Atomic Structure

A branch of chemistry which deals with

definite and experimentally verified
distribution of sub atomic particles in an
atom of an element.
jlk;u 'kkL= dh og 'kk[kk ftlesa fdlh rRo ds
ijek.kq esa mifLFkr miijekf.od d.kksa ds fuf'pr
rFkk iz;ksxksa }kjk izekf.kr O;oLFkk dk fooj.k feyrk
gS] ijek.kq lajpuk dgykrk gSA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Maharshi Kanad ¼Ekgf"kZ d.kkn½
The smallest part of a Padarth is called
Parmanu.
fdlh inkFkZ dk lq{e vfoHkkT; d.k ijek.kq gksrk gSA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Democritus and Lencippus

An atom is the ultimate particle of a

substance.
fdlh inkFkZ dk lq{e vfoHkkT; d.k ijek.kq gksrk
gSA
Atom Greek word – Atomos (Uncut)

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Dalton’s Atomic model
British School Teacher - 1808
Matter is made up of atoms. Atoms
are indivisible and indestructible
ultimate particles.
inkFkksZ dk fuekZ.k ijek.kqvksa }kjk gksrk gSA
ijek.kq vfoHkkT;] vfouk'kh gksrs gSaA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Atoms are neither created nor
destroyed during simple chemical
reactions.
lkekU; jklk;fud izfrfØ;k esa ijek.kqvksa dk u
rks l`tu gksrk gS u gh fouk'k gksrk gSA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 All atoms of an element are identical in
mass and chemical properties.
Different elements have different
masses of their atoms and have
different chemical properties.
fdlh rRo ds lHkh ijek.kqvksa ds nzO;eku rFkk
jklk;fud xq.k vkil esa leku gksrs gSaA fofHkUu
rRoksa ds ijek.kqvksa dk nzO;eku rFkk jklk;fud
xq.k fHkUu & fHkUu gksrk gSA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Atoms combine in small whole numbers
to form different compounds.
ijek.kqvksa dk vkil esa la;ksx ljy vkafdd
vuqikr esa gksrh gS ftlls ;kSfxdksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk
gSA
Chemical reactions involve only
combination, separation or rearrangement
of atoms.
jklk;fud izfrfØ;k esa ijek.kqvksa dk la;ksx ]
i`Fkddhdj.k] iq.kZO;oLFkk gksrh gSA
Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -
 Classification of sub – atomic particles
A. On the basis of presence of sub –
atomic particles.
ijek.kq esa mifLFkr mid.kksa dk oxhZdj.k
mifLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij fuEu izdkj ls gksrk
gSA
Fundamental Particles ¼ekSfyd d.k½
Electron, Proton, Neutron

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Fundamental Particles of an Atom
Electron ¼bysDVªkWu½

Symbol ¼ladsr½ = 0
-1e

Discovered by = J.J. Thomson (1897)

¼[kkstus okys oSKkfud dk uke½
(Name given by J. Stoney)
bysDVªkWu dk ukekdj.k J. Stoney ds }kjk fd;k
x;kA
Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -
Position ¼LFkku½ = Outside Nucleus
bysDVªkWu dk LFkku ukfHkd ds pkjks vksj gksrk gSA
Absolute charge = - 1.602 x 10-19 C (SI)
¼fujis{k vkos'k½
- 4.8 x 10-10 esu (CGS)

Relative charge = -1
¼lkis{k vkos'k½

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Absolute Mass = 9.1095 x 10-31 kg (SI)
¼fujis{k nzO;eku½
9.1095 x 10-28 gm (cgs)

Relative Mass = 1 amu = 0.00054

1837 amu
¼lkis{k nzO;eku½

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 e = 1.7588 x 10+11c kg-1 (Thomson)
m
bysDVªkWu dk vkos'k rFkk nzO;eku ds vuqikr
dk eku 1.7588 x 10+11c kg-1 gksrk gSA
Charge on 1 mole of electron = 96500
C = 1 Faraday
,d eksy bysDVªkWu ij vkos'k = 96500 C gksrk
gS ftls ,d QSjkMs dgrs gSA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Fundamental Particles of an Atom
Proton ¼izksVkWu½

Symbol ¼ladsr½ = 1 p
1

Discovered by = Goldstein (1911)

¼[kkstus okys oSKkfud dk uke½
Absolute Mass = 1.67252 x 10-27 kg (SI)
¼fujis{k nzO;eku½ 1.67252 x 10-24 gm (cgs)

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Relative Mass = 1.0073 amu
¼lkis{k nzO;eku½ 1.67252 x 10-24 gm (cgs)

Absolute charge = + 1.602 x 10-19 C (SI)

¼fujis{k vkos'k½
+ 4.8 x 10-10 esu (CGS)

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Neutron

Symbol ¼ladsr½ = 0
1n

Discovered = James Chadwick (1932)

¼[kkstus okys oSKkfud dk uke½
Absolute Mass = 1.67495 x 10-27 kg (SI)
¼fujis{k nzO;eku½
1.67495 x 10-24 gm (cgs)

Relative Mass = 1.0087 amu

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -
 Absolute charge = Nil
¼fujis{k vkos'k½
Relative Charge = Nil
¼lkis{k vkos'k½

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Symbol of an atom ¼fdlh ijek.kq dk ladsr½

A A = Mass Number

Z
X (Total nucleons)
nzO;eku la[;kA
Z = Atomic Number
ijek.kq la[;kA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 In an atom ¼fdlh ijek.kq esa½
Atomic number = No. of protons = No. of electrons.
ijek.kq la[;k = izksVkWu dh la[;k = bysDVªkWu dh la[;kA

Mass Number = No. of protons + No. of neutrons.

nzO;eku la[;k = izksVkWu dh la[;k + U;wVªkWu dh la[;kA

Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number

U;wVªkWu dh la[;k = nzO;eku la[;k – ijek.kq la[;kA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Ion ¼vk;u½

Ion has charge ¼vk;u ij vkos”k gksrk gS½

Ions are two types ¼vk;u nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa½

Cation ¼/kuk;u½

Anion ¼_.kk;u½

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Ion

In an ion ¼fdlh vk;u esa½

Atomic number = No. of protons  No. of

electrons.

ijek.kq la[;k = izksVkWu dh la[;k  bysDVªkWu dh la[;kA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Cation

Cation is formed by loss of electrons.

fdlh /kuk;u dk fuekZ.k bysDVªkWu ds R;kx }kjk
gksrk gSA
Number of electrons loss is equal to
number of positive charge.
ftruh la[;k esa bysDVªkWu dk R;kx gksrk gS] mruk
gh /kukos'k dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
In cation,
number of electrons < number of protons.
/kuk;u esa] bysDVªkWu dh la[;k < izksVkWu dh la[;k
Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -
 Cation ¼/kuk;u½

- 1 . e-
Na Na+
- 2 . e-
Mg Mg2+

- 3 . e-
Al Al3+
- n . e-
X Xn+

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Anion ¼_.kk;u½
Anion is formed by gain of electron
_.kk;u dk fuekZ.k bysDVªkWu ds xzg.k }kjk
gksrk gSA

No. of electron gain = No. of negative

charge.
ftruh la[;k esa bysDVªkWu dk xzg.k gksrk gS]
mruk gh _.kkos'k dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 In anion, number of electrons is
greater than number of protons.
_.kk;u esa] bysDVªkWu dh la[;k > izksVkWu dh
la[;kA + 1. e-
F F-

+ 2. e -
O O2-

+ 3. e-
N N3-

Y + n . e- Y
-

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Isotope

The atoms of an element having same

atomic number but different mass
numbers are called Isotope.

fdlh rRo ds fofHkUu ijek.kq ftudh ijek.kq la[;k

leku rFkk nzO;eku la[;k fHkUu & fHkUUk gksrh gS]
mls leLFkkfud dgrs gaSA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 35 37
Isotopes - 17
Cl, Cl
17

12 14
- 6
C, 6
C

1 2 3
- 1
H, 1
H, 1
H

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Point

Isotopes have different number of

neutrons.
leLFkkfud esa U;wVªWku dh la[;k fHkUu gksrh gSaA
Isotopes are placed in same positions
in the periodic table.
leLFkkfud dk vkorZ lkj.kh esa leku LFkku
gksrk gSA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Isotopes have similar chemical
properties.
leLFkkfud dk jklk;fud xq.k leku gksrk gSA
Isotopes have different physical
properties.
leLFkkfud dk HkkSfrd xq.k fHkUu & fHkUu gksrk
gSA
Isotopes have separated by physical
methods.
leLFkkfud dks HkkSfrd fof/k;ksa }kjk vyx fd;k
tkrk gSA
Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -
 Isobars

The atoms of elements having same

mass number but different atomic
number are called Isobars
fdlh rRoksa ds ijek.kq ftudh nzO;eku la[;k leku
rFkk ijek.kq la[;k fHkUu & fHkUUk gksrh gS] mls
leHkkfjd dgrs gSaA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 14 14
Isobars - 6
C, 7
N

40 40
- 18
Ar, 20
Ca

Same mass number but different atomic

number and number of neutrons.
leHkkfjd esa nzO;eku la[;k leku gksrh gS rFkk
ijek.kq la[;k rFkk U;wVªkWu dh la[;k fHkUu & fHkUu
gksrh gSA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Point
Isobars have different number of
electrons, protons, neutrons.
leHkkfjd esa bysDVªkWu] izksVkWu] U;wVkWu dh la[;k
fHkUu & fHkUu gksrh gSA
Isobars have different positions in
Periodic table.
leHkkfjd dk vkorZ lkj.kh esa vyx & vyx
LFkku gksrk gSA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Isobars have similar physical
properties.
leHkkfjd dk HkkSfrd xq.k leku gksrk gSA
Isobars have different chemical
properties.
leHkkfjd dk jklk;fud xq.k fHkUu & fHkUu gksrk
gSA
Isobars have separated by chemical
methods.
leHkkfjd dks jklk;fud fof/k;ksa }kjk vyx fd;k
tkrk gSA
Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -
 Isotones
The atoms of elements having different
atomic number, mass number but same
number of neutrons are called Isotones.
fdlh rRoksa ds ijek.kq ftudh ijek.kq la[;k ]
nzO;eku la[;k fHkUu & fHkUUk gksrh gS rFkk U;wVªkWu
dh la[;k leku gksrh gS] mls leU;wVªkWfud dgrs gaSA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 23 24
Isotones - Na, Mg
11 12

31 32
- P, S
15 16

Different mass number and different

atomic number but same number of
neutrons.
leU;wVªkfud esa nzO;eku la[;k ] ijek.kq la[;k fHkUu
& fHkUu gksrh gS] ijUrq U;wVªkWu dh la[;k leku gksrh
gSA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Point
Isotones have same number of
neutrons.
leU;wVªkWfud esa U;wVkWu dh la[;k leku gksrh
gSA
Isotones have different positions in
Periodic Table.
leU;wVªkWfud dk vkorZ lkj.kh esa fHkUu & fHkUu
LFkku gksrk gSA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -

 Isotones have different physical
properties as well chemical properties.
leU;qVªkWfud dk HkkSfrd xq.k rFkk jklk;fud xq.k
nksuksa gh vleku gksrk gSA
Isotones have separated by chemical
methods or physical methods.
leU;qVªkWfud dks jklk;fud fof/k;ksa ;k HkkSfrd
fof/k;ksa }kjk vyx fd;k tkrk gSA

Class – XI Topic : Atomic Structure (Part - 1) Lecture -