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Psychology 12th Edition Wade Solutions Manual
Psychology 12th Edition Wade Solutions Manual
Solutions Manual
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Chapter 7
▲ TABLE OF CONTENTS
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► Chapter 7 Answer Key
End-of-Module Quiz 7.1
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. D
5. A
End-of-Chapter Quiz
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
248
1. B
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. D
6. B
7. D
8. C
9. D
10. C
11. C
12. B
13. D
14. C
15. A
Learning Objective 7.1.B - Discuss the basic principles of classical conditioning, including the
extinction and recovery of a classically conditioned response, how higher-order conditioning takes
place, and the process of stimulus generalization and discrimination.
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
249
Handout 7.1 – Classical Conditioning in the Real World
Handout 7.2 – Applying Classical Conditioning
B. Principles of classical conditioning
1. Extinction--when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned
stimulus, the conditioned response eventually disappears
2. Spontaneous recovery--after a response has been extinguished, it may spontaneously reappear
after the passage of time, with exposure to the conditioned stimulus
3. Higher-order conditioning--a neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus by being
paired with an already established conditioned stimulus
4. Stimulus generalization--after a stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus for some response,
similar stimuli may produce the same reaction
5. Stimulus discrimination--different responses are triggered by stimuli that resemble the
conditioned stimulus in some way
Learning Objective 7.1.C – Explain why the stimulus to be conditioned should precede the
unconditioned stimulus in order for classical conditioning to take place.
Learning Objective 7.2.A – Provide an example of how classical conditioning takes place in forming
preferences.
A. Learning to like
1. Watson one of the first psychologists to recognize real-life implications of Pavlonian theory
2. Power of classical conditioning impacts emotional responses to objects, people, symbols,
events, and places
Learning Objective 7.2.A – Provide an example of how classical conditioning takes place in avoiding
fearful stimuli, and describe how the process of counterconditioning takes place.
B. Learning to fear
1. Some things may be more easily learned because of a biological predisposition based on
evolutionary considerations.
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250
2. Little Albert example
3. Therapy techniques that have developed to reverse classically conditioned fears include
counterconditioning and systematic desensitization.
Learning Objective 7.2.C – Describe how classical conditioning is involved in avoiding a food
associated with aversive outcomes.
Learning Objective 7.2.D – Describe how classical conditioning can affect reactions to medical
treatments, including a patient’s reaction to a placebo.
Learning Objective 7.3.B - Distinguish between reinforcement and punishment and between a positive
and negative stimulus, and provide examples of positive and negative reinforcement and punishment
and primary and secondary reinforcementt and punishment.
A. Skinner boxes and cumulative recorders are often used when conditioning animals.
Learning Objective 7.4.A - Describe the basic principles of operant conditioning, including extinction
and recovery, stimulus generalization and discrimination, schedules of learning and shaping, and
some biological limits on learning.
FOOTNOTES: