ResearchGate Laboratory-scale model of carbon dioxide deposition for soil stabilisation 6 Le ‘Acosta pee lode by radon ray 206Journal o Rock Mechanics and eee Engineering (2015) 1-9 neeDirect Contents lists available at S Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Journal homepage: www.rockgeotech.org as, Full length article Laboratory-scale model of carbon dioxide deposition for soil stabilisation Mohammad Hamed Fasihnikoutalab, Afshin Asadi, Bujang Kim Huat®, Paul Westgate Richard J. Ball‘, Shahram Pourakbar* *Dxparment of Ci Engineering, University Pure Malesia £340 UPM, Seong Selongr, Molayso ious Research Centre Deparment of Cl Engler Uiersy Putra Melgysia 43400 UPN Sedan, Selangor. Maia “BRE Cone for imovatve Construction Mater, Deparment of Acitectare and Cv EXgneoig, Unversity of ath, ath, A 7A, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received 23 May 2015, Received in reve form ected 6 November 2015, ‘lable online. Olivine sand is a natural mineral, which, when added to soil can improve the sols mechanical prop ‘erties while also sequester carbon dioxide (C02) from the surrounding environment. The originality of this paper stems from the novel two-stage approach. Inthe Fst stage, natural carbonation of olivine and ‘atbonation of olivine treated soll under diferent CO» pressures and times were investigated. In this Stage, che unconfined compression test was used asa too fo evaluate the strength performance In the Second stage, details of the installation and performance of carbonated olivine columns using. a Inboratory-scale model were investigate. In this respec, olivine was mixed with the natural soil using oa the auger and the columns were then carbonated with gaseous CO, The unconfined compressive Sl sebiteaon strengths of olin he fst tage inereased by up to 120% compared to those of the natural untreated soil ©, deposition ‘The strength development was found to be proportional tothe COp pressure and carbonation period. imate ene Microstructural analyses indicated the presence of magnesite on the surface of carbonated olvine- Uncoated compressive strength Microstructure analysts, treated soil, demonstrating that modified physical properties provided a stronger and stiffer matrix ‘The performance ofthe carbonated livine-ril column, in terms ofltimate bearing capacity, showed that the carbonation procedure occurred rapalyand yielded a bearing capacity value of 120 kPa. Results ‘ofthis study are of significance tothe construction industry as the feasibility of carbonated olivine for strengthening and stabilizing soi is validated. its applicability lies in a range of diferent geotechnical applications whilst also mitigates the global warming through the sequestration of CO, 1 2016 Insitute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier BN. llrightsreserved. 1. Introduction the cement industry alone accounts for around 5% of global COp emissions (Feely etal, 2004; Sabine etal, 2004). Recent soil stabilisation methods have highlighted the need for full or partial replacement of the traditional binders with cleaner ‘Traditional calcium-based binders (ie. lime and cement) are frequently used as additives for ground improvement (Sariosseiri and Muhunthan, 2009; Celaya et al, 2011; Horpibulsuk et al 2011; Dash and Hussain, 2012). However, their production in- volves the emission of carbon dioxide (CO;)-This isa contributing factor to the significant global warming expected in Future decades ‘The production of these traditional binders, ie. lime and cement, typically produces 600-700 kg and 800-900 kg of CO» per tonne, respectively. This is because they require energy (both fuel and electricity) and the production process releases CO, For instance, * Corresponding author Tel: 60173372070. Email renhnecom (MA Fatal) eer review under responsibly of lstute of Rock and Sol Mechanics, Chinese acadey of Scenes fences reduction and hosting by Eevee BV. Al eghs reserved tepddorg 01016) mee 2S 2001 and more sustainable materials (eg. reactive magnesia, zeolite, fy ash, rice husk ash, cement kiln dust. calcium carbide residue, palm oil fuel ach, ground granulated blast furnace slag) (Rahman, 1987; Yin et al, 2008; Horpibulsuk et al, 2009; Jegandan et al, 2010: Kroehong et al, 2011; Kampala and Horpibulsuk, 2013: Vi et al, 2014; Pourakbar et al, 2015a, b). Most of these methods have focused on using alternative materials to replace traditional ‘cementitious binders and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ‘Another promising technique to reduce the industry's green- house gas emissions involves capturing the CO, to make other products such as carbonates or bicarbonates. It is an attractive sequestration method for the permanent and safe storage of COp. Mineral carbonation is a process whereby CO; reacts chemically ‘with calcium- andjor magnesium-containing minerals to form stable carbonate phases (Oelkers etal, 2008). Please cite tis article in press as: Fasinikoutalab MA etal, Laboratory-sale model of carbon dioxide deposition for sol stabilisation, Journal o Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (2015), http|/dx.doiorg/101016)}jrmge2015.1.001,2 Ma Fou et a ou Serpentine, olivine, wollastonite, steel slag, Estonian oll shale ash, and Mg-oxides have been widely proposed for direct carbon- ny several researchers (Maroto-Valer et al, 2004: Hanchen et al, 2006; Liu, 2006: Hangx and Spiers, 2008: Velbel, 2008; Bemal et al, 2010; Rudge et al, 2010, Sissmann et al. 2013: ¥1 et al, 201%2"c: Song et al. 2014), Accordingly, the recent studies demonstrated thatthe in sity carbonation can be achieved by in- jection of C02 through a perforated pipe installed in the ground (Andseani et al, 2009; Viet al, 20133~c; Cai etal, 2015). ‘Amongst 2 wide variety of natural materials for the mineral carbonation process, olivine MgzSiO, is one of the mast promising candidates (Kelemen and Hirth, 2012; Olsson et al, 2012; Sadi et al, 2013). Olivine is widely distributed around the world: Egypt, Myanmar, South Arica, Russia Pakistan, Norway, Sweden, France, Brazil, Germany, Mexico, Australia, China and also the USA. Geological survey of Malaysia shows that there is a large number of volcanic racks of the andesite-dacite-basalt in Tawau Mountains in Sabah which isthe main source of olivine (Tahir et al, 2010} ‘The CO; fiom the atmosphere dissolves in available water forming carbonic acid with a pH value around $6, Then, the dissolution of olivine in the cazbonated water occuts, and finally a stable magnesium carbonate (MgCOs) and silica ate precipitated. “The carbonated products may have potential to bond soil particles together (Fasihnikoutalab etal, 2015). The earbonation reaction of, Mg-rich olivine can be described by MgySiO4 + 4COz + 2H,0-+2Mg** + SiOz 4HCOs +2MgCOs + Si02 + 2CO2 + 2H20 Te aim ofthis study i to investigate the strength performance of carbonated olivine treated soil at different carbonation pressures and times, In this stage, unconfined compression test was used as a tool to evaluate the performance. Moreaver, the beating capacity of| treated soil using carbonated olivine columns was determined by a laboratory-scale set of experiments using specific pressure and time. Microstructural analysis of olivine under the natural condi- tion and carbonated olivine treated soil was also trace. a 2, Materials and method 21. Properties of materials used 211. Soll properties ‘A clayey soil composed of 10% sand, 60x silt and 20% clay was used. The optimum water content and maximum dry density of natural sol were 23.3% and 158 gem’, respectively. Liquid and plastic limits were determined to be 54% and 30%, respectively Based on the unified sol classification system (USCS), the soil was classified as highly plastic (CH). Table | shows the engineering properties of soi! and 15% olivine sand treated soil Fig. | clarifies the particle size distribution of sol 212. Olivine properties The olivine in this investigation was supplied by the Maha of Fock Mechansand Ceti Engnering (2015) 1-8 Fig A The pute sie dst veo supplier. A laser diffraction particle size analyser (Mastersizer 2000E, ver. 5.52) was used to determine the specific surface area of olivine, The specifie surface atea and Dsa (mean particle size) of the olivine sand were 607 mig and 2.24 um, respectively. Table 2 shows the chemical composition of olivine sand according to the supplier in this study. ‘Analysis using 2 Jeol 6480 LV scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed particles with sizes ranging from approximately 500 jum down to sub-micrometre sized particles (see Fis. 2). Moreover, the crystalline phase composition of the olivine was etermined by X-ray difraction (XRD), Data were collected over the 20 range from 3° to 50°. Te relative intensities ofthe peaks atthe ‘critical 20 angles can be seen in Fig, 4, Analysis of the XRD data confirmed the presence of peaks at 20 values of 16.55", 248°, 25,52", 32°, 365°, 39.36", and 44.58" which are in agreement with those reported by Swanson and Tatye (1951) fr forsterite, the Mg- rich form of olivine. ‘ble Chemicals Company of Malaysia. ig. 2 shows the particle size — ~ s a distribution obtained from a sample ofthe olivine supplied by yeas ‘piu waierOpumum wale coment at Pasie tiga Plaiy Speate Maximum ay waximum dry deny oso P15" Parice fen (3) sal 1S¥ line ands} mit (®) mit (®) inger's) granty eensty gfe) olivine sand lem) cote 2) Sask coy Peas cite this article in press as: Fashnikoutalab MH etl. Laboratory-scale model of carbon dioxide deposition for sil stabilisation, Journal of Rock Mechanies and Geotechnical Engineering (2015), hp: /jdxdotorg/ 10-1016) jemge 2015.11. 001M0 Ftroatala t aJural f ack Mechanics end enenal ngnering Be 3. Sel gph wig ane sand pre wth ge 22. Laboratory tests 221, Raman spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscope of carbonated olivine ‘The natural carbonation of olivine exposed to the Malaysia at- mosphere for 6 months was investigated using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and Raman spectroscopy. A Renishaw’s inVia Raman spectrometer with 2.25 mW wavelength stabilised diode laser of wavelength 785 nm operating at 1% laser power was used to characterise the olivine. In order to obtain sharp Images at high magnification, the olivine particles were first coated with a 10 nm thick layer of chromium, using a Quorum Q1SOTS turbo-pumped spucter coater. Two samples ‘were prepared for viewing: one with the olivine as received and one with a sample that had been prepared with freshly exposed fracture surfaces. The olivine particles Were then viewed in a SM-6301F FESEM, 222, Call setup for carbonation of soi-olivine sample ‘The olivine was applied to the soil at a concentration of 15% of weight. Directly after mixing, samples were placed in a cylindrical ‘mould (50 mm in diameter by 100 mm in height), applying consistent moderate compaction in three equal layers at the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the mixture (see Table 1), Compaction was conducted manually by a 445 mm diameter sceel rod to eliminate air pockets, s0 as to improve the homogeneity of the samples. A cell was used to permeate pressurised CO, into the olivine treated soll Fig. ). Samples were subjected to a confining pressure of 400 kPa, followed by upward permeation ofthe CO,, The outflow tube was placed underwater in ‘order to detect whether or not the samples were fully saturated with COp, Altera few minutes, the outflow tap was closed while Keeping the inlet open. Since the CO mineralization of olivine is significantly influenced by CO, exposure time and pressure to olivine (Kwon et al, 2011), the samples were carbonated at various CO} pressures of 100 kPa and 200 kPa at various carbonation pe- ods of 7h, 48 b and 158 h Inorder to assess the effec of carbonated olivine on the strength performance ofthe samples, the UCS was determined for soilin the ‘as-received! condition in addition to olivine treated sample, These tests were performed at different carbonation pressures and pe- Fods as specified earlier according to BS 1277-7 (1990), 223. Microstructural tests ‘The stabilised soil after carbonation using the cell setup was characterised using JSM 5700 FESEM and SEM to determine the structural information, Elemental information was gained from energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and details of the crystalline phases presented were determined from XRD studies. These tech- ques together provided important information used to investi- sate the effect of olivine cazbonation on the stability of treated sol. 224, Laboratory-scale carbonated olivine-soif column ‘A similar methodology to that of in-situ soi by using an auger, followed by its carbonation with CO; through a perforated pipe stalled in the ground (Yi etal. 2013a~c, Caiet al, 2015),was used for the laboratory-scale model. n this model of ground, a rigid box having dimensions of 800 mm in width, 400 mm in length and 320 mm in height was used (Fig. 6). Three sides of the box were ‘made of steel andthe front side ofthe box had a removable 20 mim thick rigid Perspex panel to allow real-time visualisation of soil ig 5 el setup for caronatig oie eae si Pleas cite this article in press as: Fashnikoutalab MH etl, Laboratory-scale model of carbon dioxide deposition for soll stabilisation, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (2015). htp:/jdx dotorg/10.1016)jrmge 2015.11 0014 MIL Fsrutl ea Jounal of Rock Mechanics and Cte Engieering x (2015) 1-8 ig 6 Physical mode of selene clue, ‘movement during testing. To prepare the scaled model of the round, the natural soil (clay with high plasticity) was ist air-dried under laboratory conditions, While waiting for the soil to be air- dried, the water was carefully pouted into a mixing drum. Subse- quently, the air-dried soil was slowly and carefully added and allowed to submerge under the water before mixing was started to avoid spreading of dust. The slury, at just over 2 times the liquid limit, was made up to produce a homogeneous sample as suggested by Sheeran and Krizek (1971), The slutry was mixed for 10 min and then placed inside the steel box in 3 equal layers. The soil was then consolidated for 2 d For column preparation, the soil-olivine columns were prepared inside a set of acrylic tube (23.5 mm in diameter and 200 rm in length) by mixing the natural soil and 15% olivine with distilled water. Tally 10 columns of soil-olivine were prepared through the mixing procedure. Provision was also made to produce 2 samples for unconfined compression tests in order to determine the strength and consistency of column mixture, After mixing proce- dure, 12-4 curing periods were adopted. For this purpose, after extrusion from acrylic tube, all prefabricated columns were closely ‘wrapped in polythene covers to avoid water loss and cured in a laboratory ambient environment. ‘To excavate the soll, a thin-wall brass tube with an outside diameser of25 mm was pushed slowly into the model ground atthe predetermined locations identified by the template. A template With predetermined drilled column location in a 5 mm thick aluminium pattern was used to act as a guide to remove the soil by ig 8 Raman spec stained fom he face fn ovine atl exposed othe atnesphere fo months. Caras peaks ate shown fr te olivine and sice fered magnesia eons a Taboratory auger for column installation, Note that the improve- ‘ment area ratio was 119%. The soil-olivine columns were slowly installed in the process. ‘The soil-olivine columns were then carbonated with gaseous CO». A plastic pipe with a diameter of 20 mm was inserted into the columns centre. The top inlet ofthe tube was connected tothe CO container, and C02 was pumped at 50 kPa pressure into the col- tumns for Th (ig. 7. 3. Results and discussion 31, Carbonation of olivine under atmospheric condition Carbonation of olivine sand under atmospheric condition was confirmed empirically using Raman spectroscopy. as shown in Fig. 8. The main peaks for olivine (forsterite) corresponding to the Sig as reported by Cnopnras (1991) were identified. A peak at 228 cm” corresponded to the rotational and translational lattice vibration mode. Peaks at 430 cm” and 588 cm’ corresponded co the r2 and rg bending modes, peaks at 823 cm~" and 856 cm? cortesponded tothe #45 stretching modes, and peaks at 918 em and 962 cm” ' corresponded to the v; stretching modes. Magnesite Fig 7 Physi mal of slain column ding carbonation, ‘lease cite thisarticie in press as Fasihnikoutalab MH, etal. Laboratory-scale model of carbon dioxide deposition for sol stabilisation, Journal of ‘Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (2015), http:/dxdoiorg/101016)}jemge 201511001,ty Fig 9. FEM zraphs of lve (2) Marbology of shy produced tacture sur ona (MgCos) was identified by peaks at wave numbers of216 em and 529 em! which corresponded to lattice mode vibrations. n-plane symmetric bend vibrations were observed through a peak at 743 cm! and internal symmetric stretch vibrations of the cat- bonate ion CO were observed at 1096 em * (Walker and Pavia, 2010), proving that carbonation has taken place. ‘The presence of magnesite an the surface ofthe olivine particles was further confirmed by FESEM, Fig. Sa shows the smooth and tuncarbonated surface of fresh ground olivine particles. In com- parison, Fig. 8b shows magnesite crystal growths on the olivine Particle surfaces indicating carbonation. 3.2. Unconfined compressive strength of carbonated soil-olivine samples Fig 10 indicates the stress—strain behaviours of soil and soil olivine samples before and after carbonation at different pres sures and carbonation periods. As seen from the figure, untreated samples showed a ductile behaviour with unconfined compressive strength (UCS) value of 100 kPa a a failure strain of 18%, The UCS levels of the soil sample increased when the samples were sub- jected toa confining pressure of 400 kPa for diferent curing times However, when the olivine-soil sample was subjected to pressur~ ised C02, carbonation of olivine-treated soil led to a stronger and Fe 10. Use fara st cbonsted natural sels 200 Ps COs res aer 7h hte and tot heonston tes. vine parle prior t reaction with mosphere CO, (Manes crystal growth on stifler matrix. The study showed thatthe rate of strength devel- ‘opment was dependent on the CO2 pressure and carbonation period. At the same period of carbonation, a rapid strength increase can be seen when the CO; pressure increased from 100 kPa to 200 kPa, confirming that carbon mineralization is related to CO2 pressure “The higher COz pressure increased the acidity of the medium and more Mg* was released for carbonation (De Silva etal, 2009) ‘Mo and Panesar, 2012). AS CO» is chemically fixed into the olivine ‘matrix, various products including nesquehonite (MgCO;-311,0). hhydromagnesite —((Mg)s(COs)«{OH),-4il,0), and dypingite {((Mg)s(COs)4{OM),-5H,0) are formed between soil particles with the effect of bonding them together. Fig 10 highlights the signif- leant contribution of carbonation to strength where the UCS increased to 1274 kPa under a COp pressure of 200 kPa after 168 h of curing. This supports the strategy that when olivine is used as @ soil stabiliser in geotechnical applications, it can benefit the environment through sequestrating CO, whilst also strengthening the soil Fig. 11 demonstrates the difference between Young's moduli (50x) of carbonated olivine treated soil at various carbonation pressures of 100 kPa and 200 kPa and carbonation periods of 7 h, 48 5, and 168 h, Note that che Young's modulus was calculated by Esox = UCSsox/¢s0x 2 Where esoy is the half of axial strain at the half of UCS failure point. ig. 11 highlights a general trend of increasing stiffness Fig 1 The Young's modus of exdoaued 1S ovine uated sol at dlerent Cop pressures [100s and 200s} nd eee catonston tines (7, and 18. Pleas cite this article in press as: Fashnikoutalab MH etal, Laboratory-scale model of carbon dioxide deposition for sil stabilisation, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (2015). htp:/jdx dotorg/10.1016)jrmge 2015.11 001. Mo Fou tau 1H dierent carbonation press and times a 7 Extbonted 200 7 tase nested si “ 18008 ‘eexedso 100, “a Sot 155 with increasing carbon pressure and carbonation period. The summary of peak strength and Fyix of carbonated 15% olivine sand treated soil at different carbonation pressures and times is presented in Table 3. The greatest Young's madiults of 35.8 MPa corresponded to the 15% olivine treated soil exposed to the highest CO, pressure (i.e. 200 kPa) and the longest carbonation petiod (Le. 168 h), ‘The results demonstrate how olivine could be used as a sus- tainable and promising soil stabiliser with potential to be utilized for sol strength enhancement purposes. Of particular importance is the fact that the soil was stabilised without compromising the environment. This is the advantage of olivine compared to the ‘cement and lime, Cement and lime industries contribute significant global anthropogenic CO, emissions as a consequence of the calcination stage ofthe production process (Worrell etal, 2001; Ke ct al, 2013), The associated release of CO; into the atmosphere has faised some environmental concerns due to its activity as a greenhouse gas, while olivine with the high naturally occurring [MgO content (around 50%) makes ita sustainable product for soil improvement, The use of olivine as a soil stabiliser is considered as A proactive strategy in soil stabilisation. Tarough the application of olivine, the impacts and risks to the environment are minimised. Moreover, the olivine could be the key to addressing climate change issue by reducing the CO, levels of the atmosphere through the CO; sequestration process; therefore, olivine isan eco-effective method for soil improvement, 33. Microstructural analysis of olivine treated soil following carbonation 3.34. XRD analysis of carbonated olivine treated soil Fig. 12 shows the XRD diffractograms of the carbonated 15% olivine stabilised soil at CO» pressure of 200 kPa after carbonation periods of 7 14 h and 168 h, respectively. These diffractograms confirm that the improvement of soil stength was based on the catbonation of olivine in the soil through the hydration and crystallization of MgO. Evidently some brucite peaks are identi- fied as 2 result of olivine reacting with water. However, by increasing the carbonation periods of 15% olivine stabilised soil from 7 b to 168 h, the weak peak of MgO (Mg) with weak peaks of brucite (B) and serpentine (5) suggests the rapid hydration and carbonation of the MgO, resulting in the formation of nesque- honite (N) and dypingite-hydromagnesite (D/H). Also, according to Eq, (1), the carbonation of olivine not only results in the pro- duction of MgCOs, but the XRD diffractograms also suggest i can break the chemical bond between MgO and SiO thus producing quartz (see Fig. 11) 3.32, SEM and EDX analyses of carbonated olivine treated soit Fig. 1 shows the SEM images of the natural soil, 15% olivine stabilised soll after carbonation at CO, pressure of 200 kPa and carbonation times of 7h, 48 h and 168 b, respectively. The igure reveals the formation of intergrowth carbonates MgCO;_ag- slomerates with edges manifested in soil structure surfaces. Ac- cording to previous studies, the formation of MgCO; in soil was responsible for blocking capillary pores and bonding the soil particles together (Vi et al, 20132-cl. The morphology of Carbonated olivine treated soil shows a denser structure compared with the untreated soil, Itis evident that by increasing the carbonation period from 7h to 168 h, the soil structure be- comes denser (see Fig, 13b—A) and this can be attributed to the substantial carbonation of olivine. Results are in agreement with previous studies reporting that increases in soil strength as a Fesult of the volume increase are observed when magnesium oxide undergoes carbonation forming crystalline MgCO; (Viet al, 2013a~C). Fig. 4a shows the surface analysed and the location of an EDX spot analysis and Fig. 14D is the spectrum analysis of point 1 of carbonated soil containing 18% olivine. The crystalline phase contained Mg, C. Al Si, Fe and 0. The EDX elemental analysis of, point 1 reveals the presence of both Mg and Cin the round and edge shaped carbonates, suggesting that the carbonates were MgCos. This is supported by the results shown in Fig. 8b. ays 2am . we 1 | Mal ian WN a _[eteiceremsean | ° Ble] A Me Sha wi a isn orpans sah 7 al i Fe, 12. XRD eteactoerns of crdonsted 15% olin teed 0 36 COs pe Sjpingtetjdrmagneste Mg Magnesium No scguchonte, Q quae: S ‘lease cite this articie in press as Fasihnikoutalab MH, etal. Laboratory-scale model of carbon dioxide deposition for sol stabilisation, Journal of Rock Mechanies and Geotechnical Engineering (2015), hp: /jdxdotorg/ 10-1016) jemge 2015.11. 001MD Fost ea Jour Rok Means and Getecial Engineering (2015) 1-8 Fig 2 seMinages ofa unstd sei and 58 carbonated ovine ested si ter casbonstion tne of 7h 2004 5 ethonated livin eae oll ercibnstion time of 48h a 200 HP apd (15% carbonated ole ated sll afte carbonation tine of 165 h 200 KP i. 14 #0% ands of caonated alvin seated el aC, pressure of 200 a aod afer 168 abanation a) Point 1 and (bs spectrum anal Furthermore, according to EDX analysis, the presence of Si in point 1 shows production of quartz inthe sol structure according to Eq. (1). The microstructural analysis confirmed the role of MgCO; in increasing the strength of soil attributed to carbonation, 34, Ultimate bearing capacity value Tecan be seen in Fig. 15 that the vertical load in untreated case increases with the increase of settlement at frst and reaches a plateau at about 0.09 of displacementjfooting width. In this respect, the ultimate bearing capacity value of 40 kPa was achieved. ‘As shown in this igure, compared to untreated model ground, the ultimate bearing capacity value increased sharply in the treated case. In the treated case, the ultimate bearing capacity value of 10 kPa was attained, This sharp increase in bearing capacity of ‘model ground is attributed to the use af carbonated soil-oivine columns. Moreover, during the carbonation procedure of the treated columns and according to previous results, the carbonation of olivine treated soil increases the strength of soil because of the produced MgCO; and also increases the bearing capacity value of ‘carbonated soi-olivine columns. Please cite this article in press si Fashnikoutalab MH etal, Laboratory-scale model of carbon dioxide deposition for soll stabilisation, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (2015). htp:/jdx dotorg/10.1016)jrmge 2015.11. 001® MIL Fsutl ea Jounal of Rock Mechanics and Cte Engineering (2015) 1-8 ‘ig. 15. Uma bearing capacy of ground tated by carbonated olin, 4, Conclusions ‘This study has demonstrated that following six months expo- sure to ambient Malaysian atmospheric conditions, magnesite is formed on the surface of olivine. The presence of magnesite was ‘confirmed using FESEM and Raman spectroscopy. Olivine additions to soil of 15% by mass were found to be an effective level for soil stabilisation. A cell setup was used to permeate pressurised gaseous CO, for varying carbonation periods, into the soil revealing the effect of olivine on compressive strength. “The UCS of soil was found to increase to 1.274 MPa, which is roughly 12 times greater than untreated soil, when a CO, pressure of 200 kPa was applied for a period of 166 h. ‘The results confirm that utilization of olivine in soil stabilisation is aviable method to improve the bearing capacity. Additionally. t ‘can be adopted to tackle climate change by CO, sequestration and, strengthen soll for more demanding geotechnical applications Conflict of interest ‘We wish to confirm that there are ne known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its ‘outcome, ‘Acknowledgements ‘The financial support from Fundamental Research Grant ‘Scheme (FRCS) entitled "sustainable sil stabilisation by olivine and its mechanisms" funded by Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia ‘and Universiti Putra Malaysia (Project 1D 92474-135837) is grate- fully appreciated. Sincere thanks are also due to Professor emeritus Dr. RD. Schuiling from the Netherlands and Ir. 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