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HMT Mod 1 Note
HMT Mod 1 Note
HMT Mod 1 Note
Tenpmatsre
Tt is tre oreaswe of nee Of Welngs ov
Cotoess of a teddy, TC's a mntanine off Ov Karte energy
ef portides io Substouk ,
Heat
Ts a Bin of enugy fned as a rout of ternp
coliffrente of je is the hanskn af thinrral enemy Fons
High Henpescviwre Subsient. to leo top Gabstore . Te is
Ur, Yo molecules datas of an objat:
arn of erongy Preeat
ti, who an objet ts hot, Ws malades have dot of entrciy
and eooweh « . J
Wal onstes
Moverntn} of tturroal enw 4 feo One objet 4d
cmotwt. Te tuts Und] fen of body and Sumounding
btwme equal Cui, swurnal equilieriuen). Unia is W ov KI/sec,
For tuat hoaslen , thine aust be a temperahie AiMferene
and ib Jakes polar 19 tree roodkss, iL Condurhton ,
Convection and Kadiation,
Condurtion 4+ heat honsfer by recans of physteal Gntoct,
Cenvetion 1 - raat farler by Gondushon cf Awicl motion
Radiation v= Weal boasker by rian al elsbomoanabe
Counts and requires 0 mediurs Gr tig
Condtustion Wat _hansler
Transfer of heal Rovn ene part of 9
Cuntianee fo anoint pan of Some Substance , 07 bao
one Substane 4p anotwed jn PI Bical Cootacl coith Vt
usiinow appreciable displasmnenl, o: mdtuker — Ramiog
Subsstonre .
ea: bead banter in medal rods, beat onhangea toalls ek
J “3g
Tn lds, Condurfion .T 15 dur fo"by hronport of Per etachons Celietonic Conduanon )
2») by ei Vibralions. — Cphoresic Condustion)
lo anstals | romyot fo Fee elon 1s loo dhewes”
re dren lattiu. Vibrations. Bul fy fon melaly,
quids and qe lattice Uibrafion is move doseloanth,
Gandussion Ys hserves! in golds, Uquids pe
Bub ie is move ehorninant+ in sol ds, ty YT
ond low ings.
Founiens law of heal Grduetion
Rot. af tow af bok ot ge
Qoud ts dtrely propo tional wea mr Yon
ad meat fy dhvetion of heat foo and
of Kebperabe cote rexpeal hy bat of path of taal
i»
' Ty ~ inlet
Be SANS a .
dic ye Triezanss of ody 19 dhebion of Pe
Wat fiow-
2 —Kkadt Ba
Q- au
vohne K NS Properion alt hy Grstant Cate Traren of
LO body Unit is Wok, ve Sion
Condua vit
inner Sanease vo | tomyperahne 1D eeeho of an
Gow, At is always —ve int divetton , Tus &
Qsaurnptions a
hand flow one ~ direction:
pout Gadurron — ot Seady stale. (8, Sey. 2 5me)
No \eteanak heat erate
5 Tiotop $ hernias ux poor.
Cpayattes Gagarin alt divechion > ne, ic Ss Grit bo all
's.
eelTos dehad os omound of tak Cendusked thre a
be of unit area ood unit Ahiketss Iq unit ene
woken Herop difference. fe uoihy.
th, K2 Q «da
- at
Th's tne Prep of material cohich fells about iui
of satel a alow Wak ve gt Cordurted __ meh
ie.
Thanenal _Gndustvity of Selids
al g unoniues. Be,
jo ey ao
jnveose P
8 Ku “Lions
damnead Keyshoo A vacate Keanu.
boithy innvease
Preerrad Conduskiviy 0
:
x —— mae!
Bee eK
—— ats ys 0s)
T
Ja Aenperchine,
f alloys “tatatarcs,
os Yop, Kise laerense $ ope
Bope Is ve.
TTwnmal _Gondustvity of Liquids 6 Gases
Jo tquids and trases, heat Conduction oteuns mainly
dnugh = 2 eaushonlinas
D Viner atomic Collision Ceneoge ennngy by Euston)
2) Woleador Diffusion. Cmordero mmovernsnt oF eraltuabes
ina mediuen. tH Con obshuct heal
Flow in (peritudon liven)
& Nquids | moles Ore velotv wre Cl
Ths Kk hgends On enobuntorr eftustoD than
ome4
04 domp 4, Tordomness oP motes 4 QB obsmuls heal
flow. Os tern ‘narreored Ra Liquids, kK chawneaned
eruption 4s waley . Thurna)
KP N db qune ual {with Tip ot
ond dun Stots
1 Ky
——>
Tr gases, 0% deenp T rrotudar callision also ¥
hauibes
Gand K —— jncrtoses. Men Kinetic twory of gases, KovT
$ ke Vow Ins
Keova > Ktgsa >. ¢ Kats > Ns
‘Deneasing ovdia of Mwwernal _Qonduetivity
Z
‘Diamond (3800 Woe) > Ces K vdue dle to 14h Pe!)
(talline,
Swe Cust 1) g
Copper Cseeq 0)
cot 8/4")
er (xe ">
Alloys
ty,
Gases
Testor s o-Redking tHhemnal) Goda vity
I Cahne of praterial !~
Some ane geod Grdetns Go oturs awe bool
Comdurtors . ey Copper is Move, Gndusting then fon.
2. Temp Aft bls ends of material
3. Gwss Setiona) onea
Ais
t= OK of antctes maketal is
Aron thinner rostered) of Same. Qoatetal) one© cli all Bech, e
Head ches = Otten
ym cod of
Shorten tonduuty faster onl ger one, 5
Kis a Aatton of TP rodeture Conkok , density ona
Porwsity
thre ladRee. AllovoHon —reuseaies
Tlnngerohine ¢- OS a, dome ,
tohich tN Obs: xz how . Thus KY
ox demp 7 -
wrietion in ten}
Mesure Sollels and Uquids Show 70
—=— Condaasvity wrt change io prose, Chun fo
thor 1 ormp reas Bie nature. But gases also,
shows 2 Nomtedtion 30K Rt Grease,
Posty 1-08 pov Kv
an frolstwe Goto T, IK t ¢
Molsture Content + ~
a mots Goo , Kotte
Os
Density? Bs clensity eases, K also TN.
Heat Gadurtn ego do a Coordinate
septere.
Gonsiday a Gono! Volume a Shaoo 0
Soure. tet dn, dy anddz be dhe aueraess \ Sort Sore
oF Cv lo miY4, Sa anis wesPAly. Prrcunt
of Wat entering and raving ans
is represented of! and Qutdn « Qn oe
Porn fourien's law, ame ae ™
Qy = ~Khn OE +E dye on
Zz
Ryo KO 2 kat dedz ee ‘s
a
4
Qs ~-kagdt = “KIT dndy
3a 8Qaadn= Qn+ 6On) dy
Ox
2 3 (&).
Qyrdy Dy "55 “y dy
Quads = Qs + 981) .da,
arcount oP teed gunsraled ustdnin terme
= «dn
“apn ts vale of head a or iris
ofed anit Volunne ’
Pmount of Nat suede dhe Crant Cafes)
8VC or
Oe
Sed 7 segt g adide
Sepying ening balan do Cv ap
Es, = Kouk + Exe = Cepredl
Orr Oy FQ, @rra, + Qrdy * Qads D # E910
= acai
- (ae. tn 38). dy 2.0449) 4 Syn Andy de
* = 8COT Andy dg
K(ét, +85, Ba, dpe a or :
ont yt 2 weg qr Andy dg
+ $c OT dnd dg
at +oT ee
ae, ap GPO 8 or
k “K oe
WT “qe =i OT =e Cowrming 17 hs
i K x de: Condery .T
Ir
Coordinate ae.
Je, as K 4, Omund of Mat FSi writin dre
mnediun twill be feo. AS chinmad diffusivity Col! Troreases
heot tronsfex by Conduction goill be more.Ry 2d steady Bate Gnddo itn Yntemal beak
qrrater
or 4dr 4 &
Ox Sy2 oe
LO Shady Stade Gnddr tortnout inkmad heat gus
at + dT
Oat ay
UD unsteady Stele hak honsfed eoitrouk “hood gaan
or 21 oT
Om ok OE io
eee . ‘
WoT usttnouk Fate road a
27 Kat
an an
eQr ie T
qe & Ke oT
One _dinwsional Steody State heal Condusltoo Wehoul
beat gievelion
® SLAB
Constdss a stab of tricknss SL! tm a dlivettion f
Johnie length ts YSZ clvdn as shown to fy
Stab ts having Galant tuna Goduckivity Ck Und!
wre 1s 90 heat ahion. The sides ‘one ab
Constont semprahures Ty ond Tr ab nso Paeb
Bell Prag hag i ge hack Grduofio eq, Re
wa Om a,“oe RR woly , Hen
| ee ee el ot ee) ts 2 Ranchioo
PpE —> ODE
Wapabig ihe
ge o| T= Cn+c, | ——@
Boundary Gnditions are y
a of A= 0 } ®
T= T. ab neu
apeliing B.Condtions @ in @
sak a=0, Q:T
CO Ry Boe LT
Qe -%
L
Gand ¢, is @ =F |T= (©
Head Fransker rade @ Can be daderrntaacl Oe ee lwo,
Q> -kA at
mba:
Q= kaCu-T.)
. “_
on ak xe L
“This Gn may be “caries ad, | @ =Kind Gndutfion equadfen in efraneet Gordinaks
Consider 09 elumental Velumne. raving — Gaordlinales
Crbiz> for drvee dimensional read Conchusttoo Snalyshs
of cluwunt ts ¥dg.dyolz. Leb Cg bE
Xx
Nidume,
Per ante Volume.
hoot green 1
Weak few \o radia) chirection :
heat toftun | Qy = —k Cragded OT
ov
KMS
‘
heat eR) Qos Q, + MQ) ax
or
heat aturnudated ia radial direction, da, ~ Q;
AQ, « - BOG) de = “B[-* Crdode) OT «|
dy
= dade Aral dT
as)
dQ, = Kdddedy. +.oT + OT
. Gat OF
AB, = K Crdbde-de’) [. we
Heat fou io Jongentiad drekion
eat \ntun > Q, > de) =
Veot efPlum = Qarag = De + & Canrdh
Peak auurnubsted to fangeottcd atechon hs
dQy= - 2,0) wd o -a,{-¥ ge | nag
- 2 Lot \e a a
AQy K (ardgdz) (4 a kr dade aheat Seouo 10 antal chreaty
wat odtun Q = —K Crd av) .
bot Hon Qi. + JQ) de
dz
head Otuumnutsted in aniad dively dQ, = Q-y
dQ, - -9@z)-dz= —d (_ F
a Se (Koes = ye
B= Kc rdrdgde eT
22
Nek bead atumutatedl in elament CQin- Gor)
= Kdvrddede [SL HLT pa dr ¢Ht
oy YY OY + Ogt a=
“Brat OT le we element @.>
gn Sgn tv add 6
eat stored fer cee element = Mtpdt= 3vcp oT
de oe
red = 8 Crdddadz') Cp oT
oP xs _®
Dom ome tahoe +> Quy +Q, = Vsweal
oe Tot gt dat
rosie ($5 eB) ge an
= sriedijde ST Cp.
OL yLat+ Ler 43t . _
(& YO y Oar Gaze ee pe * Stp ar
of
OT riot + Lot ett \i dy, 2
Ort Vor Y Og* Bye oo ay t=
eam
K Oe
A
x“Veod Conduction equation 'n Spharital Ceordinafes
Gorsidan ap elarnantal volume having Coordinates Cx,4,0), Ly
3D hot ferdustion analysis. Volume of element fs chord ving dh,
So ts haat ger per anit Volume.
hank Siow in diveh¥oo
@q- —K« Cay. rdo) oT Chea
sine ap ofan)
» Wide = @ - © dQ = —d_EB4)-"Sined
Grays 8% = “Se j
heat efflun
46,2 SL Ofek aw ot
P astnd § ( mie He ae ob ) vVeladeclp
da = K(drvdo) Jt dh
Og”
er
AR, ek Cord. ysind db) or
Psa. Oh
Heat flow in © ~ direction
vein dg y OT « -
Heat ioftun + Q, = — Car vsine -t) ae
huot efPum > Bigg = Apr IQs) -VAG-
10°
heat cteumutatecl in elamnt in © -diren :
AQe = Qe - Qeido= — A CQe)- rhe.
09
AQ - —d (-& (or sanods) oF }) de
yas yoo
= K drrsingdd 2 (see .oT do
Y Sine OH oo
= K ing. n
AQs = Karsing.ydd 9 (ging. of S Yde x1
ae de Sind «heat ow in ¥- dliveeton: %
Qy « =k Corde -rsinvde) ST Cheat inflam’)
ov
hak efflun Qigy = Qi 2@) da
Keak otumutation in element Aue to tab Po
a>
ag, = ~Z Wd 9 Yack
= -o
2 (> K Crd@-ysinad der ae
Kao Sing .dg dy a C¥. or
ov OF
= 1K dy d8 Yinodd 1g (or
yor oF )
Nek Wak orturulatedl tn tne etment (Q;,- - Qout)
Kayvd@rsina dg [1 ot
Head greed Ta Wwe element % ‘oft
Ber = “a0 Ae Sy asinoks —_@
caer shored ta ete 5 (or rho vsinw olf dep x -@)
Jom enugy wee QQ + @
Os® - @ > Dun = Dormeal
+ & tt yg or Lo (rot
[Fn sino se lins 8 ) tad oy a +m
= 8¢p ot
Sep oo
or
wae Se Hie Bs OPS) “EE COE)]* ge
= 3p of - 1 or
~* OF Xx dk:Elechitad Boudoy
Gnsidat Cue fod No elashic Gruit 08 Show |
vy, & Va
pe
—7T
oe Mev = Portia DifPrenu
R Elechiead Rusislone
To the Same voay, Q tan te, mepraericd a,
Qe THT = Cerrpembure diflenetu -
L
“KA Themed Kasistanue CR)
Ry, fs lo | When K 1s ig ard os Rin Y,
Q increases. Thennad aeatstanke. crude Rv a slab, can
be represented os,
Q-
% RL Te
KA
) ite Slabs
feo Gro posite Slab of fre leyets as Shows jo
ty, ba, C3 and Ki Ky, Ks ore Ndkness and
eu erg 1,283 poply . f f\s wy
or Anes
2A) norrook
Rete Reba; cess ts
Ke kn 7
Rela . b
Sane 1 eon se
i a ks
il Be he Ka KAQ- Bah _
H+ +h
Ke KA “ho
rat dam, Q@ = b= Ts
p Lid la tbs
Ko ke KS
Tniwlaxe dump Con be und by
@- A= QO;
Qe TWh: 2 tL -t > Ts- TH
u ue ‘3
Kiet KA ad
D Gmpssite Geb wtp Paralle| —resletanne
Q@= To Ts
R+ Res + Ry t+ Rez
\
ep = Latet
f+ && $6 Gt eRe
f+
Thermal Cndustunce is telprial of drmoad qeslsbace
c= toe te ka + To otter words, TH ts
Rey AS L
KA
aodio of eat lov vote ty demp- diderorur-t-2tl .@
Se
a " *
Fora Raistane Rn)
se te me rresivlne fred Ga buat foo,
tls the codigo ola” diflnu ia tenp te
Qo- Mt . 6,
Q nate of baat tous.
Cefudated as ato bl Lenn oP C1)
Orta CA)
Te tan abso be
0K ond cross seelton
Conductor to produkt °
Re
KR
Trured cifhuivity (5)
a= K_ = “Cosa Caetabhy
Sy x
P Troma —Capaaty
aatio of dtwmnal Gaduhvit, to dunn al
» Mls anit ts Pec, a8 & increases, foster
Will be tne wal ta dno :
metals and od is hi kd and repose ty
leap ‘\s vp. *h, prometalel Sollds and td,
ol is Srrall ond ody respond to temp ehaiga
Thermal Conrad , sesistance,
Tn a Compestie tall, dre assumptions fy
Je is ave
Cosudaking leat Lord ave
2) Cortat elo odiount taeas
wee *o LPS tap ehne,
i) ok Voter fae,
But ‘io reol fr s dur bb Sun
void Spous Sued by x or Sting it and
Suvtuses toueh only ob disercte Locadiong, im,
Gotact
ver n
ne is NO Set plane oF Conta and crea available.Ly heat Fad of iotrfar Is vey Small. Due to
16 geduud onea and eben Voids a
gestedonw to” heat foo ‘oP ioterface, eins. tre)
yesisenu ts Kroon as Shnmal Contact res
fine malinials of loka
and (Ta- ts) fv B-<,
\wen
a. Contant Pesan 'S qe "y
Tre fmp drop bl
Ors (e- bs) for a
p Bw, + Tet
C@&y = EB.
— On
eB Lia
ids: watt 3S 6 °C Sis ect
CE) Volleo atindurd
Consictrs A hollow eylindert rake of materiel hanlag
Constant ‘ thermal nds viay and Mutated — ot
both ends. Ub, %2 are tant & oukd toclins f
TG, Te be dompuratunes ab inner and cults Surfares 27
he grerg equation to gticdsicad Coordinalt rm bs ge by,
La (tet) 4 et +t f Sy ax
v5) Op et ea k 2D
q
‘radial dicho 4 Onkol Weak + “Taytead
dou oa foro min
Le \D, Beady Stafe , Witn oul tome
321). :
YS (7%) ~0 i Bal).
On ‘atea aston , a = a anddeo non t
Ts Qhreeq — OD [ore tn ral
Bomeony Conditions ove,
a wt, f ET
eG TE T= te bten
Te saboyntc,
q~ To Me, and
"
INS)
Qe te Tet bet,
doc)
1
Te TR hed a ty - ee CeO
mm) 8)
pe tye tote = Ha)
us“ a Tt
ta MY) ‘oe
my. Bie?
Ov
te dn Oly one
= MOM, 4
.
Qe-KaoL ° “— 7
Uh)
.
Or ety
By Furiew's Lavo,
tt anh) |
wh
@: QeKL Ct-t) on
d» (yd
da By ee BL)
@, Serena resistor Bra hrotous oan s,
Rey eA bls
(®,) a (h,)gd) Composite. ee
Ge we 2. Composite cotter, LF TV, ti8%s be
dterp of Wensuslan, TMrlur and outer swrhue
™ a: q Te %
ai ee
dn (vel, y+ 0%) NG
Rim Sor lap wT Leos
Me 1 bnlef,)
ar
Re 1 p(n)
are
> Tay ape Te inkl Somp Con Se
a Bis
RAR,
we . Uns
Q@: T-R * #
-e RQ RirRe
Rg
a) Sphere
Consett rollowg Sphere. of inn ~adius 1, dy ouluy
madis %y f Hermpradues C16 Te resp, Sane nas
ee a ‘a Sphntcal — Cordina tes |
yd) ay FL Snoot ) +9 = Lat
* vee m) re Oe rine 2 C 5 4 W5e
10, ey Fions witrout hak ope,
(tar) | on bstegeliog
&
Toe ow Te -4 £4 — O
a . “y ®Bwoditios ore,
ah vey, / Tet \ ® Senor
ve Vof Te tr
Qe Tete
A -L —
Ye om ~
G+ T+ tf Net )
n +
a4
®@w OF
~( Te) x | 4Th +1 Chet)
Jed ¥ % a
mY
Bees *(L-4) ecict
“ay ) *G oy)
Ge)
> -KkA
& av
Ye de
Cr a Kari" Tete) ee
aes
! oh}
(a) v
Q+ ATK cy-te) =
(1) (enn)
Gee
am
(Tt -t2)
"Bo = 1 ew
ArkyID Skeady Wat Gnrdudion cditn ‘intnnad — eal
oer os
& Slob / plane woul &
Congider a Slab of thickaass Vow ne diveckion |
sued ont maintained ab Krop Tes, Gnd Tor reapdly,
Y ad GnctunBvity of mataiad uot a wrote,
gp get baat Conduction €9° rede s ,
\
at + ey, =6. ——O Bc
dat fl fot ne LTT
% °
in OF
Tos, - To = Ct —@ @
——
te got HOT EY
Cpe
eK L
, ok
c= re Two, + Wr ——@®
om a a
© 4@ HOPzu
= (To, Te ® ¥(
pacts tlgeat «BEE geet
BK
2K
te (1 ats
2 ( “| sagas “(te ss)
Le a
___ @®
oe we ck Te Te
2
ne te Te Woo
. z
es <>
i
om i To,
\
To 7 Ter ‘ 7
Q- -«adt
dm leek ie ea @) J
at
an Vee t ey LE eH 4 Tn Keay
; ee .
. we
oe = Heya + Tor .Whig Tes, = tor = To)
qe Te ob mE EE
z=
a 20 ob a=e
an
eK
ak n= 0, Te Tran
Tron = “ oe x tts
oK
Fors qo @ Usk, “Ty, + To, » Te
Q- se (S w —-KA
K ( v
PL.
Q= a LA :
2
Loin — Convedk on Jaks pln ot both
era) Cordage tS vk all =
haat Cnmed to Rute.
ka at = ho C ww)
th han
ash = ha (too To)
we
en
Ate = Teo + Syn
Te
2h
fom ego @P T= Seo LY ( (aap) +t
ul
—@
ods
“to, ‘ta,
Two, h bts.cei
Wot bonsfed
Nestods Law of Cod
Conueetion is genes by Naatods law:
of tasting. Low Stake ‘Yad
ie dieally -pwperionad % Sonloce
in tenpetodine of
Ww
Rae of heat hansler
area of heat toalts — and chore
cunbue usin Sunurding s
robe ‘A tne ale area,
head honsles ,
To be. Sumourding derop.
tok Q be te
Tbe Bonfae terop ood
ari ok A CG Tod
Q= hALT- to)
Lh de heal rons ert
oF
shone. Gelbient f e's york ts
Weck
and will be
bh wilt be higher ae Lesh Convestion
for flied Conve chor,
fosser
Bb) Syhne cain iniennol Weal goer
easter Spare of radius Ro with ivtenool hand gtortn
Oukn Seafare prainteine! of Sep To
ad Unihim rate t.
Chowaning eqn fo 1D Beady State Goith_ heal ge
Aa( vt 4 Spm =o.
K
yde ay
at « e
Ge ae eee ip 10
aK ye
Tse tym ey 4c byte,
a “co =o, _ fi
cKO @
8 csq=0 and C, ~ Toe Le BO
‘ Ox —©
Oi @
T= Tt on eg ( L- 4 )
6K
timp at Canden of Spore,
ak Y=0,
io
Te > Ter cm R
CK.
from . fourtes's Lavo,
Q= —kadt ab ve R
AY
Qe —K une ego @ x +28
Cae | ee
= 4 ren
@
whi dane 1s sovesHon Q baencoves
4s aac Lives (as 4 > rer)
QD, Cuwent Gapey pes 4.
@) 7 Ve 1 > @ dereases
ey - Pourpew Plant Stearo cies
as iasuatian thickness Os
Variable — Trarmnal — Conduals vity
Thermal Condush vi: voy witty temp anor ding to
the relation = K = ke Cit Be) . lo most Ges , ternal
Gonduebvi ty ts: oBuind teen ty veeying toith Aempercchuee)
Ko = Anumal Gorduskivt yak Sino Vkerop
_ Br ret als Bis -ve
& for bing Bib ive,a) pore coal
@:-KA aT
an
a= ko Cit pt )AdT
dn
2. dn = ke Cue pt) dt
a
Q@
4
‘ &
Jo sk Cup fae,
&
& Jes = Ke Juroae
‘ &
en
2
aap).
Qu = mk f ween * platen |
a
a
Qu = Ko va gp Ce no Vey _@
e Liat
= = Ko [ Lb Phe | Chae
—
Qu © 4 Ko Vt Be Ch-€2)
mee Pee]
oT
Q> k(t pmodA Ce-t2>
Qe KA OT Woe = (Pent!) Ko,
LGio eo @, bmp af a isd Wwe be Bund oul,
= mKo (cet +B cer) ]
Byes
@= —kaatT = ke C 14 pe A AT
Or dy
Qs dr = —koC Ue) 2nLaT
mY oe
Jo.de = ao ft erat 2B
y
1 4
@ (or ] = mkoane [es +k usa)
Q tol ("A - Kasia i+ eit > Ye 4s)
Veto) = ke € UF ptm) Certs) ore,
Qx~ Kem Cerm€2) one
- = Kr = Ko CU Bln
dn (Ph) »
2 Splure-
Q:-Kadt = “Ke Crp) am dt
4, oF ay
fra ~ — [ke Cupe) an aT
4 i
f, &
af a nb |= eo Corea)
Ye
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