i.e. IL = √3 IPH
 The line current is higher than the phase current by a
factor of the square root of 3 (1.732).
 Three-Phase Connections
 By far the most important polyphase voltage source is the balanced three-phase
source.
 The phase voltages—that is: the voltage from each line a, b, and c to the neutral
n—are given by

 The phasor diagram for these voltages is shown in Figure

 The phase sequence of this set is said to be abc (called positive phase sequence),
meaning that Vbn lags Van by 120°.
 An important property of the balanced voltage set is that
 From the standpoint of the user who connects a load to the balanced three-phase
voltage source, it is not important how the voltages are generated. It is important
to note, however, that if the load currents generated by connecting a load to the
power source also balanced, there are also two possible equivalent configurations
for the load.
 The equivalent load can be considered as being connected in either a wye (Y) or a
delta (Δ) configuration.
Three-Phase Connections
BALANCED WYE–WYE CONNECTION
Suppose now that both the source and load are connected in a wye, as shown in
Fig. 11.13.
The phase voltages with positive phase sequence are

 Where Vp, the phase voltage, is the magnitude of the phasor voltage from the
neutral to any line.
 The line-to-line voltages or, simply, line voltages can be calculated using KVL;
 for example,
Phasor diagram

 In a similar manner, we obtain the set of line to- line voltages as

 All the line voltages together with the phase voltages are shown
 Therefor the magnitude of the line voltages as VL, for a balanced system is
Neutral line current
 The neutral current In is then

 Since there is no current in the neutral, this conductor could contain any impedance or it
could be an open or a short circuit, without changing the results found previously.
 As illustrated by the wye–wye connection in previous slide , the current in the line connecting
the source to the load is the same as the phase current flowing through the impedance ZY.
 Therefore, in a wye–wye connection,

 Although we have a three-phase system composed of three sources and three loads, we can
analyze a single phase and use the phase sequence to obtain the voltages and currents in the
other phases. This is, of course, a direct result of the balanced condition.
 We may even have impedances present in the lines; however, as long as the system remains
balanced, we need analyze only one phase. If the line impedances in lines a, b, and c are
equal, the system will be balanced.
 In unbalanced system, unbalanced current will flow in the three phase circuit, then neutral
plays a vital role as it will take the unbalanced current through to the ground.
 That is why if you lose out the neutral point in a star connection, there will be an overflow of
current through to the loads.
 The loads also take in more current, generating much more power and could damage the
appliance you are using)
Example
Example
Delta system voltage and current
relationships.
Power

 Power is independent of the circuit arrangement of the three phase system.

The net power in the circuit will be same in both star and delta connection.
 The power in three phase circuit can be calculated from the equation below,
 P = √3 x VL x IL x CosФ Or
P = 3 x VPH x IPH x CosФ
OVERHEAD POWER LINES All pure
aluminium

strands
 AAC --- ALL ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR
 AAC conductor is also known as aluminum stranded conductor.
 AAC is manufactured from electrolytically refined (E.C.GRADE) Aluminium,
having purity of minimum 99.5% of Aluminium (with minimum conductivity of
61%).
 It consists of one or more strands of aluminum wire depending on the end usage.
 AAC conductor is used mainly in urban areas because the spacing is short and the
supports are close.
 Because of its relatively poor strength to weight ratio, AAC had limited use in
transmission lines and rural distribution because of long spans utilized.
 AAC conductors are also used extensively in coastal areas because they have a
very high degree of corrosion resistance.
 Why Aluminium is used in overhead power line conductors instead of copper?
 Pure copper has good electrical conducting properties as compared to Aluminium
but lower mechanical strength than it.
 Alloys of copper, particularly cadmium copper, although have higher mechanical
strength than pure copper but since both pure copper and cadmium copper are
expensive, these have largely been replaced by Aluminium as a conductor
material.
 OVERHEAD POWER LINES
 ACSR --- ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR STEEL REINFORCED
 Aluminium has low mechanical strength in its pure form.
 In order to increase the mechanical strength of pure aluminium, often a central core of steel strands,
surrounded by aluminium strands is employed.
 This combination results in ACSR --- Aluminium Conductor, Steel Reinforced.

 The steel core is protected from corrosion by applying zinc

coating (called galvanizing), and frequently in addition, a
special grease coating. Galvanized Pure
steel core aluminium
 ACSR consists of a single strand or multi-strand steel core strands
surrounded by strands of aluminium Pure
aluminium
 ACSR is available in a wide range of steels varying from as low strands
as 6% to as high as 40 %. Galvanized
steel strands
 The higher strength ACSR is used for river crossings, overhead
ground wires, installations involving extra-long spans etc. (core)

 The principal advantage of this conductor is high tensile

strength and light weight with longer spans as well as with
lesser supports.
OVERHEAD POWER LINES
 AACSR --- ALL ALUMINIUM ALLOY CONDUCTOR, STEEL REINFORCED
 To increase the mechanical strength of pure aluminium in ACSR, often alloys of aluminium
containing silicon or magnesium are employed, having mechanical strength of virtually twice the
mechanical strength of pure aluminium.
 This combination results in AACSR --- Aluminium Alloy Condutor, Steel Reinforced.
 AACSR is a concentrically stranded conductor composed of one or more layers of aluminum-
magnesium-silicon alloy of high electrical conductivity containing enough magnesium silicide,
stranded around a high-strength aluminium-clad steel core.
 The core may consist of a single-strand or multi-strands depending on the size. Aluminium-clad
steel strands
 The proportions of aluminum alloy and steel can be varied to obtain the relation between
(core)
current carrying capacity and mechanical strength best suited to each application.
 The purpose of using aluminium-clad steel core is to provide protection against corrosion.
Moreover, aluminium-clad steel core is usually of higher mechanical strength than the galvanized
steel-core of normal ACSR.
 One of the advantages of aluminium-clad steel is that the material of the conducting strands and
the material cladding the core are the same and therefore the possibility of the interstrand
electrolytic corrosion, due to the dissimilar metals i.e. zinc/aluminium in ACSR is avoided.
 Aluminium-clad steel conductors are therefore not normally required to be provided with greased
cores which are usually necessary with ACSR.
 In addition, there is a slight reduction in resistance since aluminium of the cladding has a lower
resistivity than zinc.
 Another big advantage of aluminium alloy is the decreased electrical resistance and more
resistant to corrosive effects of the saline or industrial chemical attack.
 AACSR is sometimes also called AAACSR --- All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced
UNDERGROUND CABLES

 Underground cables are classified according to the voltage for which these are manufactured
 Low tension (L.T) cables for operating voltage up to 1000v
 High tension(H.T) cables for operating voltage up to 11kv
 Super tension cables for operating voltage from 22kv to 33kv
 Super tension (S.T) ---- from 22KV to 33KV
 Extra high tension (E.H.T) cables ------- from 33KV to 66KV
 Extra super voltage cables ------beyond 132KV
 A cable may have one or more than one core depending upon the type of service for
application. It may be,
 Single Core
 Two Core
 Three Core
 Four Core
General construction of underground cables
 Core : A cable may have one or more than one core depending upon the type of service for which it is
intended
 The conductor could be of aluminum or copper and is stranded in order to provide flexibility to the
cable.
 Insulation: The core is provided with suitable thickness of insulation, depending upon the voltage to be
withstood by the cable. The commonly used material for insulation are impregnated paper, varnished
cambric or rubber mineral compound
 Metallic sheath: A metallic sheath of lead or aluminium is provided over the insulation to protect the
cable from moisture, gases or other damaging liquids
 Bedding: Bedding is provided to protect the metallic sheath from corrosion and from mechanical
damage due to armoring. It is a fibrous material like jute or hessian tape.
 Armouring: Its purpose is to protect the cable from
mechanical injury while laying it or during the course of
handling. It consists of one or two layers of galvanized
steel wire or steel tape.
 Serving: To protect armouring from atmospheric conditions,
a layer of fibrous material is provided
Insulating Materials for Cables
Rubber
 It can be obtained from milky sap of tropical trees or from oil products.
 It has the dielectric strength of 30 KV/mm & Insulation resistivity
 Relative permittivity varying between 2 and 3.
 They readily absorbs moisture, soft and liable to damage due to rough handling
and ages when exposed to light.
 Maximum safe temperature is very low about 38 C
Vulcanized India Rubber
 It can be obtained from mixing pure rubber with mineral compounds i-e zinc
oxide, red lead and sulphur and heated up to 150 C.
 It has greater mechanical strength, durability and wear resistant property.
 The sulphur reacts quickly with copper so tinned copper conductors are used.
 it is suitable for low and moderate voltage cables.
Insulating Materials for Cables
Impregnated Paper
 This material has superseded the rubber, consists of chemically pulped paper
impregnated with naphthenic and paraffinic materials.
 It has low cost, low capacitance, high dielectric strength and high insulation
resistance.
 The only disadvantage is the paper is hygroscopic, for this reason paper insulation
is always provided protective covering.
Varnished Cambric
 This is simply the cotton cloth impregnated and coated with varnish.
 As the varnish cambric is also hygroscopic so need some protection.
 Its dielectric strength is about 4KV / mm and permittivity is 2.5 to 3.8.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
 This material has good dielectric strength, high insulation resistance and high
melting temperatures.
 These have not so good mechanical properties as those of rubber.
Insulating Materials for Cables

XLPE Cables (Cross Linked Poly-ethene)

 This material has temperature range beyond 250 – 300 C
 This material gives good insulating properties
 It is light in weight, small overall dimensions, low dielectric constant and
high mechanical strength, low water absorption.
 These cables permit conductor temperature of 90 C and 250 C under normal
and short circuit conditions.
 These cables are suitable up to voltages of 33 KV.