Supervised by:

Dr/ Eman Saleh Shahin

Assistant Professor of Medical Surgical Nursing

Presented by/
Rasha Mohamed El Sayed Abd El Ghany
Title (Tool):
Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES).
Authors for the article:
 Hossein Ebrahimi, Ali Navidian, Roghaieh Keykha.
 Ebrahimi, H., Navidian, A., & Keykha, R. (2014). Effect of
supportive nursing care on self-esteem of patients receiving
electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled clinical trial.
Journal of caring sciences, 3(2), 149–156.
https://doi.org/10.5681/jcs.2014.016

Original author of tool:

 It was developed by Morris Rosenberg in 1965.
 Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE).
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Measures Package, 61.

Aim of tool:
 The RSES is one of the most widely used measures of global
self-esteem.

Tool description:
 The RSES was a 10 item standard Rosenberg self-esteem scale.
 Responses to each item are based on the following range:
completely agree, agree, disagree, and quite the opposite.
 Each item ranges from 0-3, with 3 indicating the highest score
possible. Items 1, 3, 4,7,10 are positive items whose scores are
3,2,1,0 and the rest of the items are negative items whose scores
are reverse.
  The scale ranges from 0-30. Scores between 15 and 25 are within
normal range; scores below 15 suggest low self-esteem and
scores above 25 represents high self-esteem.

Procedure:
Mode of administration:

 Data collected using questionnaire, questionnaires were completed 6 hours

after through the interview.
 The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 13 (SPSS Inc.,
Chicago, IL, USA).
 Using statistics (number, percentage, Mean and standard deviation) to
analyze participant’s characteristics and their self-esteem. Considering the
normal distribution of data using the Kolmogorov – Smirnov, self-esteem
scores compared before and after intervention using paired t-test, also to
compare self-esteem changes in two groups before and after intervention
an independent t test was used.
 Analysis of research findings (Levin test) regarding the study hypothesis
showed that variances of the dependent variable in both groups are equal
that is a necessary prerequisite for using ANCOVA test. Results of
ANCOVA analysis showed that the self-esteem changes after the
intervention is significant and it means that supportive care provided by
nurses can improve self-esteem score
Target population:

 Patients from Baharan centre which is a training hospital belong to Zahedan

University of Medical Sciences.
  After a complete explanation about the study were given to the volunteers
who had a normal or low self-esteem score according to standard self-
esteem scale, signed a written consent form and then randomly were
allocated to study or control group.

Validity and reliability of tool:

This scale has been used in several studies. To measure the reliability and validity
of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in Iran a study conducted by Reza Rajabi in Chamran
University that reported adequate validity and a cronbach alpha of 0.84. In the present
research, the reliability of this tool with 24 participants with Cronbach’s alpha was 0.8.

Validity test:
To measure the reliability and validity of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in Iran a
study conducted by Reza Rajabi in Chamran University that reported adequate validity.
At 0.05 statistical significance level and with a power of 0.9, and also regarding
Mean difference and standard deviation before and after the intervention for study group
5.16 (2.77) and control group -2.66 (2.65), 30 patients was estimated for each group.
However, considering an attrition rate, a final sample of 70 eligible patients were
included in the study and were allocated simple randomly by random numbers chart to
each group.
Since the development of the scale, researchers have examined its validity and
reliability. A 2010 study by Sinclair et al. tested the scaling assumptions of RSES. This
included a thorough investigation of its structure. They determined that “all
psychometric tests supported the underlying structure of the RSES.”

.
Content validity
Demonstrates concurrent, predictive and construct validity using known groups. The
RSE correlates significantly with other measures of self-esteem, including the
Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. In addition, the RSE correlates in the predicted
direction with measures of depression and anxiety.

Reliability test:
1- Internal consistency:
Cronbach alpha of 0.84. In the present research, the reliability of this tool with
24 participants with Cronbach’s alpha was 0.8.
Sinclair et al. (2010) suggest that self-esteem scores are highly dependent on
temporal affect, and therefore the scale may not capture trait based self-esteem
adequately. Despite this, test-retest reliability over a period of 2 weeks reveals
correlations of .85 and .88, indicating excellent stability. The RSES demonstrates a
Guttman scale coefficient of reproducibility of .92, indicating excellent internal
consistency.
Fleming and Courtney (1984) reported a 1-week test-retest reliability of .82.
Internal consistency: Fleming and Courtney (1984) reported a coefficient alpha of .88.
Factor structure: Hensley (1977) reported a unidimensional factor structure.
Convergent Validity Reynolds (1988) found a .44 correlation between Rosenberg's
Self- Esteem Scale and the Academic Self-Concept Scale. (PsycTests Database
Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
2-T-retest reliability:
According to the results, Paired t-test showed a significant difference between the
mean self-esteem score in both groups before and after intervention. On the other
hand, an independent t-test showed that the mean self-esteem score of both groups has
no significant difference before intervention but after the intervention was
significantly different.
Conclusion:
The means score in the intervention group increased from 13.68 (3.81) to 18.22
(2.36) and in the control group it decreased from 13.14(3.40) to 11.54 (3.60).
Also mean difference of self-esteem score showed a significant statistical
difference between before and after intervention.
The possible cause of decrease in the average self-esteem score after ECT could
be receiving information from invalid resources and lack of appropriate physical and
emotional support. Therefore, results of this study revealed that the information,
emotional and physical supportive care has a positive effect on increasing self-esteem
in patients receiving ECT.
. The scale’s simplicity and brevity make it easy to administer, and you can use it
in various contexts, such as individual therapy sessions, group counseling, or
community assessments. You can utilise the results to measure your clients’ progress
over time and identify areas of concern that may require additional support.
The limitation of this tool is that it is not a diagnostic aid for any for any
psychological issues of states.
Personal critique:
- Was reliability and validity data presented and is it adequate?
This scale is the most widely used measure of self-esteem for research purposes
but it is NOT a diagnostic aid for any for any psychological issues of states.
If you are worried that your self-esteem may reflect poor mental health please
consults your doctor. The scale has been used in more than one hundred research
projects.
 However, The Rosenberg self-esteem scale is a widely popular measure of global
self-esteem, used commonly in psychological research. It demonstrates sound
reliability and validity, is highly face valid, and easy to administer. It was designed as
a unidimensional measure, though sometimes displays two underlying factors,
corresponding to positively worded and negatively worded items. These two factors,
however, are highly correlated, and the scales seem to function well as a single-factor
measure.