Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Drugs Brain and Behavior 6th Edition Grilly Test Bank
Drugs Brain and Behavior 6th Edition Grilly Test Bank
Essay questions.
Q. A researcher is investigating some of the behavioral properties of a new drug called “GR1944” (a
hypothetical drug). She trains two groups of rats on tasks in which bar pressing is occasionally reinforced with
food. For GROUP DRLR rats the longer the interval between bar presses the greater the likelihood that a bar
press will be rewarded, so GROUP DRLR rats generally press the bar fairly infrequently. For GROUP DRHR
rats the shorter the interval between bar presses the greater the likelihood that a bar press will be rewarded, so
GROUP DRHR rats press the bar fairly rapidly. After the two groups are trained over several daily sessions to
the point that their responding is at stable levels, the researcher splits the two groups into two subgroups. For
five successive daily test sessions, she injects GROUP DRLR-1 and GROUP DRHR-1 rats with 100 mg of
GR1944 30 minutes prior to each session, and for five successive daily test sessions, she injects GROUP DRLR-
2 and GROUP DRHR-2 rats with saline 30 minutes prior to each session. The researcher measures the rate of
bar pressing for each group over the five test sessions.
The researcher notes that after the first injection of GR1944, the GROUP DRLR-1 and GROUP DRHR-1 rats
respond much more frequently than their counterpart controls (i.e., GROUPs DRLR-2 and DRHR-2). However,
by the fifth test session, the GROUP DRLR-1 rats are responding at about the same level as the GROUP DRLR-
2 rats, i.e., it appears that tolerance to GR1944 has occurred. On the other hand, by the fifth test session, the
GROUP DRHR-1 rats are still responding much faster than the GROUP DRHR-2 rats, i.e., tolerance to
GR1944 does not appear to have occurred.
A (p. 101, 103-105). Since both groups DRLR-1 and DRHR-1 were given the same amount of GR1944
over the same time intervals and only one group exhibited tolerance, a pharmacodynamic mechanism
can be ruled out, leaving a context-specific mechanism resulting from the fact that the task
requirements for the two groups of rats were very different. Specifically, group DRLR-1 rats would
have lost reinforcers upon exposure to GR1944 because it resulted in them responding more frequently,
whereas group DRHR-1 rats would likely increase their reinforcement rate with the drug because the
responded even more rapidly than without the drug. Thus, one would predict that group DRLR-1 rats
would learn some compensatory instrumental behaviors that resulted in them decreasing their rate of
responding to reestablish their original rate of reinforcement, i.e., show tolerance. Since there would be
nothing for group DRHR-1 rats to compensate for, they would show no tolerance.
2. Do these observations tell us anything regarding the question of whether GR1944 is capable of
inducing physical dependence? Explain your reasoning.
A (p. 112-117). This doesn’t tell us much about whether GR1944 could produce physical dependence
because, although tolerance always precedes physical dependence, there are a variety of tolerance
processes that are not linked to physical dependence. However, since the drug was only given once a
day, and only for five days, and tolerance only occurred in one group, it is not likely that, at least with
this dose and dosing interval and number of doses, physical dependence would result. But we don’t
know about whether higher doses, more frequent dosing, or more doses could induce physical
dependence. Furthermore, we would have to see if any signs of abstinence, that were essentially
opposite to the direct effects of the drug, would occur upon drug cessation.
Q. John Key has been injecting the drug Sopor to get “high” four to six times daily for a month. In addition to
the euphoria experienced, the drug induces low blood pressure, low heart rate, pupillary constriction, and
constipation. If John were to immediately stop taking Sopor, what might the abstinence syndrome look like and
what would be its likely time course (described in terms of duration and intensity)?
1
A (p. 114-115). The abstinence syndrome would consist of effects generally opposite to the direct effects of the
drug, e.g., dysphoria, high blood pressure, tachycardia, pupillary dilation, and diarrhea. Since it was necessary
for John to take the drug this often to get high, it indicates that the drug was relatively shortacting; thus,
withdrawal would likely to be relatively intense but short-lasting, e.g., a few days.
Q. Two groups of rats have a small pellet implanted under the skin. In Group A rats the pellet contains
morphine, which is slowly absorbed over a 72 hour period. In Group B rats the pellet contains an inert
substance. The rats are kept in their home cages for the three days after the pellet implantation. Both groups are
then tested for analgesia by being injected intraperitoneally with a small dose of morphine. This test consists of
the rats being placed on a hot surface and they are timed to see how long it takes them to lick their paws. (It is
assumed that the longer it takes the rats to lick their paws, the more the analgesia.) Group A rats display much
less of an analgesic response than Group B rats. Is this tolerance phenomenon more compatible with a
pharmacodynamic or a context specific mechanism for tolerance development? Explain your reasoning.
A (p. 103-105, 108-110). The fact that the Group A rats, which had been exposed to morphine prior to their
exposure in the analgesia test, exhibited less analgesia than Group B rats indicates the development of tolerance
to morphine’s analgesic properties. Because the Group A rats given the morphine pellet (1) were tested for
morphine analgesia in a context totally different from that in which they experienced the effects of morphine
and (2) never practiced the paw-licking behavior in response to heat while under the influence of morphine, it is
unlikely that this is a context-specific form of tolerance, e.g., the development of a compensatory CR to the
contextual/conditioned stimuli (CS) or an instrumental compensatory behavior. On the other hand, three days of
chronic exposure to the morphine should be sufficient to induce some pharmacodynamic neuroadaptations in the
Group A rats.
Q. What are two actions induced by psychotropic drugs that may lead to receptor “up-regulation”?
A (p. 104). Any drug action that results in a lower than normal activity at receptors for an extended period of
time (generally on the order of several hours) may lead to receptor “up-regulation”, e.g., a drug antagonist may
bind to them and prevent neurotransmitter (NT) activation or the drug may increase the levels of the NTs for
those receptors by reducing the NT reuptake, by enhancing NT release, by reducing NT metabolic degradation,
by activating autoreceptors (which reduces NT release or synthesis), by decreasing the firing of neurons that
release the NT, etc.
A (p. 103, 104-106, 109-114). Context-specific tolerance refers to a decrease in response to a drug primarily
resulting from learning processes, in which the contextual stimuli become CSs for compensatory CRs that
reduce the apparent drug-induced reactions (UCRs), or the organism learns instrumental compensatory
responses to behaviorally disruptive effects of the drug, or simple habituation occurs to the drug stimuli. If the
contextual stimuli are changed or the task contingencies change, the tolerance may be reduced or eliminated.
Pharmacodynamic tolerance refers to changes in cellular membranes, receptors, or neurotransmitter levels
reflecting physiological homeostatic processes. These processes are activated when the concentration of the
drug is high and the actions are prolonged and are generally independent of the context in which the drug is
taken.
A (p. 103-105). If a drug’s pharmacodynamic properties result in considerably greater activation of a particular
type of receptors (e.g., because the drug is an agonist at the receptors, or the drug causes more than normal
amounts of the natural ligand [neurotransmitter] to be accessible to the receptors) the receptors’ functional
2
characteristics may decline (desensitization). Thus, in order to achieve the original effect of the drug, more drug
must be taken to act on the remaining receptors that have not desensitized. These receptors will subsequently
desensitize, so that even more drug must be taken to produce the original effect. This decrease in the drug’s
effectiveness results in tolerance.
Q. What are the distinctions between “drug abuse” and “drug dependence”?
A (p. 112-114). Drug abuse is evidenced when there is recurrent drug use by the individual that is often
accompanied by adverse consequences, e.g., social, economic, health, for the individual or society. Drug
dependence includes this feature; in addition, in the absence of the drug, the drug dependent person experiences
unpleasant and uncontrollable mood states that is accompanied with the compulsive use of drugs. Typically
tolerance is evidenced and physiological withdrawal may be evidenced if the drug is not taken.
Q. How are the processes of “enabling” and “denial” factors in drug dependency?
A (p. 127-128). Enabling occurs when friends, family members, or acquaintances engage in behaviors that
reduce the negative consequences of the addict’s drug-associated behaviors on the addict, e.g., loaning the
addict money, covering up their mistakes, making excuses for them. This decreases the recognition that there is
a problem and the motivation to do something about it, and also facilitates the process of denial. Denial refers to
the inability of addicts to consciously acknowledge that their drug-taking behaviors are causing problems for
themselves and others or that they have lost control over their drug-taking. Without recognizing that there is a
problem, there is little likelihood that treatment will be sought out and if forced into treatment, little likelihood
that the treatment will have any lasting effects on the addict.
1. The sight of a syringe has been noted to produce in a heroin addict a sudden desire for a “fix” and he begins
twitching. Such reactions were not present until the syringe was seen. We can say that the syringe has
become
a. a conditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned stimulus
c. a conditioned response d. an unconditioned response
2. Drugs that commonly induce both physical and psychological dependence are
a. antipsychotics b. LSD and mescaline c. sedative-hypnotics d. narcotic antagonists
5. The hypothesis that some drug tolerance is the result of learning to compensate for the effects of drugs
would predict that
a. the rate of tolerance development is a function of the difficulty of the task performed while under the
influence of the drug
b. drug-induced decrements in performance will not show tolerance
c. drug-induced enhancements of performance should show tolerance
3
d. none of the above
6. Most of the drugs used to treat major mental and emotional disorders, such as antipsychotics,
antidepressants and lithium, generally produce
a. strong physiological dependence
b. both psychological and physiological dependence
c. moderate psychological dependence
d. none of the above
7. Greatly increased activation of postsynaptic receptors with drugs generally results in the receptors
a. becoming more sensitive b. becoming less sensitive
c. showing little increase or decrease in sensitivity d. becoming more active
8. With the exception of nicotine, the first illegal drug for high school students presently in the U. S. is almost
always _______(1)____________. If the user moves on to other drugs, the second illegal drug(s) generally
is/are ______(2)__________.
a. (1) marijuana; (2) alcohol b. (1) alcohol; (2) stimulants, depressants, or tranquilizers
c. (1) alcohol; (2) marijuana d. (1) marijuana; (2) stimulants
9. Under which conditions should one expect to find evidence for state dependent forgetting?
a. material learned while drugged, material tested while drugged
b. material learned while drugged, material tested when no drug taken
c. material learned when no drug taken, material tested when no drug taken
d. all of the above
10. Depending upon how frequently they are activated, neurotransmitter receptors generally have a “lifetime,”
i.e., the time between their synthesis, degradation, and replacement, somewhere around
a. minutes b. hours c. weeks d. months
11. When the actions of people who care about a drug dependent person allow the person to escape the harmful
consequences of drug use, it is called
a. displacement b. denial c. enabling d. rationalization
12. After being a heavy smoker for several years, you quit and don’t have a cigarette for several months. While
you hadn’t cared for cigarettes all that much before you had started smoking, you now find yourself
wanting a cigarette in certain situations. We can say that your drug craving is
a. a primary drive b. an acquired (conditioned) drive
c. a social motive d. due to physiological withdrawal
13. When monkeys are hooked up to an apparatus so that a small injection of a drug directly into the
bloodstream occurs when the animals perform same response, which of the following drugs are they likely
to self-administer?
a. cocaine b. amphetamine c. morphine d. all of these
14. If given an opportunity to release cocaine or morphine into its bloodstream, e.g., by pressing a lever that
delivers the drug intravenously, a nonhuman animal will typically do so, and when the drug is no longer
delivered after many responses by the animal, it will stop lever pressing. However, if the animal is exposed
to a stressor or sees or hears a cue that was originally presented when the drug was delivered, it will
typically start lever pressing again. This phenomenon is referred to as
a. priming b. sensitization c. augmentation d. tolerance
15. Sally was so nervous about learning to drive that she took three Valium every time she took a driving
lesson. After she learned to drive well under these conditions, she was no longer nervous about driving, but
4
she still found that she had a great deal of trouble remembering what to do when driving without taking her
Valium. Most likely this was due to
a. traumatic retrograde amnesia b. state dependent learning
c. proactive interference d. short term storage deficits
16. When John Key first began to inject heroin, he experienced numerous physiological and emotional
reactions to the drug. After several injections, John Key noticed that he has a craving to “shoot up” every
time he sees a syringe. This craving is called a(n)
a. unconditioned stimulus b. conditioned stimulus
c. unconditioned response d. conditioned response
17. When a person first begins smoking cigarettes, he often experiences numerous physiological reactions to
the ingredients of the smoke. After numerous smoking experiences, the person notices that he has a craving
to smoke a cigarette every time he sees one. The physiological reactions to the ingredients of the cigarette
smoke may be termed a(n)
a. unconditioned stimulus b. conditioned stimulus
c. unconditioned response d. conditioned response
18. The waning (decrease in probability and magnitude) of a response to an initially novel stimulus after the
person is exposed to the same stimulus on several occasions is termed
a. extinction b. habituation c. generalization d. discrimination
19. Responses that do NOT fully transfer from one set of drug conditions to another are termed
a. conditioned responses b. state-dependent responses
c. task specific responses d. unconditioned responses
20. What technique is most commonly used with nonhumans to determine whether or not a drug has
dependence liability?
a. determine if the drug disrupts instrumental behavior
b. determine if they will self-administer the drug
c. determine if the drug has a low therapeutic index
d. determine if tolerance occurs to the drug with repeated exposures
21. The hypothesis that drug tolerance is due to the development of conditioned compensatory responses to a
drug’s effects would predict that, after complete tolerance has developed in one environmental context, the
drug’s effects would again be evidenced if the
a. drug was administered in an entirely different context
b. dose of the drug was reduced
c. the person were not exposed to the drug for several days
d. all of the above
22. Physical dependence associated with down-regulation of receptors is most likely to occur with drugs that
a. deplete neurotransmitters b. reduce receptor activation
c. increase receptor activation d. enhance hepatic enzyme production
23. Which type of context-specific process that results in drug tolerance does not depend on the development of
compensatory responses for tolerance to occur?
a. instrumental conditioning b. Pavlovian conditioning
c. habituation d. metabolic drug inactivation
24. Drug dependence is distinguishable from drug abuse because drug dependence is more likely to involve a
person’s
a. experiencing uncontrollable and unpleasant mood states that motivate compulsive drug-taking
behavior
5
b. frequent use of drugs
c. use of drugs that results in adverse consequences
d. use of illicit drugs
26. Which type of tolerance is most directly dependent on factors such as frequency and amount of drug
administered to the organism and is independent of the drug administration context?
a. associative tolerance b. behavioral tolerance
c. pharmacodynamic tolerance d. genetic tolerance
27. When individuals who consume alcohol regularly exhibit decreased sensitivity to other drugs with sedative-
hypnotic properties, e.g., barbiturates, it is an indication of
a. tachyphylaxis b. acute tolerance
c. sensitization d. cross-tolerance
28. Which of the following tolerance mechanisms is most influenced by the environment in which a drug is
given?
a. context-specific tolerance b. pharmacodynamic tolerance
c. genetic tolerance d. metabolic tolerance
29. If two drugs exert the same pharmacodynamic actions but differ in terms of their pharmacokinetic
properties, which of the drugs is likely to produce the most intense abstinence symptoms after chronic use?
The drug with the
a. shortest duration of action b. longest duration of action
c. slowest passage through the blood brain barrier d. longest times between drug exposures
30. Which brain system has research indicated to be most directly related to the abuse properties of virtually all
recreational and abuse-prone drugs?
a. temporal cholinergic system b. mesolimbic dopamine system
c. reticular serotonin system d. basal ganglia
31. Empirical evidence has shown that relapse is not likely to occur with which type of treatment for drug
dependence?
a. drug substitution
b. extinction of conditioned responses
c. group therapy
d. none of the above; there is no empirical evidence that any treatment prevents relapse
32. Which of the following defense mechanisms prevents drug users from consciously recognizing that they are
drug dependent?
a. enabling b. denial c. projection d. regression
33. Chronic exposure of postsynaptic receptors to agonists commonly produce _________________ of the
receptors.
a. desensitization b. down-regulation c. up-regulation d. either a or b
34. __________________ of receptors would most likely occur if the receptors were chronically exposed to
antagonists at those types of receptors.
a. Up-regulation b. Down-regulation c. Desensitization d. Ionization
6
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Third Session, Thirty-Seventh Congress.
IN HOUSE.
COLORED SCHOOLS.
June 8.—The House passed a bill to provide for the public
instruction of youth in Washington city, with an amendment
providing for separate schools for the colored children, by setting
apart such a proportion of the entire school fund as the number of
colored children between the ages of six and seventeen bear to the
whole number of children in the District. The bill, with amendments,
passed both Houses without a division.
On all of these questions of color, the Democrats invariably, on test
votes, were found against any concession of rights to the negro.
These were frequently aided by some Republicans, more
conservative than their colleagues, or representing closer districts
where political prejudices would affect their return to their seats. It
will be observed that on nearly all these questions Senator Charles
Sumner took the lead. He was at that time pre-eminently the Moses
of the colored man, and led him from one right to another through
Senatorial difficulties, which by the way, were never as strong as that
in the House, where Thaddeus Stevens was the boldest champion of
“the rights of the black man.” In the field, rather in the direction of
what should be done with the “contrabands” and escaped slaves, the
Secretary of War, General Cameron, was their most radical friend,
and his instructions were so outspoken that Lincoln had to modify
them. As early as December 1, 1861, General Cameron wrote:
“While it is plain that the slave property of the South is justly
subjected to all the consequences of this rebellious war, and that the
Government would be untrue to its trust in not employing all the
rights and powers of war to bring it to a speedy close, the details of
the plan for doing so, like all other military measures, must, in a
great degree, be left to be determined by particular exigencies. The
disposition of other property belonging to the rebels that becomes
subject to our arms is governed by the circumstances of the case. The
Government has no power to hold slaves, none to restrain a slave of
his liberty, or to exact his service. It has a right, however, to use the
voluntary service of slaves liberated by war from their rebel masters,
like any other property of the rebels, in whatever mode may be most
efficient for the defence of the Government, the prosecution of the
war, and the suppression of rebellion. It is clearly a right of the
government to arm slaves when it may become necessary as it is to
take gunpowder from the enemy. Whether it is expedient to do so is
purely a military question. The right is unquestionable by the laws of
war. The expediency must be determined by circumstances, keeping
in view the great object of overcoming the rebels, re-establishing the
laws, and restoring peace to the nation.
“It is vain and idle for the Government to carry on this war, or
hope to maintain its existence against rebellious force, without
enjoying all the rights and powers of war. As has been said, the right
to deprive the rebels of their property in slaves and slave labor is as
clear and absolute as the right to take forage from the field, or cotton
from the warehouse, or powder and arms from the magazine. To
leave the enemy in the possession of such property as forage and
cotton and military stores, and the means of constantly reproducing
them, would be madness. It is, therefore, equal madness to leave
them in peaceful and secure possession of slave property, more
valuable and efficient to them for war than forage, cotton and
military stores. Such policy would be national suicide. What to do
with that species of property is a question that time and
circumstances will solve, and need not be anticipated further than to
repeat that they cannot be held by the Government as slaves. It
would be useless to keep them as prisoners of war; and self-
preservation, the highest duty of a Government, or of individuals,
demands that they should be disposed of or employed in the most
effective manner that will tend most speedily to suppress the
insurrection and restore the authority of the Government. If it shall
be found that the men who have been held by the rebels as slaves are
capable of bearing arms and performing efficient military service, it
is the right, and may become the duty, of this Government to arm
and equip them, and employ their services against the rebels, under
proper military regulations, discipline and command.
“But in whatever manner they may be used by the Government, it
is plain that, once liberated by the rebellious act of their masters,
they should never again be restored to bondage. By the master’s
treason and rebellion he forfeits all right to the labor and service of
his slave; and the slave of the rebellious master, by his service to the
Government, becomes justly entitled to freedom and protection.
“The disposition to be made of the slaves of rebels, after the close
of the war, can be safely left to the wisdom and patriotism of
Congress. The representatives of the people will unquestionably
secure to the loyal slaveholders every right to which they are entitled
under the Constitution of the country.”
[Subsequent events proved the wisdom of this policy, and it was
eventually adopted by an Administration which proclaimed its policy
“to move not ahead but with the people.”]
President Lincoln and his Cabinet modified the above language so
as to make it read:
“It is already a grave question what shall be done with those slaves
who were abandoned by their owners on the advance of our troops
into southern territory, as at Beaufort district, in South Carolina. The
number left within our control at that point is very considerable, and
similar cases will probably occur. What shall be done with them? Can
we afford to send them forward to their masters, to be by them
armed against us, or used in producing supplies to sustain the
rebellion? Their labor may be useful to us; withheld from the enemy
it lessens his military resources, and withholding them has no
tendency to induce the horrors of insurrection, even in the rebel
communities. They constitute a military resource, and, being such,
that they should not be turned over to the enemy is too plain to
discuss. Why deprive him of supplies by a blockade, and voluntarily
give him men to produce them?
“The disposition to be made of the slaves of rebels, after the close
of the war, can be safely left to the wisdom and patriotism of
Congress. The Representatives of the people will unquestionably
secure to the loyal slaveholders every right to which they are entitled
under the Constitution of the country.”
Secretary Cameron was at all times in favor of “carrying the war
into Africa” and it was this stern view of the situation which
eventually led him to sanction measures which brought him into
plainer differences with the Administration. Lincoln took offense at
the printing of his report before submitting it to him. As a result he
resigned and went to Russia as Minister, on his return being again
elected to the United States Senate—a place which he filled until the
winter of 1877, when he resigned, and his son, J. Donald Cameron,
was elected to the vacancy, and re-elected for the term ending in
1885. General B. F. Butler was the author of the “contraband” idea. A
year later the views of the Administration became more radical on
questions of color, and July 22, 1862, Secretary Stanton ordered all
Generals in command “to seize and use any property, real or
personal, which may be necessary or convenient for their several
commands, for supplies, or for other military purposes; and that
while property may be destroyed for proper military objects, none
shall be destroyed in wantonness or malice.
“Second. That military and naval commanders shall employ as
laborers, within and from said States, so many persons of African
descent as can be advantageously used for military or naval
purposes, giving them reasonable wages for their labor.
“Third. That, as to both property, and persons of African descent,
accounts shall be kept sufficiently accurate and in detail to show
quantities and amounts, and from whom both property and such
persons shall have come, as a basis upon which compensation can be
made in proper cases; and the several departments of this
Government shall attend to and perform their appropriate parts
towards the execution of these orders.”
The manner and language employed by General McClellan in
promulgating this order to the Army of the Potomac, led to his
political differences with the Administration, and in the end caused
him to be the Democratic candidate for President in 1864, against
Lincoln. His language is peculiar and some of it worthy of
presentation as of political importance. He said:
“Inhabitants, especially women and children, remaining peaceably
at their homes, must not be molested; and wherever commanding
officers find families peculiarly exposed in their persons or property
to marauding from this army, they will, as heretofore, so far as they
can do with safety and without detriment to the service, post guards
for their protection.
“In protecting private property, no reference is intended to
persons held to service or labor by reason of African descent. Such
persons will be regarded by this army, as they heretofore have been,
as occupying simply a peculiar legal status under State laws, which
condition the military authorities of the United States are not
required to regard at all in districts where military operations are
made necessary by the rebellious action of the State governments.
“Persons subject to suspicion of hostile purposes, residing or being
near our forces, will be, as heretofore, subject to arrest and
detention, until the cause or necessity is removed. All such arrested
parties will be sent, as usual, to the Provost Marshal General, with a
statement of the facts in each case.
“The general commanding takes this occasion to remind the
officers and soldiers of this army that we are engaged in supporting
the Constitution and the laws of the United States and suppressing
rebellion against their authority; that we are not engaged in a war of
rapine, revenge, or subjugation; that this is not a contest against
populations, but against armed forces and political organizations;
that it is a struggle carried on with the United States, and should be
conducted by us upon the highest principles known to Christian
civilization.”
At this time such were the prejudices of Union soldiers against
negroes, because of growing political agitation in the North, that
many would loudly jeer them when seen within the lines. The feeling
was even greater in the ranks of civilians, and yet Congress moved
along, step by step. The 37th abolished slavery in the District of
Columbia; prohibited it in all the territories; confirmed the freedom
of the slaves owned by those in arms against the government;
authorized the employment of colored men in fortifications, their
enlistment, etc.; and enacted an additional article of war, which
prohibited any officer from returning or aiding the return of any
fugitive slave. These were rapid strides, but not as rapid as were
demanded by the more radical wing of the Republican party. We
have shown that most of them were opposed by the Democrats, not
solidly sure where they were plainly political, but this party became
less solid as the war advanced.
Senator Wilson was the author of the bill to abolish slavery in the
District of Columbia. It excited much debate, and the range of the
speeches covered the entire question of slavery. Those from the
Border States opposed it (a few Republicans and all Democrats) but
some of the Democrats of the North supported it. The vote in the
Senate was 29 for to 6 against. In the House Frank P. Blair, Jr.,
advocated colonization in connection with the bill, but his idea met
with little favor. Crittenden, Wickliffe and Vallandigham were
prominent in opposition. Its most prominent advocates were Stevens
of Pennsylvania, and Bingham of Ohio. The vote was 92 for to 38
against.
The bill of Arnold, of Illinois, “to render freedom national and
slavery sectional,” the leading idea in the platform of the convention
which nominated Lincoln, prohibited slavery in “all the Territories of
the United States then existing, or thereafter to be formed or
acquired in any way.” It was vehemently opposed, but passed with
some modifications by 58 ayes to 50 noes, and it also passed the
Senate.
In the Spring of 1862 General David Hunter brought the question
of the enlistment of colored troops to a direct issue by raising a
regiment of them. On the 9th of June following, Mr. Wickliffe of
Kentucky, succeeded in getting the House to adopt a resolution of
inquiry. Correspondence followed with General Hunter. He
confessed the fact, stated that “he found his authority in the
instructions of Secretary Cameron, and said that he hoped by fall to
enroll about fifty thousand of these hardy and devoted soldiers.”
When this reply was read in the House it was greeted with shouts of
laughter from the Republicans, and signs of anger from the others. A
great debate followed on the amendment to the bill providing for the
calling out of the militia, clothing the President with full power to
enlist colored troops, and to proclaim “he, his mother, and wife and
children forever free,” after such enlistment. Preston King, of New
York, was the author of this amendment. Davis, of Kentucky, and
Carlisle of West Virginia, were prominent Senators in opposition;
while Ten Eyck, of New Jersey, Sherman of Ohio, and Browning of
Illinois sought to modify it. Garrett Davis said in opposition:
“Do you expect us to give our sanction and approval to these
things? No, no! We would regard their authors as our worst enemies;
and there is no foreign despotism that could come to our rescue, that
we would not fondly embrace, before we would submit to any such
condition of things.”
Senator Fessenden of Maine, in advocacy of the amendment, said:
“I tell the President from my place here as a Senator, and I tell the
generals of our army, they must reverse their practices and course of
proceeding on this subject. * * * Treat your enemies as enemies, as
the worst of enemies, and avail yourselves like men of every power
which God has placed in your hands, to accomplish your purpose,
within the rules of civilized warfare.”
The bill passed, so modified, as to give freedom to all who should
perform military service, but restricting liberty to the families of such
only as belonged to rebel masters. It passed the House July 16th,
1862, and received the sanction of the President, who said:—“And
the promise made must be kept!” General Hunter for his part in
beginning colored enlistments, was outlawed by the Confederate
Congress. Hunter followed with an order freeing the slaves in South
Carolina.
In January, 1863, pursuant to a suggestion in the annual report of
Secretary Stanton, who was by this time as radical as his predecessor
in office, the House passed a bill authorizing the President to enroll
into the land and naval service such number of volunteers of African
descent as he might deem useful to suppress the rebellion, and for
such term as he might prescribe, not exceeding five years. The slaves
of loyal citizens in the Border States were excluded from the
provisions of this bill. In the Senate an adverse report was made on
the ground that the resident already possessed these powers.
In January, 1863, Senator Wilson, who was by this time chairman
of the Military Committee of the Senate, secured the passage of a bill
which authorized a draft for the National forces from the ranks of all
male citizens, and those of foreign birth who had declared their
intentions, etc. The bill contained the usual exemptions.
B. L. Stovall,
Speaker of the Senate.
The Richmond press publish the official copy of “An act to increase
the efficiency of the army by the employment of free negroes and
slaves in certain capacities,” lately passed by the Rebel Congress. The
negroes are to perform “such duties as the Secretary of War or
Commanding General may prescribe.” The first section is as follows:
The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact, That
all male free negroes, and other free persons of color, not including
those who are free under the treaty of Paris, of 1803, or under the
treaty of Spain, of 1819, resident in the Confederate States, between
the ages of eighteen and fifty years, shall be held liable to perform
such duties with the army, or in connection with the military
defences of the country, in the way of work upon the fortifications, or
in government works for the production or preparation of materials
of war, or in military hospitals, as the Secretary of War or the
Commanding General of the Trans-Mississippi Department may,
from time to time, prescribe; and while engaged in the performances
of such duties shall receive rations and clothing and compensation at
the rate of eleven dollars a month, under such rules and regulations
as the said Secretary may establish: Provided, That the Secretary of
War or the Commanding General of the Trans-Mississippi
Department, with the approval of the President, may exempt from
the operations of this act such free negroes as the interests of the
country may require should be exempted, or such as he may think
proper to exempt on the ground of justice, equity or necessity.
The third section provides that when the Secretary of War shall be
unable to procure the services of slaves in any military department,
then he is authorized to impress the services of as many male slaves,
not to exceed twenty thousand, as may be required, from time to
time, to discharge the duties indicated in the first section of the act.
The owner of the slave is to be paid for his services; or, if he be
killed or “escape to the enemy,” the owner shall receive his full value.
Governor Smith, of Virginia, has made a call for five thousand
male slaves to work on the batteries, to be drawn from fifty counties.
The call for this force has been made by the President under a
resolution of Congress.
RECONSTRUCTION.
In the House as early as Dec. 15, 1863, Henry Winter Davis moved
that so much of the President’s message as relates to the duty of the
United States to guaranty a Republican form of government to the
States in which the governments recognized by the United States
have been abrogated or overthrown, be referred to a select
committee of nine to report the bills necessary and proper for
carrying into execution the foregoing guarantee, was passed, and on
May 4th, 1864, the House adopted the first reconstruction bill by 74
yeas to 66 nays—a strict party vote.[28] The Senate passed it by yeas
18, nays 14—Doolittle, Henderson, Lane of Indiana, Ten Eyck,
Trumbull, and Van Winkle voting with the Democrats against it.
The bill authorizes the President to appoint in each of the States
declared in rebellion, a Provisional Governor, with the pay and
emoluments of a brigadier; to be charged with the civil
administration until a State government therein shall be recognized.
As soon as the military resistance to the United States shall have
been suppressed, and the people sufficiently returned to their
obedience to the Constitution and laws, the Governor shall direct the
marshal of the United States to enroll all the white male citizens of
the United States, resident in the State in their respective counties,
and whenever a majority of them take the oath of allegiance, the
loyal people of the State shall be entitled to elect delegates to a
convention to act upon the re-establishment of a State government—
the proclamation to contain details prescribed. Qualified voters in
the army may vote in their camps. No person who has held or
exercised any civil, military, State, or Confederate office, under the
rebel occupation, and who has voluntarily borne arms against the
United States, shall vote or be eligible as a delegate. The convention
is required to insert in the constitution provisions—
1st. No person who has held or exercised any civil or military
office, (except offices merely ministerial and military offices below a
colonel,) State or Confederate, under the usurping power, shall vote
for, or be a member of the legislature or governor.
2d. Involuntary servitude is forever prohibited, and the freedom of
all persons is guarantied in said State.
3d. No debt, State or Confederate, created by or under the sanction
of the usurping power, shall be recognized or paid by the State.
Upon the adoption of the constitution by the convention, and its
ratification by the electors of the State, the Provisional Governor
shall so certify to the President, who, after obtaining the assent of
Congress, shall, by proclamation, recognize the government as
established, and none other, as the constitutional government of the
State; and from the date of such recognition, and not before,
Senators and Representatives and electors for President and Vice-
President may be elected in such State. Until reorganization the
Provisional Governor shall enforce the laws of the Union and of the
State before the rebellion.
The remaining sections are as follows:
Sec. 12. That all persons held to involuntary servitude or labor in
the States aforesaid are hereby emancipated and discharged
therefrom, and they and their posterity shall be forever free. And if
any such persons or their posterity shall be restrained of liberty,
under pretence of any claim to such service or labor, the courts of the
United States shall, on habeas corpus, discharge them.
Sec. 13. That if any person declared free by this act, or any law of
the United States, or any proclamation of the President, be
restrained of liberty, with intent to be held in or reduced to
involuntary servitude or labor, the person convicted before a court of
competent jurisdiction of such act shall be punished by fine of not
less than $1,500, and be imprisoned not less than five, nor more
than twenty years.
Sec. 14. That every person who shall hereafter hold or exercise any
office, civil or military, except offices merely ministerial and military
offices below the grade of colonel, in the rebel service, State or
Confederate, is hereby declared not to be a citizen of the United
States.
Lincoln’s Proclamation on Reconstruction