Chapter 11

Graph and linear models
Finding 𝐗 and 𝐲 intercepts :

1- To find 𝒙-intercept make 𝒚 = 𝟎 find 𝒙 and 𝒙 ∈ domain ⇒ (𝒙, 𝟎)
And it is possible for the graph to have no 𝒙-intercept, or it might have one or several 𝒙 -
intercept
2- To find 𝒚-intercept make 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝟎, 𝒚)
It is possible at most one 𝒚-intercepts .
Example Find the 𝒙 - and 𝒚-intercepts of the graph of the function

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙
Solution : 𝒙-intercept
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒙 is G.C.F
𝒙(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒) = 𝟎 diff.
𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟐) = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒙 = −𝟐
(𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟐, 𝟎), (−𝟐, 𝟎)
𝒚 − intercept 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒚 = 𝟎𝟑 − 𝟒 × 𝟎 = 𝟎
(𝟎, 𝟎)
Check it out: Find the 𝒙 - and 𝒚-intercepts of the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 − 1
Solution: 𝒙-intercept
𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟎
(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 ≠ 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒙 = −𝟏
(𝟏, 𝟎), (−𝟏, 𝟎)
𝒚-intercept 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒚 = 𝟎𝟒 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 − 𝟏 = −𝟏
(𝟎, −𝟏)
1
Example Find the x-and y-intercepts of the graph of the function
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖
y-intercept 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒇(𝟎) = (𝟎)𝟐 − 𝟐(𝟎) − 𝟖 = −𝟖 ⟹ (𝟎, −𝟖)
is y-intercepts
x-intercept 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒚 = 𝟎
(𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 + 𝟐) = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟒 or 𝒙 = −𝟐
(−𝟐, 𝟎) or (𝟒, 𝟎) is 𝒙-intercept
In exercises 11 to 14 , find any intercepts.

11) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐
Solution : 𝒙-intercept 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 testing
(𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙 = −𝟐, 𝒙 = 𝟏
(−𝟐, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟎)
𝒚 = 𝟎𝟐 + 𝟎 − 𝟐 = −𝟐
(𝟎, −𝟐)
12) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 √𝟐𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐

𝒙-intercept 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 √𝟐𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎] 𝒐𝒓 √𝟐𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎] by squaring
𝟐
𝒙 = 𝟎, (√𝟐𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 ) = (𝟎)𝟐
𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝟐𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎
(𝟓 − 𝒙)(𝟓 + 𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟓, 𝒙 = −𝟓
(𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟓, 𝟎), (−𝟓, 𝟎)

𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎𝟐 × √𝟐𝟓 − 𝟎𝟐 = 𝟎
(𝟎, 𝟎)
2
Note : 𝒙𝟐 + any number ≠ 𝟎
13) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
(𝒙 − 𝟏)√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙−𝟏=𝟎 , √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 by squaring.
𝒙=𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 ≠ 𝟎
𝒚 = (𝟎 − 𝟏)√𝟎𝟐 + 𝟏 = −𝟏 × √𝟏 = −𝟏
(𝟎, −𝟏)
𝒇(𝒙)
Note: if = 𝟎 then just 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 and solve
𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙
𝟏𝟒 ) 𝒇(𝒙) =
(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒙-intercept 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙
= 𝟎 use cross multiplication.
(𝟑𝒙+𝟏)𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟎]𝒙 is GCF
𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟑) = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = −𝟑
(𝟎, 𝟎), (−𝟑, 𝟎)
𝒚 − intercept 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝟎𝟐 + 𝟑 × 𝟎 𝟎
𝒚= 𝟐
= =𝟎
(𝟑 × 𝟎 + 𝟏) 𝟏
(𝟎, 𝟎)
𝟏)𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑
Solution :
𝒚 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝟑 𝟑
𝟐𝒙 = 𝟑 ⇒ 𝒙= , ൬ , 𝟎൰ 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝟐(𝟎) − 𝟑 = −𝟑 , (𝟎, −𝟑) 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕
3
𝟐) 𝒚 = (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑)
Solution :
𝒚 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑) = 𝟎
𝒙−𝟏=𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒙−𝟑 =𝟎
𝒙=𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝒙=𝟑
(𝟏, 𝟎), (𝟑, 𝟎) 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕
𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = (𝟎 − 𝟏)(𝟎 − 𝟑) = (−𝟏)(−𝟑) = 𝟑
(𝟎, 𝟑) 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕
𝒙−𝟏
𝟑) 𝒚=
𝒙−𝟐
Solution :
𝒙−𝟏
𝒚=𝟎 ⇒ =𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙−𝟏=𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙=𝟏
𝒙−𝟐
(𝟏, 𝟎) 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒔
𝟎 − 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
𝒙=𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚= = =
𝟎 − 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
൬𝟎, ൰ 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕
𝟐
number
Note: if 𝒇(𝒙) = , then it has no 𝒙-intercept
any function
𝟒
𝟒) 𝒚 =
𝒙
Solution :
𝟒
𝒚=𝟎 ⇒ =𝟎 ⇒ 𝟒 ≠ 𝟎 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
𝒙
then the x-axis does not intercept
𝟒
𝒙=𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚= 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
𝟎
then the y-axis does not intercept
𝒇(𝒙)=𝒙√𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎√𝟎 − 𝟏 = 𝟎√−𝟏 = undefined no point of y-intercept
𝒚 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒙√𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
√𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 or 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟏 ⟹ (𝟏, 𝟎) is X-intercepts
4
Work book Find the x-and y-intercepts of the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒙 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟐(𝟎) − √(𝟎)𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 − √𝟏 = −𝟏 ⟹ (𝟎, −𝟏) is y-intercepts
𝒚 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝟐𝒙 − √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝟐𝒙 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
(𝟐𝒙)𝟐 = (√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝟒𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝟒𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏 ⟹ 𝟑𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏 ⟹ 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑 ⟹ 𝒙 = ±
√𝟑
𝟏
⟹ ( , 𝟎) is X-intercepts
√𝟑
𝟏
𝒙=− 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒚 ≠ 𝟎
√𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟒
𝒇 (− ) = 𝟐 (− ) − √(− ) +𝟏=− ≠𝟎 ⟹ (− ,− )
√𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑

𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟒−𝒙 𝒙>𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕 ⟹ 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟐(𝟎) − 𝟕 = −𝟕
⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
(𝟎, −𝟕) is y- intercepts

𝟕
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕 ⟹ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟕 ⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟓 ⟹ 𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌𝟑. 𝟓 ≤ 𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 − 𝒙 ⟹ 𝟒 − 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟒 ⟹ 𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝟒 > 𝟑
(𝟒, 𝟎) is X-intercepts
Example
Find the x-and y-intercepts of the graph of the function(MIQ)
The diagram below shows the line with equation 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐.
Find the coordinates of the point 𝑷 ?
𝟐(𝟎) − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 ⟹ −𝟒𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 ⟹ 𝒚 = −𝟑
(𝟎, −𝟑) is y- intercepts
x-intercept ⟹ y= 𝟎
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒(𝟎) = 𝟏𝟐 ⟹ 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐 ⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟔
(𝟔, 𝟎) is X-intercepts
5
Homework
𝟏−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
❶the y-intercepts of a function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒊𝒔?
1 − sin(0)
𝑓(0) =
cos(0)
1−0
= =1
1
(0,1) is y- intercepts
• Find the x-and y-intercepts of the graph of the function

𝟐
❷ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 + 𝒙 𝒊𝒔?
𝟑
❸ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐
❹ 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙

𝒙−𝟏
❺ 𝒇(𝒙) =
√𝟏−𝒙
(MINSTRY EXAM QUESTION)

Use the function 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟐)√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 to answer the questions (1-2) (2014-2015 𝟏st
Attempt)
1) The 𝒚-intercept of the graph of 𝒇 is:

A) (𝟎, ±𝟏) B) (𝟎, −𝟐) C) (±𝟏, 𝟎) D) (𝟎, 𝟐)
2) The 𝒙-intercept of the graph of 𝒇 is:
A) (±𝟏, 𝟎) B) (−𝟐, 𝟎) C) (𝟎, ±𝟏) D) (𝟐, 𝟎)
𝟒
3) The 𝒚-intercept of the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 is: (2014-2015 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) (𝟒, 𝟎) B) (𝟎, 𝟒) C) (𝟎, 𝟎) D) none
𝟐
4( Find 𝒙-intercept of the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙. (2015-2016 2nd Attempt)
A) (𝟎, 𝟐) B) (𝟐, 𝟎) C) (𝟎, 𝟎) D) none
𝒙𝟐 +𝟒
Use the given function 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 to answer the questions (22-23). (2017-2018 𝟐nd Attempt)
5) Which of the followings is the 𝒚-intercept?
A) (𝟎, −𝟒) B) (𝟎, 𝟒) C) (𝟎, 𝟎) D) (𝟎, −𝟏)
6) Which of the followings is the 𝒙-intercept?

A) (𝟐, 𝟎) B) (−𝟐, 𝟎) C) (𝟏, 𝟎) D) none
7) Find the 𝒚-intercept of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟐)√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 ? (2018-2019 𝟏st Attempt)
A) (𝟒, 𝟎) B) (−𝟒, 𝟎) C) (𝟎, −𝟒) D) No 𝒚-int.
6
𝟐−√𝒙
8) Which of the following functions is 𝒙-intercept of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = ?
𝒙+𝟏
A) 𝒙 = 𝟐 B) 𝒙 = −𝟐 C) 𝒙 = 𝟒 D) 𝒙 = −𝟒
9) The 𝒚-intercept of the line 𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒 is: (2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)

A) (𝟎, 𝟒) B) (𝟎, −𝟒) C) (𝟎, 𝟑) D) (𝟎, −𝟑)
𝟐
10)The 𝒙-intercept of the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝒙 is: (2021-2022 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) (−𝟏, 𝟎) B) (𝟏, 𝟎) c) (−𝟐, 𝟎) D) none
𝟐
11)The 𝒙-intercept of the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 + is: (2022-2023 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒙
−𝟑 −𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏
A) ( 𝟐 , 𝟎) B) ( 𝟑 , 𝟎) c) (𝟑 , 𝟎) D) ( 𝟑 , 𝟎)
12) Which of the following functions is symmetric with respect to 𝒚-axis?

A) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒙 C) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝒙
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙
30)If 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 > 𝟎 and 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎, then the graph of the function
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 True

Its true because 𝜟 = 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 > 𝟎 is positive, then it has two solution.
31) If 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 = 𝟎 and 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎, then the graph of the function
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 has only one 𝒙-intercepts.

True
Its true because 𝜟 = 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 = 𝟎 has one solution, then it has only one
𝒙 - intercepts :
𝒃
𝒙=−
𝟐𝒂
7
Testing for the symmetry :
1) Symmetry with respect to the 𝒚-axis (even function): the graph of the function 𝒇 is
symmetric with respect to the 𝒚-axis if satisfy the relation 𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)
2) Symmetry with respect to the origin (odd function): the graph of the function 𝒇 is
symmetric with respect to the origin if satisfy the relation 𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)
Notes:
1) even ∓ even = even

2) odd ∓ odd = odd
3) even ∓ odd } = is not symmetry

odd ∓ even
even × even
4) } = even
odd × odd
even × odd
5) } = odd
odd × even
even
6) even
= even
𝒐𝒅𝒅
7) odd
= even
even
8) odd
= odd
odd
9) even
= odd
𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
10) √ even = even
𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
11) √ odd = not symmetric
𝒐𝒅𝒅
12) √ odd = odd
13) ∣ even ∣= even
14) ∣ odd ∣= even
15) ∣ 𝒙 + 𝒂 ∣ + ∣ 𝒙 − 𝒂 ∣= 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
16) ∣ 𝒙 + 𝒂 ∣ − ∣ 𝒙 − 𝒂 ∣= 𝒐𝒅𝒅
8
Note : (1) constant term (a) is an even function because 𝒂 = 𝒂𝒙𝟎
2) The polynomial is an odd function : if all terms have odd power.
3) The polynomial is an even function : if all terms have even power.
𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 is even
𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 is odd.
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 + 𝟏 is not symmetry.
EXAMPLE Testing for symmetry with respect to the origin.

Show that the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 is symmetric with respect to the
origin.
Solution :
𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝟐(−𝒙)𝟑 − (−𝒙) = −𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 = −(𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)
then 𝒇(𝒙) is odd (symmetric with respect to the origin)𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)

Second way :
because all powers are odd then 𝒇(𝒙) is symmetric with respect to the origin
check it out . Show that the graph of the function
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 is symmetric with respect to the 𝒚-axis.

Solution: 𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝟐(−𝒙)𝟒 − (−𝒙)𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟐𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝒇(𝒙)
is even (symmetric with respect to the 𝒚-axis)𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)
Second way
because all powers are even then 𝒇(𝒙) is symmetric with respect to the 𝒚-axis.
Note : To sketch the graph it is enough to draw the portion corresponding to the positive
value of 𝒙. Then reflect this portion about the 𝒚-axis if the function is even .
Or reflect this portion about the origin if the function is odd.
in exercises 15 to 20 , determine whether the function is symmetric with respect to the 𝒚-axis or
with respect to the origin.
15) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐
Solution :
𝒇(−𝒙) = (−𝒙)𝟐 − 𝟐
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐
= 𝒇(𝒙)
∴ 𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)
The function is an even .

Second way :
because all powers of function are even then its an even function
9
16) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙
𝒇(−𝒙) = (−𝒙)𝟐 − (−𝒙)

= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙
≠ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄
≠ 𝒇(−𝒙)
∴ 𝒇(−𝒙) ≠ 𝒇(𝒙)
𝟒
𝟏𝟕) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙
Solution :
𝟒
𝒇(−𝒙) =
−𝒙
𝟒
=−
𝒙
= −𝒇(𝒙)
∴ 𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)
The function is an odd.

Second way :
even
= odd
odd
√𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐
𝟏𝟖) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙
Solution :
√𝟒 − (−𝒙)𝟐
𝒇(−𝒙) =
−𝒙
√𝟒 − 𝒙 𝟐 √𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐
= =−
−𝒙 𝒙
= −𝒇(𝒙)
then 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)

Second way :
𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
√ even even
= = odd
odd odd
10
19) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙|
𝒇(−𝒙) = |(−𝒙)𝟑 + (−𝒙)|

= |−𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙|
= |−(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙)|
= |𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙|
= 𝒇(𝒙)
∴ 𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)
The function is an even.

Second way:
∣ odd ∣= even
𝟐𝟎) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 − √𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝟏 − √−𝒙 + 𝟑
=𝟏 −√−𝒙 + 𝟑
≠ 𝒇(𝒙)
≠ 𝒇(−𝒙)
∴ 𝒇(−𝒙) ≠ 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ 𝒇(−𝒙)
The function is not Symmetric

Second way :
𝟏 − √ not even not odd

= not even not odd
Note : let (𝒙, 𝒚) be a point on the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇(𝒙) is even then (𝒙, 𝒚) ⇒ (−𝒙, 𝒚)

{
𝒇(𝒙) is odd then (𝒙, 𝒚) ⇒ (−𝒙, −𝒚)
𝒇(𝒙) is an even then just take inverse sign of (𝒙)

it means if {
𝒇(𝒙) is an odd then take inverse sign of (𝒙 and 𝒚)
28) If (𝟏; −𝟐) is a point on a graph symmetric with respect to the origin then (−𝟏, −𝟐) is also a
point on the graph.
False
odd (symmetric with respect to the origin)
(𝟏, −𝟐) ⟶ (−𝟏, 𝟐) it is false
29) If (𝟏; −𝟐) is a point on a graph symmetric with respect to the 𝒚-axis then (−𝟏, −𝟐) is also a
point on the graph.
True
Its true :
(𝟏, −𝟐)⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
even (−𝟏, −𝟐)
11
Page21
2) Find the intercepts of each function, then tell if the function is symmetric with respect to the
𝒚-axis or with respect to the origin.
𝒙
a) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙|+𝟏
𝒙 𝟎
=
|𝒙| + 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙=𝟎
(𝟎, 𝟎)
𝟎 𝟎
𝒚= =
|𝟎| + 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚=𝟎
(𝟎, 𝟎)
Symmetry:
𝒐𝒅𝒅 odd odd

𝒇(𝒙) = = = = odd
∣ odd ∣ + even even + even even
b) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆: (𝒂 ± 𝒃)𝟐 = (𝒂𝟐 ± 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟔𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒙 - intercept 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 ≠ 𝟎
there is no 𝒙-intercept
𝒚 = 𝟗(𝟎)𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟏
(𝟎, 𝟏)
𝟐
Symmetry: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝟗(−𝒙)𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗
𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) then 𝒇(𝒙) is even
12
𝒔𝒊𝒏 (−𝒙) = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
Note : ❶ } = are odd
𝒕𝒂𝒏 (−𝒙) = −𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
But 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (−𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 is even
𝒔𝒊𝒏even (𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏odd (𝒙)

❷ } = even but } = odd
𝒕𝒂𝒏even (𝒙) 𝒕𝒂𝒏odd (𝒙)
𝒄𝒐𝒔even (𝒙)
} = even
𝒄𝒐𝒔odd (𝒙)
Page32
In exercises 35 to 39 , tell whether the function is even or odd.
𝟑𝟓) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 (𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 )
Solution: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟒
𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝟒(−𝒙)𝟐 − (−𝒙)𝟒

= 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟒 = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) is even
Second way :
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 ( even ) = even

𝟑
36) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙
𝟑
𝒇(−𝒙) = √(−𝒙)
𝟑
= − √𝒙 = −𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙) is odd .
Second way :
𝒐𝒅𝒅
𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒐𝒅𝒅 = 𝒐𝒅𝒅
𝟑𝟕) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

Solution :
𝒇(−𝒙) = (−𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔 (−𝒙)

= −𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = −(𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)
= −𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙) is odd
Second way :
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒐𝒅𝒅( even ) = odd
13
𝟑𝟖) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)𝟐

𝒇(−𝒙) = [𝒔𝒊𝒏 (−𝒙)]𝟐
= [𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙]𝟐 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
= 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) is even
Second way :
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏even (𝒙) = even
39) The domain of the function show in the figure is −𝟓 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓, Complete the missing part in
each case:
a) 𝒇is even b) 𝒇 is odd
Page33
In exercises 𝟓 and 𝟔, check for symmetry in each graph.

𝟓) 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution :
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 (y) G.C.F
𝒚(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) = 𝒙𝟐 ] ÷ (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)
𝒙𝟐
𝒚= 𝟐
𝒙 +𝟒
𝟐
(−𝒙) 𝒙𝟐
𝒇(−𝒙) = = = 𝒇(𝒙)
(−𝒙)𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) is even.
14
Second way:
even
𝒇(𝒙) = = even
even
6) 𝒚 = 𝒙(𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑)
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟓 − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙
𝒇(−𝒙) = (−𝒙)𝟓 − (−𝒙)𝟑 + 𝟑(−𝒙)
= −𝒙𝟓 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙 (−) G.C.F
−(𝒙𝟓 − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙) is odd.
Second way :
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒐𝒅𝒅 ( even ) = odd
13) Think about it Write an equation of a function whose graph has intercepts al 𝒙 = −𝟐
and 𝒙 = 𝟐, and is symmetric about the origin.
Solution :
𝒙 = 𝟐 and 𝒙 = −𝟐 are 𝒙 − intercepts

= (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟐) Difference
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 and is symmetric about the origin
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
then the function : 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙

1) Which one from the given functions' graph is symmetric with respect to the origin and has
two 𝒙 intercepts -2 and 2 ?
𝒙𝟐 +𝟒 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = B) 𝒇(𝒙) = C) 𝒇(𝒙) = D) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟓 𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐
2)Write an equation of a function whose graph has intercepts at 𝒙 = −𝟏&𝒙 = 𝟏 and is

symmetric about the origin.
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = B) 𝒇(𝒙) = C)𝒇(𝒙) = D) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐 𝒙
page35
3) Which of the following functions is odd?

a) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 b) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏
c) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 d 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙
answer : c
15
4) Which of the following functions is not odd?
𝟏
a) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒙 b) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏
c )𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 d ) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙
answer : b
𝒙
Example 𝒇 (𝒙) = |𝒙+𝟏|−|𝒙−𝟏|
−𝒙 −𝒙 −𝒙
𝒇(−𝒙) = = =
|−𝒙 + 𝟏| − |−𝒙 − 𝟏| |−(𝒙 − 𝟏)| − |−(𝒙 + 𝟏)| |𝒙 − 𝟏| − |𝒙 + 𝟏|
−𝒙
=
−(−|𝒙 − 𝟏| + |𝒙 + 𝟏|)
𝒙
=
−|𝒙 − 𝟏| + |𝒙 + 𝟏|
𝒙
= +|𝒙+𝟏|−|𝒙−𝟏| = 𝒇(𝒙)
Is even
𝒐𝒅𝒅
Second way: 𝒇 (𝒙) = = even note: ∣ 𝒙 + 𝒂 ∣ − ∣ 𝒙 − 𝒂 ∣
odd

1) Which of the following function is not odd? (2014-2015 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓 C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 +
𝟒
𝒙
2)Which of the following function is even? (2014-2015 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟒 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
3) Which of the following function is odd? (2015-2016 𝟏st Attempt)

𝟑 𝟐𝒙
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙|+𝟏 B) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 + 𝒙𝟑 | C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
(2015-2016 𝟐nd Attempt)

4) Which of the following functions is symmetric with respect to the y-axis?
√𝟒−𝒙𝟐
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 − √𝒙 + 𝟑 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙
5) Which function from the givens below is symmetric with respect to 𝒚-

axis?
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝟐𝒙−𝟒
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 − 𝟏| + 𝟓
√𝒙 +𝟑
6) Which of the following function is even? (2016-2017 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟐+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 −𝟏 B) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 C) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 − 𝒙𝟑 | D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 − √𝒙 + 𝟑
(2017-2018 𝟏st Attempt)
7)Which of the followings is true for the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙 ?
A) 𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) B) 𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)
C) 𝒇(−𝒙) ≠ −𝒇(𝒙) D) 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ −𝒇(−𝒙)
16
8 ) Which one of the following functions is symmetric with respect to
origin?
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙+𝟏 C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟓𝒙+𝟗)𝟐
9) Which one of the following functions is even? (2018-2019 𝟐nd Attempt)

𝟐
A)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 B) 𝒙 𝒚 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 = −𝟏
𝟐
𝒙
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙−𝟏 | 𝑪)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑)
10)Which one of the following functions is even? (2019-2020 𝟏st Attempt)
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + |𝒙| B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑
(2019-2020 𝟏st Attempt)
11)Which one of the following functions satisfies this condition 𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙) ?
𝟑 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙| B) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟏 − 𝒙 C) 𝒇(𝒙) = D) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 𝒙
12)Which one of the following functions is not even? (2019-2020 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙
𝟑 𝒙𝟐
C)𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| − 𝟏 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙+𝟏|
13) Which one of the following functions is odd? (2019-2020 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏 C) 𝒇(𝒙) = −|𝒙| + 𝟓 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐
(2020-2021 𝟏st Attempt)

14) Which one of the following functions is symmetric with respect to the 𝒚-axis?
A) 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎 B) 𝒚 = √𝒙 − 𝟒 c) 𝒚 = |𝒙 + 𝟐| − 𝟐 D) 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒙 = 𝟎
(2019-2020 𝟐nd Attempt)
15) Suppose that 𝒇 is an odd function that is continuous and has the values shown in the table.
𝒙 -6 -3 -2 0 4 5
𝒇(𝒙) 0 81 64 0 -80 -55
Find the result of: 𝒇(𝟐) + 𝒇(−𝟒)

A) -16 B) 16 C) 144 D) -144
(2020-2021 𝟏st Attempt)

15) Which one of the following functions is symmetric with respect to the 𝒚-axis?
A) 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎 B) 𝒚 = √𝒙 − 𝟒 c) 𝒚 = |𝒙 + 𝟐| − 𝟐 D) 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒙 = 𝟎
16) Which of the following functions is odd? (2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)

𝟑 𝒙
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 C) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
(2021-2022 𝟏st Attempt)

A) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒙 C) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝒙
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙
17
(2021-2022 𝟐nd Attempt)
18 )If 𝒇(𝒙) is an odd function, then which of the followings is true?
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒇(−𝒙) B) 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝟎 C) 𝒇′ (−𝒙) = −𝒇′ (𝒙) D) 𝒇(−𝒙) ≠ −𝒇(𝒙)
19)Which of the following functions is even? (2021-2022 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟑
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒| B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙 C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
(2022-2023 𝟏st Attempt)

𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑
(2022-2023 𝟐nd Attempt)
21) Which one of the following functions satisfies this condition 𝒇(−𝒙) ≠ −𝒇(𝒙) ?
𝟑−𝒙
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 D) 𝑨𝒍𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎
18
Finding point of intersection of two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔
𝟏. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙), and solve it to find the value of 𝒙
2. Substitute the value of 𝒙 in 𝒇 or 𝒈 becomes ordered pair (𝒙, 𝒚)
EXAMPLE Finding Points of Intersection of Two Graphs

Find the points of intersection of the graphs of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟏
Solution : 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙)

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 − 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 testing
(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 or 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟐 or 𝒙 = −𝟏 in 𝒈(𝒙)
if 𝒙 = 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟏
if 𝒙 = −𝟏 ⇒ 𝒚 = −𝟏 − 𝟏 = −𝟐
The points are : (𝟐, 𝟏), (−𝟏, −𝟐)
Check it out Find the points of intersection of the graphs of the functions
𝟏 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏).
𝟒
Solution 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙)
𝟏 𝟐
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 = (𝒙 − 𝟏)] × 𝟒
𝟒
𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙 = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)
𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 grouping
𝒙𝟐 (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏) − (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 or 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏]√𝟓 ⇒ 𝒙 = ±𝟏 in 𝒈(𝒙)
𝟏
𝟒𝒙 = 𝟏] ÷ 𝟒 ⇒ 𝒙 = in 𝒈(𝒙)
𝟒
if 𝒙 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
if 𝒙 = −𝟏 ⇒ 𝒚 = (−𝟏)𝟑 − (−𝟏) = −𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟔
if 𝒙 = ⇒ 𝒚 = ൬ ൰ − = − = −
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟔
𝟏 𝟏𝟔 𝟏 − 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟓
𝒚= − = =−
𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒
𝟏 𝟏𝟓
The points are : (𝟏, 𝟎), (−𝟏, 𝟎), (𝟒 , − 𝟔𝟒)
19
In exercises 21 to 24 , find the points of intersection of the two graphs.
21) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟐 − 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
−𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
−𝟑𝒙 = −𝟑
𝒙 = 𝟏 in 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟏
22) f(x)=6- 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟒 − 𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙)
𝟔 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒 − 𝒙
𝟔 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 + 𝒙 = 𝟎
−𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎] × −𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 testing
(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 or 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟐 or 𝒙 = −𝟏 in 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙 = 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝟒 − 𝟐 = 𝟐, (𝟐, 𝟐)
𝒙 = −𝟏 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝟒 − (−𝟏) = 𝟓
(−𝟏, 𝟓)
𝟐𝟑) (𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 and 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏
Solution :
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟑 𝟐
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒙 is G.C.F
𝒙(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐) = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟎 or (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐) = 𝟎 testing
(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟎
20
𝒙 = 𝟎 or 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 or 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟎 or 𝒙 = 𝟐 or 𝒙 = −𝟏 in 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙 = −𝟏 ⇒ 𝒚 = −(−𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟑(−𝟏) − 𝟏
𝒚 = −𝟏 − 𝟑 − 𝟏 = −𝟓 (−𝟏, −𝟓)
𝒙 = 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒚 = −(𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟑(𝟐) − 𝟏
𝒚 = −𝟒 + 𝟔 − 𝟏 = 𝟏, (𝟐, 𝟏)
𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = −(𝟎)𝟐 + 𝟑(𝟎) − 𝟏
= −𝟏 , (𝟎, −𝟏)
𝟐𝟒) 𝒇(𝒙) = −|𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑| + 𝟔 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟔 − 𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙)
−|𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑| + 𝟔 = 𝟔 − 𝒙
−|𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑| = 𝟔 − 𝟔 − 𝒙
−|𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑| = −𝒙 ÷ −𝟏
|𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑| = 𝒙
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝒙 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 = −𝒙
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙 = 𝟑
𝒙=𝟑 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟑
𝒙=𝟏
𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟔 − 𝒙
If 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝒈(𝟑) = 𝟔 − 𝟑 = 𝟑
(𝟑, 𝟑)
If 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒈(𝟏) = 𝟔 − 𝟏 = 𝟓
(𝟏, 𝟓)
23 Break-Even Point Economists say that the profit of an enterprise reaches the Break-Even point
when the cost of production and the revenue are equal. Find the break-even point of an
enterprise knowing that the total cost function of producing 𝒙 units is 𝑪 = 𝟓√𝒙 and the revenue
𝑹 essential for selling 𝒙 units is 𝑹 = 𝟑𝒙
Solution: 𝑹 = 𝑪
𝟑𝒙 = 𝟓√𝒙 by squaring
(𝟑𝒙)𝟐 = (𝟓√𝒙)𝟐 ⟹ 𝟗𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝒙
𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓𝒙 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒙(𝟗𝒙 − 𝟐𝟓) = 𝟎
𝟐𝟓
𝒙 = 𝟎 is rejected or 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝟗𝒙 = 𝟐𝟓 ⟹ 𝒙 = in 𝑹
𝟗
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
𝑹 = 𝟑൬ ൰= ൬ , ൰
𝟗 𝟑 𝟗 𝟑
21
In exercises 11 and 12, use a graphing utensil to find the points of intercession
of the graphs of two given functions.
𝟏𝟏) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟖 , 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓
Solution : 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟖 , 𝒚 = 𝟓 − 𝒙
𝟑
𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟐 , 𝒚=𝟓−𝒙
𝟒
𝟑
𝒚 =𝒚 ⇒ 𝒙−𝟐 =𝟓−𝒙
𝟒
𝟑
⇒ 𝒙+𝒙=𝟓+𝟐
𝟒
𝟕
⇒ 𝒙=𝟕 ⇒ 𝒙=𝟒
𝟒
𝒚=𝟓−𝟒=𝟏
(𝟒, 𝟏) 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕
𝟏𝟐) 𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟕 , 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Solution : 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕 , 𝒚= 𝒙+𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒚 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕 = 𝒙 + 𝟏
⇒ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎
has no solution in R (𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒 𝒂 𝒄) < 𝟎
then two lines are not intercession
3)Given the two functions 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑.

a. Show that 𝒇 is odd and 𝒈 is even.
b. Find the points of intersection of the graphs of 𝒇 and 𝒈.
Solution :
a) 𝒇(−𝒙) = (−𝒙)𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙 = −𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙 = −(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙) is odd
𝒈(−𝒙) = (−𝒙)𝟐 + 𝟑 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 = 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒈(−𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙) is even
Second way :
𝒇(𝒙) : because all powers of 𝒙 are odd then 𝒇 is an odd function
𝒈(𝒙): because all powers of 𝒙 are even then 𝒈 is an even function
22
b)
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 ⇒ 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 grouping
𝟐
𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎
(𝒙 − 𝟏)[𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑] = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 ≠ 𝟎
𝒚 = 𝒈(𝟏) = (𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟑 = 𝟏 + 𝟑 = 𝟒 ⇒ (𝟏, 𝟒)
2) What are the 𝒙-coordinates of the point of intersection of the two graphs of the functions
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 ?
a. 𝒙 = 𝟎
b. 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒙 = 𝟒
c . 𝒙 = −𝟏, 𝒙 = −𝟒
d. 𝒙 = −𝟏, 𝒙 = 𝟒
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 testing
(𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 or 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟒 or 𝒙 = −𝟏
Second way: (𝒅) 𝒙 = −𝟏, 𝒙 = 𝟒

substitute the values of 𝒙 in 𝒈(𝒙) and 𝒇(𝒙), must be get the same result
𝒙 = −𝟏: in 𝒈(𝒙) = (−𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝟏 − 𝟑 = −𝟐

in 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑(−𝟏) + 𝟏 = −𝟑 + 𝟏 = −𝟐
𝒙 = 𝟒: in 𝒈(𝒙) = (𝟒)𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟑
in 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑(𝟒) + 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑

(2014-2015 𝟐nd Attempt)
1)Findth3 𝒙-value of intersection point of the graphs of the functions𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 and 𝒈(𝒙) =
𝟐.
A) 𝒙 = 𝟎 B) 𝒙 = 𝟒 C) 𝒙 = ±𝟏 D) none
(2016-2017 𝟏st Attempt)

2)Which one is the intersection point of two functions 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑 ?
A) (𝟎, 𝟎) B) (𝟎, 𝟑) C) (𝟏, 𝟒) D) (−𝟏, 𝟒)
(2017-2018 𝟏st Attempt)

3)f 𝒇(𝒙) = −|𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑| + 𝟐&𝒈(𝒙) = −𝟒, find the value of 𝒙 when 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙) ?
A) 𝒙 = 𝟎 B) 𝒙 = 𝟏 c) 𝒙 = −𝟑 D) both (B and C)
23
(2018-2019 𝟏st Attempt)
4) Which of the following points is the intersection point between these two functions
and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕 ? 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑

A) (𝟐, 𝟏) B) (−𝟐, −𝟏𝟏) C) (𝟒, 𝟏) D) No point
5)If 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 + 𝟐| − 𝟑&𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑.Which one is the value of 𝒙 that makes

?𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙)
𝟐
A) 𝒙 = 𝟐 B) 𝒙 = −𝟐 C) 𝒙 = 𝟑 D) both ( 𝑨 and C)
6) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙, find the value of 𝒙 when 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙).
A) 𝒙 = −𝟏 B) 𝒙 = 𝟏 C) 𝒙 = 𝟓 D) 𝒙 = −𝟓
7)The points of intersection of the functions (2020-2021 2. Attempt)

and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟐 are:𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙
(𝟏, 𝟑) (−𝟏, 𝟑) (𝟏, 𝟑) (−𝟏, −𝟏)
A) { B) { C) { D) {
(𝟐, 𝟎) (𝟐, 𝟎) (−𝟐, 𝟎) (𝟐, 𝟒)
8) Find the value of (𝒂) when the graphs of the two functions 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒂 and
𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 are intercepted at 𝒙 = 𝟐 ?
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟓
A) 1 B) 𝟕 C) − 𝟕 D) 𝟕
(2021-2022 2 𝟐nd Attempt)
9) If 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏| + 𝟓 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟖, then find the value of 𝒙 that makes 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙).
A) 𝒙 = 𝟑 B) 𝒙 = 𝟐 C) 𝒙 = −𝟏 D) both 𝑩 + 𝑪
(2022-2023 𝟏st Attempt)

10 ) If 𝒇(𝒙) = −|𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑| + 𝟔 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟔 − 𝒙, then find the value of 𝒙 that makes
.𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙)
A) 𝒙 = −𝟑 B) 𝒙 = −𝟏 C) 𝒙 = −𝟏, 𝒙 = 𝟑 D) has no value
(2022-2023 𝟐nd Attempt)
11)Which of the following points is the intersection point between these two functions
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟖 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚+𝒙=𝟓
A) (𝟑, 𝟐) B) ( 𝟏 , 𝟒) C) (−𝟐, 𝟕 ) D) (4,1)
24
The graph of a same parent function
1 Constant function (the graph is horizontal line) equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌
2 linear function (the graph is slant line) Equation is 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
3 Quadratic function (the graph is parabola) equation is𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
25
4 Absolute value function (the graph is ˅ or ˄) equation is 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙|
5 Square root function equation is 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙
26
𝟏 𝟏
6 Reciprocal function equation is 𝒇(𝒙) = , 𝒇(𝒙) = −
𝒙 𝒙
7 cubic function equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑
Example 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟕 − 𝟑𝒙
x 0 1
Y 7 4
𝟓) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙
X 0 1
Y 6 4
27
𝟏 𝟓
𝟓) − 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏
𝟑 𝟔
x 0 -3
y 1.2 0
Example 2 Sketch the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐

Using Points
𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟐
X -2 0 1 2 X=0
y 2 -2 -1 2 Vertex(0,-2)
𝒇(𝟎) = (𝟎)𝟐 − 𝟐 = −𝟐, 𝒇(𝟏) = (𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝟐 = −𝟏

𝒇(−𝟏) = (−𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝟐 = −𝟏
Example Sketch the graph of a function 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 Using Points.

x 0 1 2 3 4 x-2=0 → x=2
y 2 -2 -1 2 4 Vertex(2,0)
𝒇(𝟐) = (𝟐 − 𝟐)𝟐 = (𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒇(𝟏) = (𝟏 − 𝟐)𝟐 = (−𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒇(𝟑) = (𝟑 − 𝟐)𝟐 = (𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟏
1) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙
−𝒃 −(−𝟒)
𝒙= = =𝟏
𝟐𝒂 𝟐(𝟐)
x 0 1 2
y 0 -2 0
28
Example 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
−𝒃 −(−𝟔)
𝒙= = = −𝟑
𝟐𝒂 𝟐(−𝟏)
x -4 -3 -2
y 10 16 10
9) Sketch the graph of a function 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 Using Points.
Vertex(3,0) x-3=0 → x=3
X 2 3 4
Y 1 0 1
(2014-2015 𝟐nd Attempt)

1)Which one is the function of the given graph?
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝑩)𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = −(𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟐
2) Which one is the function of the given graph?

A) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟐 − 𝒙)𝟐 B) 𝒇(𝒙) = −(𝟐 − 𝒙)𝟐
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐
29
(2019-2020 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟐
3) Sketch the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 by using point-plotting.
4) Which one is the function of the given graph? (2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = −(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟐
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = −(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟐
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = −(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟐
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = −(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟐
Example Sketch the graph a function 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 − 𝟐|

x 0 1 2 3 4 x-2=0 → x=2
y 2 1 0 1 2 (2,0)
𝒇(𝟐) = |𝟐 − 𝟐| = 𝟎, 𝒇(𝟏)
= |𝟏 − 𝟐|
= |−𝟏| = 𝟏
𝒇(𝟑) = |𝟑 − 𝟐| = |𝟏| = 𝟏
Example Sketch the graph of a function 𝒇(𝒙) = −|𝒙| + 𝟐

x -2 -1 0 1 2 x=0
y 0 1 2 1 0 vertex (0,0)
30
7 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 + 𝟐|
X -3 -2 -1
Y 1 0 1
𝟏𝟎) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 − 𝟒| − 𝟒
Solution :
𝒙−𝟒=𝟎⇒ 𝒙=𝟒
x 3 4 5
y -3 -4 -3
1)Which one is the graph of the function (2017-2018 𝟏𝒔𝒕 Attempt)

𝒇(𝒙) = −|𝒙 + 𝟑| + 𝟏
A) B) C) D)
2)Determine the graph of the function (2020-2021 𝟏ST Attempt)

by using point plotting.𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − |𝒙 + 𝟏|
31
3) Which one is the function of the given graph? (2021-2022 𝟏st Attempt)
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 − 𝟐| + 𝟏 B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐|𝒙 − 𝟐| − 𝟏
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑|𝒙 − 𝟐| − 𝟏 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒|𝒙 − 𝟐| − 𝟏
Example Sketch the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟐

x -2 -1 0 1 2
y 0 1 √𝟐 √𝟑 2
Example Sketch the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟐 − 𝒙

x 2 1 0 -1 -2
y 0 1 √𝟐 √𝟑 2
9) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟓 − 𝒙
Solution :
𝟓−𝒙=𝟎⟹𝒙=𝟓
X 5 4 3
Y 0 1 1.4
1) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐√𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟏
𝒙+𝟏=𝟎 ⟹ 𝒙 = −𝟏
x -1 0 1
y -1 1 1.8
32
1) Which one is the function of the given graph)
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = −√𝟒 − 𝒙
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟒 − 𝒙
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = −√𝒙 − 𝟒
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 − 𝟒
2) Determine the graph of the function (2019-2020 𝟏st Attempt)

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐√𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟏 by using point-plotting.
(2022-2023 𝟏st Attempt)
3) Determine the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 − 𝟐√𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟐
Example Sketch the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏
x y x-1=0
-1 -1 x=1 is V.A
𝟐 𝟏
0 -2 𝒇(𝟏) = = (𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅)
𝟏−𝟏 𝟎
1 …
2 2
3 1
33
−𝟒
Example 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y 2 4 v.a -4 -2
𝟐
9) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙
X -1 0 1 2 3
Y -0.5 -1 v.a 1 0.5
𝟏
10) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -1 -2 v.a 2 1

𝟏
1) Sketch the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏 by point-plotting? (2018-2019 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) B) C) D)
34
2) Determine the graph of the function (2021-2022 2 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟐 by using point-plotting.
26) Solution: 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 − 𝟔)
27) Solution:
** X 1 4 9
Y 7 13 23
𝒚−𝟓
A 𝒚 = 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟓 𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝒌𝒙 → 𝒌 = 𝒙
𝟕−𝟓 𝟐 𝟏𝟑−𝟓 𝟖 𝟐𝟑−𝟓 𝟏𝟖

𝒌= = 𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝒌= = 𝟒 = 𝟐, 𝒌 = = =𝟐
𝟏 𝟒 𝟗 𝟗
35
x 1 4 9
**** y -9 6 71
B 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌
𝒌 = 𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒌 = −𝟗 − 𝟏𝟐 = −𝟏𝟎, 𝒌 = 𝟔 − 𝟒𝟐 = 𝟔 − 𝟏𝟔 = −𝟏𝟎
𝒌 = 𝟕𝟏 − 𝟗𝟐 =71-81=-10
X 1 4 9
*
Y 36 9 4
𝟑
𝒚
c 𝒚 = 𝒌𝒙𝟐 ,𝒌 = 𝟑
𝒙𝟐
𝒚 𝟑 𝟑 𝒚 𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒
𝒌= 𝟑 = 𝟑 = 𝟏=𝟑 ,𝒌 = 𝟑 = 𝟑 = =𝟑
𝟖
𝒙𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝟒𝟐
𝒚 𝟖𝟏 𝟖𝟏
𝒌= 𝟑 = 𝟑 = =𝟑
𝟐𝟕
𝒙𝟐 𝟖𝟐
X 1 4 9
*** Y 3 24 81
d 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒌 𝒌 = 𝒙𝒚
𝒌 = (𝟏)(𝟑𝟔) = 𝟑𝟔, 𝒌 = (𝟒)(𝟗) = 𝟑𝟔, 𝒌 = (𝟗)(𝟒) = 𝟑𝟔
In exercise 40 to 43, match the data with the function form:

𝒄
𝒌(𝒙) = ∶ 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒄 √|𝒙| ; 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒄 𝒙𝟐 ∶ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄 𝒙 , Determine the value of 𝒄 in each case.
𝒙
40)
Solution : 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒄 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 −𝟒 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟒
𝒄 = −𝟐 𝒚 −𝟑𝟐 −𝟐 𝟎 −𝟐 −𝟑𝟐
41)
Solution : 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄 𝒙
𝟏 𝒙 −𝟒 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟒
𝒄= 𝒚 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
𝟒 −
𝟒 𝟒
36
𝒙 −𝟒 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟒
42) 𝒚 −𝟖 −𝟑𝟐 Undifined 32 𝟖
𝒄
Solution : 𝒌(𝒙) = 𝒙
𝒄 = 𝟑𝟐
43) 𝒙 −𝟒 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟒
Solution : 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒄 √|𝒙| 𝒚 𝟔 𝟑 𝟎 𝟑 𝟔
𝒄=𝟑
14) Think about it Find the value of k so that the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒙 passes through the
indicated point.
Solution :
𝒂 (𝟏, 𝟒) 𝒃 (−𝟐, 𝟏) 𝒄 (𝟎, 𝟎) 𝒅 (−𝟏, −𝟏)
∈ 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∈ 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∈ 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∈ 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
The point The point The point The point
satisfies satisfies satisfies satisfies
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒙
𝟒 = 𝒌(𝟏) 𝟏 = 𝒌(−𝟐) 𝟎 = 𝒌(𝟎) −𝟏 = 𝒌(−𝟏)
𝒌=𝟒 𝟏 𝒌∈𝑹 𝒌=𝟏
𝒌=−
𝟐 All real
numbers
1) Which one of the following functions passes the given table? (2019-2020 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒙 -4 -1 0 1 4
𝒚 6 3 0 3 6
𝒄
A) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒙 B) 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒄√|𝒙| C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒙𝟐 D) 𝒌(𝒙) = 𝒙
−𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝒃𝒙+𝟓
2) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙+𝟏
and 𝒇(−𝟐) = −𝟏 then find the value of 𝒃.
A) 𝒃 = 𝟏
B) 𝒃 = 𝟐
C) 𝒃 = 𝟑
D) 𝒃 = 𝟒
37
3) find m when function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒎𝒙 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 the point
(𝟐, 𝟏)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
A) 𝟐 B) − 𝟐 𝑪) 𝟑 D) −𝟐
(2017-2018 𝟐nd Attempt)

Which of the following is the value of (𝒌) that makes the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌(𝒙 + 𝟒) pass
through the point (𝟐, −𝟑) ?
𝟏
A) − 𝟐
𝟏
B) 𝟐
C) 1
D) -1
32) Find the equation of a graph that consists of all points (𝒙, 𝒚) whose distance to the origin is
double their distance to the point (𝟎, 𝟑).
Solution :
Distance between two points is : 𝒅 = √(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐
(𝟎, 𝟑)(𝒙, 𝒚), (𝟎, 𝟎)(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒅 = 𝟐𝒅
√(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 = 𝟐√(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐
√(𝒙 − 𝟎)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟐√(𝒙 − 𝟎)𝟐 + (−𝟑)𝟐
[√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐√𝒙𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 ] By Squaring
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒(𝒙𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 )
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟗)
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝒚 + 𝟑𝟔
𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝒚 + 𝟑𝟔 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎
𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝒚 + 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎
[𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝒚 + 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎] ÷ 𝟑
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
38
 Slope-intercept form: 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 when 𝒎 = 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 and (𝟎, 𝒃) is 𝒚-intercept
 Point slope Form 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) when 𝒎 = 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 and (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) is a point the
passes through the line
 if two point are given (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) , (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) then:

𝒚 −𝒚
the slope is 𝒎 = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏 and the equation of the line is 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝟐 𝟏
 General form of liner equation: 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎 when the slope is (𝒎) =

−𝑨
𝑩
and
𝑩
slope of perpendicular is (𝒎) = 𝑨
is the coefficient of 𝒚 : 𝑩 and 𝒙 is the coefficient of : 𝑨 when
 Vertical line 𝒙=𝒌 𝒎 is Undefined.
 Horizontal line 𝒚=𝒌 𝒎 = 𝟎.
39
 In exercises 1 to 4 , estimate the slope of the line using its graph :
1) 2)
𝒎=𝟎
∆𝒚 𝟐
𝒎= = =𝟐
∆𝒙 𝟏
∆𝒚
∆𝒙
3) 4)
𝒎 = 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝
𝒎 = −𝟐. 𝟓
Note : if two point are given (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) , (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) then:

𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
the slope is 𝒎 =
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
40
𝟏𝟐) (𝟒, −𝟐) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝟑, −𝟐)
𝟏𝟏)(𝟓, 𝟐) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝟑, −𝟒)  Solution :
 Solution : 𝒎=
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 −𝟐 − (−𝟐)
=
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 −𝟒 − 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟒−𝟑
𝒎= = −𝟐 + 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟑−𝟓
= =𝟎
−𝟔 𝟏
=
−𝟐
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟒) (𝟐, 𝟓) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝟐, 𝟏)

𝟏𝟑) ൬− , ൰ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ൬− , ൰
𝟒 𝟔 𝟐 𝟑  Solution :
 Solution: 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟓 − 𝟏
𝒎= =
𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟐 − 𝟐
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 − 𝟒
𝒎= = 𝟑 𝟔 = =∞
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 − 𝟏 + 𝟑 𝟎
𝟐 𝟒
𝟒−𝟏 𝟑 m=undefined
= 𝟔 = 𝟔
−𝟐 + 𝟑 𝟏
𝟒 𝟒
𝟑 𝟒
= ∗ =𝟐
𝟔 𝟏
6-What is the slope of the line passing through (𝟔, 𝟏𝟎) and (−𝟏, 𝟒) ?
𝟕 𝟕 𝟔 𝟔
𝒂 𝒃 − 𝒄 𝒅 − 𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
𝟔 𝟔 𝟕 𝟕
𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝟔
 Solution : 𝒎=
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
=
𝟔−(−𝟏)
=
𝟕
41
In exercises (19 to 22) , find the slope and the y – intercept of the line :
𝟏𝟗) 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎
 Solution :
−𝟏
𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎 ⇒ 𝟓𝒚 = −𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚= 𝒙+𝟒
𝟓
𝟏
So the y- intercept and slope are: 𝒎 = − 𝟓 , (𝟎, 𝟒)
𝟐𝟎) 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓
 Solution :
𝟔
𝟔𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓 ⇒ 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟑
𝟓
𝟔
𝑺𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆 ∶ 𝒎 = , (𝟎, −𝟑)
𝟓
𝟐𝟏) 𝒙 = 𝟒
 Solution: Because the equation is vertical so does not have y-intercept and the slope
is undefined.
𝟐𝟐) 𝒚 = −𝟏
 Solution : Because the equation is horizontal so the y-intercept and slope are :
𝒎=𝟎 , (𝟎, −𝟏)
Note: to find the equation of line always use the point- slop from
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
42
EXAMPLE 1
.find the equation of the line having a slope of 𝟑 and containing the point(1, −2)
 Solution: 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒚 − (−𝟐) = 𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑 − 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓
 CHECK IT OUT : Find the equation of the line having a slope of −𝟐 and containing
the point (1,1)
Solution: 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒚 − 𝟏 = −𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒚 − 𝟏 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐
𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
In exercises (23 to 28) find an equation of the line with the indicated slope that passes
through the given point, then sketch its graph.

𝟑
𝟐𝟑) 𝒎 = 𝟒 ∶ (𝟎, 𝟑)
 Solution :(𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟎, 𝟑) , 𝒎=𝟒
𝟑
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝟑
𝒚 − 𝟑 = (𝒙 − 𝟎) 𝒙 𝒚
𝟒
𝟑 𝟎 𝟑
𝒚−𝟑= 𝒙 𝟒 𝟔
𝟒
𝟑
𝒚 = 𝒙+𝟑
𝟒
𝟐𝟒) 𝒎 = 𝟑: (𝟑, −𝟐)

 Solution :(𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟑, −𝟐) , 𝒎=𝟑
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒙 𝒚
𝟑 −𝟐 𝒚 − (−𝟐) = 𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟑)
𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟗 𝟒 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏
43
𝟐𝟓) 𝒎 = 𝟎 ∶ (𝟎, 𝟒)
 Solution :(𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟎, 𝟒) , 𝒎=𝟎
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) 𝒙 𝒚
𝟎 𝟒 𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟎)
𝟏 𝟒
𝒚−𝟒=𝟎
𝒚=𝟒
𝟑
𝟐𝟔) 𝒎 = − ∶ (−𝟐, 𝟒)
𝟓
 Solution :(𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏 ) = (−𝟐, 𝟒) , 𝒎 = − 𝟑𝟓
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝟑
𝒙 𝒚 𝒚 − 𝟒 = − 𝟓 (𝒙 − (−𝟐))
𝟓𝒚 − 𝟐𝟎 = −𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟐) −𝟐 𝟒
𝟓𝒚 − 𝟐𝟎 = −𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔 𝟒. 𝟔 𝟎
𝟓𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟒
𝟑 𝟏𝟒
𝒚=− 𝒙+
𝟓 𝟓
𝟐
𝟐𝟕) 𝒎 = ∶ ( 𝟎, 𝟎)
𝟑
 Solution :(𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟎, 𝟎) , 𝒎 = 𝟐𝟑
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) 𝒙 𝒚
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐
𝟑 𝟐 𝒚 − 𝟎 = 𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟎)
𝟐
𝒚= 𝒙
𝟑
44
𝟐𝟖 ) 𝒎 = 𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 (−𝟏, 𝟐)
 Solution :(𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏 ) = (−𝟏, 𝟐) , 𝒎 = 𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
So the line is vertical and slope is undefined
𝒙 = −𝟏
Note : to find the equation of the line that passes through two points:
𝒚 −𝒚
(1) find the slope : 𝒎 = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
𝟐 𝟏
(2) use the point - slope form : 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
In exercises (29 to 34), write the equation of the line that passes through the two
given points.
𝟐𝟗) (𝟎, 𝟑) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝟐, 𝟏)

 Solution : (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟎, 𝟑) , (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) = (𝟐, 𝟏)
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟏 − 𝟑 −𝟐
𝒎= = = = −𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟐 − 𝟎 𝟐
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒚 − 𝟑 = −𝟏(𝒙 − 𝟎) ⇒ 𝒚 = −𝒙 + 𝟑
𝟑𝟎) (𝟏, 𝟒) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (−𝟑, −𝟒)

 Solution : (𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏) = (𝟏, 𝟒) , (𝒙𝟐, 𝒚𝟐 ) = (−𝟑, −𝟒)
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 −𝟒 − 𝟒 −𝟖
𝒎= = = =𝟐
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 −𝟑 − 𝟏 −𝟒
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏)
⇒ 𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐
45
𝟑 𝟏 𝟕
𝟑𝟏) ൬𝟎, ൰ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ൬ , ൰
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
 Solution : (𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏) = (𝟎, 𝟑𝟒) , 𝟏 𝟕
(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) = ( , )
𝟐 𝟐
𝟕 𝟑 𝟏𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟐 − 𝟒 𝟒 −𝟒 𝟏𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟏
𝒎= = = = 𝟒 = ∗ =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟏 − 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 𝟏𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒚 − = (𝒙 − 𝟎)
𝟒 𝟐
𝟑 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟑
⇒ 𝒚− = 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚= 𝒙+
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
𝟓 𝟏 𝟕 𝟑
𝟑𝟐) ൬ , − ൰ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ൬ , ൰
𝟒 𝟒 𝟖 𝟒
 Solution : (𝒙
𝟓 𝟏
𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟒 , − 𝟒) ,
𝟕 𝟑
(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) = ( , )
𝟖 𝟒
𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟒 − (− 𝟒) + 𝟏 𝟖
𝒎= = = 𝟒 𝟒 = =−
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟕 𝟓 𝟕 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝟑
− − −
𝟖 𝟒 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
𝟏 𝟖 𝟓
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒚 − ൬− ൰ = − ൬𝒙 − ൰
𝟒 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏 𝟖 𝟒𝟎 𝟖 𝟒𝟎 𝟏
⇒ 𝒚+ =− 𝒙+ ⇒ 𝒚=− 𝒙+ −
𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟒
𝟖 𝟑𝟕
⇒ 𝒚= − 𝒙+
𝟑 𝟏𝟐
𝟑𝟑) (𝟓, 𝟖) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝟓, 𝟏)

 Solution : (𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏) = (𝟓, 𝟖) , (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) = (𝟓, 𝟏)
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟏 − 𝟖 −𝟕
𝒎= = = =∞ So the slope in undefined
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟓 − 𝟓 𝟎
And the line is vertical
𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ∶ 𝒙 = 𝒌 ⇒ 𝒙=𝟓
𝟑𝟒) (𝟑, −𝟐) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝟏, −𝟐)

 Solution : (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟑, −𝟐) , (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) = (𝟏, −𝟐)
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 −𝟐 − (−𝟐) −𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟎
𝒎= = = = =𝟎
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟏−𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟐
So the line is horizontal
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∶ 𝒚 = 𝒌 ⇒ 𝒚 = −𝟐
46
(2015-2016 𝟐nd Attempt)

1) Write the equation of the line passing through the two points (−𝟐, 𝟑)
and (−𝟐, −𝟑)
A) 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝑩) 𝒚 = −𝟑 𝑪) 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝑫) 𝒙 = −𝟐
(𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏 𝟏st 𝑨𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒕)

𝟐). 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 (−𝟐, −𝟒) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (−𝟐, 𝟒)
A) 𝒙 = −𝟐 B) 𝒚 = −𝟐 C) 𝒚 = −𝟓 D) 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖
35) Find the equation of vertical line with 3 as an x- intercept.

every vertical line has 𝒙- intercept at 𝒙.:Solution
So the equation 𝒙 = 𝟑
36) Find the equation of horizontal line with 3 as an y- intercept.
every Horizontal line has 𝒚- intercept at 𝒚.:Solution
So the equation
𝒚=𝟑
(𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝟏st 𝑨𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒕)
1)Find the equation of a horizontal line with 6 as an 𝒚-intercept .
A) 𝒙 = 𝟔 B) 𝒚 = 𝟔 C) 𝒙 = 𝟎 D) 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒙 𝒚
, . (𝒂, 𝟎) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝟎, 𝒃) 37) Show that the equation + = 𝟏 is that with intercepts
𝒂 𝒃
where 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 ≠ 𝟎. We can justify ordered pairs
 Solution : To prove it we need to check it by putting the points back
𝒂 𝟎
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 ( 𝒂, 𝟎 ) + =𝟏+𝟎=𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
𝟎 𝒃
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 ( 𝟎, 𝒃) + =𝟎+𝟏=𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
𝒙 𝒚
so the equation is + =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
47
In exercises 38 and 39 use the results of exercises 37 to write an equation of the line with the
given intercepts.
38) (𝟐, 𝟎 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟎, 𝟑)

 Solution :
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 ∶ (𝒂, 𝟎) = (𝟐, 𝟎) , (𝟎, 𝒃) = (𝟎, 𝟑)
𝒙 𝒚
𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒔 + =𝟏
𝟐 𝟑
𝟐
39) (− 𝟑 , 𝟎) 𝒂𝒏𝒅(𝟎, −𝟐)
 Solution :
𝟐
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 (𝒂, 𝟎) = ൬− , 𝟎൰ , (𝟎, 𝒃) = (𝟎, −𝟐)
𝟑
𝒙 𝒚
𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒔 + =𝟏
−𝟐 −𝟐
𝟑
𝟑𝒙 𝒚
− − = 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 = −𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
(2014-2015 𝟏st Attempt)
1) Which one is the equation of the line which passes through the points (−𝟑, 𝟎) and (𝟎, 𝟐).
𝒙 𝒚
A) 𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝟏
𝒙 𝒚
B) − 𝟐 + 𝟑 = 𝟏
𝒙 𝒚
C) − 𝟑 + 𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒙 𝒚
D) − = 𝟏
𝟑 𝟐
(2020-2021 𝟐ad Attempt)

2) Find the equation of a line that passes through the points (𝟐, 𝟎) and (𝟎, −𝟑).
𝒙 𝒚
A) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 C) 𝟑 − 𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒙 𝒚
B) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎 D) + = 𝟏
𝟐 𝟑
48
Additional Point :
𝜟𝒚
If the slope = 𝜟𝒙 and the point (𝒙, 𝒚) is given, then use this rule (𝒙 + 𝜟𝒙, 𝒚 + 𝜟𝒚) to find
additional point
In exercises (15 to 18) find three additional points on the line with the given
slope that passes through the given point.
𝟏𝟓) (𝟐, 𝟏) ∶ 𝒎 = 𝟎
 Solution : horizontal line and (𝒚) 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒎 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚=𝟏
(−𝟏, 𝟏) , (𝟎, 𝟏) , (𝟏, 𝟏) So the three points are:
𝟏𝟔) (𝟏, 𝟕) ∶ 𝒎 = −𝟑
 Solution : 𝒎 = −𝟑 = −𝟑
𝟏
=
∆𝒚
∆𝒙
(𝟏, 𝟕) (𝒙 + ∆𝒙, 𝒚 + ∆𝒚) = (𝟏 + 𝟏, 𝟕 + (−𝟑)) = ( 𝟐, 𝟒)
(𝟐, 𝟒) (𝒙 + ∆𝒙, 𝒚 + ∆𝒚) = (𝟐 + 𝟏, 𝟒 + (−𝟑)) = ( 𝟑, 𝟏)
(𝟑, 𝟏) (𝒙 + ∆𝒙, 𝒚 + ∆𝒚) = (𝟑 + 𝟏, 𝟏 + (−𝟑)) = ( 𝟒, −𝟐)
𝟏𝟕) (−𝟑, 𝟒) ∶ 𝒎 = 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅

 Solution : 𝒎 = 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 ⇒ 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 ⇒
𝒙 = −𝟑
(−𝟑, 𝟏) , (−𝟑, 𝟐) , (−𝟑, 𝟑) So the three points are:
𝟏𝟖) (−𝟐, −𝟐) ∶ 𝒎 = 𝟐

 Solution : 𝒎 = 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟏 = ∆𝒚
∆𝒙
(−𝟐, −𝟐) (𝒙 + ∆𝒙, 𝒚 + ∆𝒚) = (−𝟐 + 𝟏, −𝟐 + 𝟐) = (−𝟏, 𝟎)
(−𝟏, 𝟎) (𝒙 + ∆𝒙, 𝒚 + ∆𝒚) = (−𝟏 + 𝟏, 𝟎 + 𝟐) = (𝟎, 𝟐)
(𝟎, 𝟐) (𝒙 + ∆𝒙, 𝒚 + ∆𝒚) = (𝟎 + 𝟏, 𝟐 + 𝟐) = (𝟏, 𝟒)
49
Note: to sketch of a linear equation use x and y intercepts
▪ EXAMPLE : sketch the graph of each line.
A) 𝐲 = 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟏 B) 𝐲 = 𝟐
 Solution :y-intercept is (𝟎, 𝟏) and (𝐦) is  Solution :y-intercept is (𝟎, 𝟐) and (𝐦)
𝟐 is
=
𝟏
The graph is a horizontal line 𝐲 = 𝟐
(𝐱 + ∆𝐱, 𝐲 + ∆𝐲) = (𝟎 + 𝟏, 𝟏 + 𝟐)
= (𝟏, 𝟑)
C) 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒙 − 𝟔
=𝟎
 Solution:
𝟑𝒚 + 𝒙 − 𝟔 = 𝟎
𝟑𝒚 = −𝒙 + 𝟔 (÷ 𝟑)
−𝟏
𝒚= 𝒙+𝟐
𝟑
−𝟏
∴ = ‫𝟐=𝒃 و‬
𝟑
−𝟏
= + and Y-intercept (𝟎, 𝟐)
𝟑
(𝒙 + ∆𝒙, 𝒚 + ∆𝒚) = (𝟎 + 𝟑, 𝟐 + (−𝟏)) = (𝟑, 𝟏)
50
▪ CHECK IT OUT : sketch the graph of each line
A) 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏 B) 𝒚 = −𝟐
 Solution :y-intercept is (𝟎, −𝟏) and  Solution :y-intercept is (𝟎, −𝟐) and (𝒎)
is
𝟑
=
𝟏 The graph is a horizontal line 𝒚 = −𝟐
(𝒙 + ∆𝒙, 𝒚 + ∆𝒚) = (𝟎 + 𝟏, −𝟏 + 𝟑)
= (𝟏, 𝟐)
C)
𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙
−𝟐=𝟎
 Solution:
𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
∴ = ‫𝟐=𝒃 و‬
−𝟑
= and Y-intercept (𝟎, 𝟐)
𝟏
(𝒙 + ∆𝒙, 𝒚 + ∆𝒚) = (𝟎 + 𝟏, 𝟐 + (−𝟑)) = (𝟏, −𝟏)
51
In exercises (5 to 10) graph of each line that passes through the given point
having the given slope :
5) 𝟏: (𝟐, 𝟑)
 Solution : 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 (𝟐, 𝟑)

 𝒎 = 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏 ∆𝒚
∆𝒙
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 ⇒ (𝒙 + ∆𝒙, 𝒚 + ∆𝒚)

⇒ (𝟐 + 𝟏, 𝟑 + 𝟏) = (𝟑, 𝟒)
𝟔) − 𝟑 ∶ (−𝟒, 𝟏)
 Solution : 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 (−𝟒, 𝟏)

−𝟑 ∆𝒚
𝒎 = −𝟑 =
𝟏 ∆𝒙

⇒ (−𝟒 + 𝟏, 𝟏 + (−𝟑)) = (−𝟑, −𝟐)
𝟕) − 𝟐 ∶ (𝟐, 𝟑)
−𝟐 ∆𝒚
𝒎 = −𝟐 =
𝟏 ∆𝒙

⇒ (𝟐 + 𝟏, 𝟑 + (−𝟐)) = (𝟑, 𝟏)
52
𝟖) 𝟎: (−𝟒, 𝟏)
𝒎=𝟎
So the line is horizontal.
𝒚=𝒌 ⇒ 𝒚=𝟏
𝟑
𝟗) − ∶ (𝟐, 𝟑)
𝟐
−𝟑 ∆𝒚
𝒎=
𝟐 ∆𝒙

⇒ (𝟐 + 𝟐, 𝟑 + (−𝟑)) = (𝟒, 𝟎)
𝟏𝟎) 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝: (−𝟒, 𝟏)

𝒎 = 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝
So the line is vertical
𝒙=𝒌 ⇒ 𝒙 = −𝟒
53
Note : (1) If the 𝒙 and 𝒚 axis have the same unit of measurment, then the slope has no unit and
it is a ratio
(2) If the 𝒙 and 𝒚 axis have the different unit of measurment, then the slope is a rate of change.
note : slope = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 if we have right angle triangle
Ratios and rates of changes

The slope of s line can be interpreted as either a ratio or a rate.
∆𝒚 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞
𝒎= = =
∆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞
axes have the same unit of measurement, then the slope has no units 𝑦 and If 𝑥
have different units, the slope is rate of change 𝑦 and it is ratio, if the 𝑥
as
▪ EXAMPLE the population of a city was 3687 000 in the year 1990 and 4042000 in the
year 2000. What was the average rate of change of the population?
 Solution :
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟒𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = = = 𝟑𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟎
(2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)

The population of a city was 3687000 in the year 2003 and 4042000 in the year 2013. What was
the average rate of the population?
A) 45500
B) 35500
C) 25500
D) 15500
54
▪ EXAMPLE in a water-ski jumping tournament, the Jazeera club placed a
2m high and 7m long, ramp that the skier passes over as shown in the figure
below.
𝟐𝒎
𝟕𝒎
 Solution :
Verticat Change 𝟐𝒎 𝟐
Slope is ratio 𝒎 = Slope = = = ,
Horizontal Change 𝟕𝒎 𝟕
▪ CHECK IT OUT a man looks at a plane in the sky, at a horizontal distance of 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒎,
with an inclination angle of 𝟔𝟎° . What is the slope of the straight line that joins the plane
and the man’s eye? Is it a ratio or rate of change? What is the altitude of the plane?
 Solution :slope (𝒎) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟎° = √𝟑

° opp
𝟔𝟎° 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟎 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗
height
√𝟑 = ⇒ height
𝟔𝟎𝟎
= 𝟔𝟎𝟎√𝟑 𝒎
(2019-2020 2 𝟐nd Attempt)

1) The diagram shows a point 𝑷, 𝟖𝒎 far from the base of a building. Find the height of the
building.
𝟖
A) 𝒉 = 𝒎 𝐁) 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟔𝒎
√𝟑
C) 𝒉 = 𝟖√𝟑𝒎 𝐃) 𝒉 = 𝟔√𝟑𝒎
55
52) Temperature conversion Water boils at 𝟏𝟎𝟎° Celsius (C) (𝟐𝟏𝟐° Fahrenheit F).and
Freezes 𝟎° C (𝟑𝟐° 𝑭). Find a linear equation that expresses the relationship between the
temperature degrees Celsius degrees Fahrenheit. Convert 𝟕𝟐° to degrees Celsius.
 Solution :
Suppose 𝒄 is Celsius and 𝒇 is Fahrenheit, 𝒎 is constant of equation
Initial temperature (𝒄𝟏 , 𝒇𝟏 ) = (𝟎, 𝟑𝟐) (𝒄𝟐 , 𝒇𝟐 ) = (𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟐𝟏𝟐)
𝒇𝟐 − 𝒇𝟏 𝟐𝟏𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝒎= = = = 𝟏. 𝟖
𝒄𝟐 − 𝒄𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒇 − 𝒇𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒄 − 𝒄𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒇 − 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟖(𝒄 − 𝟎) ⇒ 𝒇 − 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝒄
𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝒄 + 𝟑𝟐
𝒇 − 𝟑𝟐 𝟕𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐 𝟒𝟎
𝒄= ⇒ 𝒄= = = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐°
𝟏. 𝟖 𝟏. 𝟖 𝟏. 𝟖
Note : to find a linear model use this rule : 𝒚 = initial amount ∓𝒎𝒕
where 𝑚 : slope (increase or decrease rate), 𝑡: time and 𝑦 : final amount
53) a company pays a truck driver 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 Dinar per day, for food and rest, and 𝟑𝟓𝟎
dinar for every kilometer he drives. Write a function that forms a model to
calculate what the company pays to drive in terms of kilometers. How much does
the company pay the driver if he drove 137 𝒌𝒎.
 Solution : suppose
𝒕 = 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒌𝒊𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝒚 = 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒑𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓
For every kilometer he gets 𝟑𝟓𝟎 Dinars
So if he drives 𝒕 kilometers, he will get 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒕
He gets 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 for each day
𝒚 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒕 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
When he drove 𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝒌𝒎 the 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟕
𝒚 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎(𝟏𝟑𝟕) + 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟔𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟎 𝑫𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒔
56
54) Linear Deprecation: After a car is bought, it loses some of its value with the passage of
time. Depreciation is the value an asset loses from its original price. Linear deprecation is a
technique for computing the value of an asset after it has been in service for a certain period
of time under the assumption that its annual depreciation is constant for all years. A small
business purchases a piece of equipment for 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 dinars. After 5 years, the equipment will
be outdated, having no value
A) Write linear equation giving the value y of the equipment in term of 𝒙 in years,(𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟓).
B) Find the value of the equipment(𝒕 = 𝟐).
C) When all the value of the equipment be 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝟎𝟎𝟎?
 Solution:
 A)
Suppose 𝒕 = 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 , 𝑷 = 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
(𝒕𝟏 , 𝑷𝟏 ) = (𝟎, 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 ,
(𝒕𝟐 , 𝑷𝟐 ) = (𝟓, 𝟎) 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟓 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 𝟎 − 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 −𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒎= = = = −𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 𝟓−𝟎 𝟓
𝑷 − 𝑷𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟏 )
𝑷 − 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 = −𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝒕 − 𝟎)
𝑷 − 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 = −𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒕
𝑷 = −𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒕 + 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
B) 𝑷(𝒕) = 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒕

𝑷(𝟐) = 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟐)
= 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑫𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓
C)
𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝑷
𝒕= ∶ 𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑷
𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
= = = 𝟒 𝒀𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒔
𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
57
23 Rate of change the purchase price of a new machine is 12 500 000 dinars. Its value will
decrease by 850 000 dinars each year. Write a linear model that expresses the value V of
the machine t years after it is purchased. Find this value after 3 years.
 Solution : 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
Suppose that no. of year =t
Suppose that the price of machine = V
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟐 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒕
𝒕 = 𝟑 ⇒ 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟖𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟑) = 𝟗𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒔
(2014-2015 𝟐nd Attempt)

1) The purchase price of a new machine is 12500000 dinars. Its value will decrease by 850000
dinars each year. Write a linear model that expresses the value 𝑽 of the machine 𝒕 years
after it is purchased.
A) 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟖𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒕
B) 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟖𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒕
C) 𝑽 = 𝟖𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒕 − 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
D) none
(2018-2019 𝟏st Attempt)

2) The purchase price of a new machine is 3500000 Dinars. Its value will decrease by 300000
dinars each year. Write a linear model that expresses the value of the machine 𝒕 years after
it is purchased?
A) 𝑷 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒕
B) 𝑷 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒕
C) 𝑷 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒕
D) 𝑷 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒕
(2019-2020 𝟏st Attempt)

3)(Rate of Change): The purchase price of a new machine is 12550000 dinars. Its value will
decrease by 850000 dinars each year. After how many years(t), the price equals to 4900000
dinars at purchasing time?
A) 𝒕 = 𝟖
B) 𝒕 = 𝟔
C) 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏
D) 𝒕 = 𝟗
58
(2022-2023 𝟏st Attempt)
4)The purchase price of a new machine is 22850000 dinars. Its value will decrease by
900000 dinars each year. After how many years (𝒕) will the price of the machine become
15650000 dinars after it is purchased?
A) 𝒕 = 𝟓
B) 𝒕 = 𝟖
C) 𝒕 = 𝟗
D) 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐
48) are (−𝟐, 𝟏), (−𝟏, 𝟎) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟐, −𝟐) collinear?

 Solution : to be collinear they have to have the same slope
(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (−𝟐, 𝟏) , (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) = (−𝟏, 𝟎) , (𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟑 ) = (𝟐, −𝟐)
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟎−𝟏 −𝟏
𝒎𝟏 = = = = −𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 −𝟏 − (−𝟐) −𝟏 + 𝟐
𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟐 −𝟐 − 𝟎 −𝟐 −𝟐
𝒎𝟐 = = = =
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 − (−𝟏) 𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟑
Because 𝒎𝟏 ≠ 𝒎𝟐 so they are not collinear.
59
8) Find 𝒎 so that the points (𝟐, 𝟎) , (𝟎, −𝟑) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒂, 𝟏)are collinear.
 Solution :(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝒂, 𝟏) , (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) = (𝟎, −𝟑) , (𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟑 ) = (𝟐, 𝟎)

𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 −𝟑 − 𝟏 −𝟒 𝟒
𝒎𝟏 = = = =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟎−𝒂 −𝒂 𝒂
𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟐 𝟎 − (−𝟑) 𝟑
𝒎𝟐 = = =
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐−𝟎 𝟐
Since they are collinear
𝟒 𝟑 𝟖
𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 ⇒ = ⇒ 𝟑𝒂 = 𝟖 ⇒ 𝒂=
𝒂 𝟐 𝟑
In exercises 15 and 16, use the slope to find t so that the given points are collinear.
15) (𝟏, 𝟏) , (𝟎, 𝒕) , (−𝟐, 𝟓)
 Solution :
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒕−𝟓 𝒕−𝟓
𝒎𝟏 = = =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟎 − (−𝟐) 𝟐
𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟏−𝟓 −𝟒
𝒎𝟐 = = =
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟏 − (−𝟐) 𝟑
𝒕 − 𝟓 −𝟒
𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 ⇒ = (∗ 𝟔)
𝟐 𝟑
⇒ 𝟑𝒕 − 𝟏𝟓 = −𝟖
⇒ 𝟑𝒕 = 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟖
𝟕
⇒ 𝒕=
𝟑
𝟏𝟔) (𝟖, 𝟔) , (𝒕, −𝟏) , (−𝟑, 𝟑)
 Solution :
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 −𝟏 − 𝟑 −𝟒
𝒎𝟏 = = =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒕 − (−𝟑) 𝒕 + 𝟑
𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟔−𝟑 𝟑
𝒎𝟐 = = =
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟖 − (−𝟑) 𝟏𝟏
−𝟒 𝟑
𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 ⇒ = 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕
𝒕 + 𝟑 𝟏𝟏
⇒ 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟗 = −𝟒𝟒
⇒ 𝟑𝒕 = −𝟒𝟒 − 𝟗
−𝟓𝟑
⇒ 𝒕=
𝟑
60
1) Find (a) so that the points (𝟎, −𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟎) & (𝒂, 𝟏) are collinear. (2015-2016 1st Attempt)
𝟑
A) − 𝟖
𝟑
B) 𝟖
𝟖
C) − 𝟑
𝟖
D) 𝟑
(2017-2018 𝟏st Attempt)

2) Which three of the following points are collinear?
A) (𝟐, 𝟏), (𝟎, −𝟐), (−𝟐, −𝟓)
B) (−𝟏, 𝟔), (𝟒, 𝟏), (𝟔, −𝟏)
C) (𝟎, −𝟒), (𝟒, 𝟐), (𝟐, −𝟏)
D) All of them
3)Which of the following is the value of (𝒃) that makes these points (𝟏, −𝟑), (𝒃, −𝟕), (𝟐, 𝟐)
collinear?
𝟏
A) − 𝟓
B) 5
𝟏
C) 𝟓
D) -5
(2018-2019 𝟐nd Attempt)

4)Find the value of (𝒃) that makes the points (𝟐, −𝟐), (𝟏, 𝒃), (−𝟑, 𝟎) collinear?
𝟖
A) 𝟓
𝟖
B) − 𝟓
𝟒
C) − 𝟓
𝟒
D) 𝟓
(2019-2020 𝟏st Attempt)

5) Find (𝒎) so that the points (𝟐, −𝟏), (𝟑, 𝟐)&(𝟎, 𝒎) collinear?
A) 7
B) -7
C) -11
D) 11
61
(2019-2020 𝟐nd Attempt)
6) Find the value of (𝒂) so that the points (𝟐, −𝟑), (𝒂, 𝟏)&(𝟎, −𝟕) collinear?
A) -4
B) -3
C) 4
D) 3
7)
(2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)
Find the value of (𝒃) so that the points (𝟑, −𝟒), (𝟐, 𝒃)&(𝟏, 𝟐) collinear.
A) -1
B) 1
C) -2
D) 4
(2021-2022 𝟐nd Attempt)

8) Find the value of (𝒂) so that the points (𝟐, 𝟏), (𝒂, −𝟑) and (−𝟏, 𝟓) collinear.
A) 5
B) 0
C) 4
D) -2
(2022-2023 𝟏ST Attempt)
9) Find 𝒃 so that the points (𝟎, −𝟓), (𝟏, 𝒃) and (𝟐, −𝟏) are collinear.
A. 0
B. 2
𝟏
C. 𝟐
D. -3
62
𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝒎𝟐
▪ EXAMPLE Find the general form of the ▪ EXAMMPLE Find the general form of the
equation of the lines that passes through the equation of the lines that passes through the point
point (𝟐, −𝟏) and are parallel to the line (𝟐, −𝟏)and are perpendicular to the line
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟓 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟓
 Solution ::Because it is parallel so the slope :  Solution: because it is perpendicular so the
−𝑨 −𝟐 slope:
= = = 𝑩
𝑩 −𝟑
= =
𝒙 𝒚 𝑨
∴ 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∶ = , ( 𝟏 , 𝟏 )
𝟐 −𝟏 𝒙 𝒚
∴Equation: = , ( 𝟏 , 𝟏)
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) 𝟐 −𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒚 − (−𝟏) = (𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝒚 − (−𝟏) = (𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝒚+𝟏= (𝒙 − 𝟐) (∗ 𝟑)
𝒚+𝟏= (𝒙 − 𝟐) (∗ 𝟐)
𝟑(𝒚 + 𝟏) = 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝟐(𝒚 + 𝟏) = −𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝟑𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒
𝟐𝒚 + 𝟐 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟒 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟔 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟕 = 𝟎
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟎
63
▪ CHECK IT OUT Find the general form of the equation of the lines that passes through the
point (𝟏, −𝟑) and are parallel to the line 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = −𝟏
▪
 Solution :Because it is parallel so the slope: : =
−𝑨
𝑩
=
−𝟏
𝟓
𝒙 𝒚
∴ Equation: = , ( 𝟏 , 𝟏)
𝟏 −𝟑
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒚 − (−𝟑) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒚+𝟑 = (𝒙 − 𝟏) (∗ 𝟓) ⇒ 𝟓(𝒚 + 𝟑) = −𝟏(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟓𝒚 + 𝟏𝟓 = −𝒙 + 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
∴ 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = −𝟏𝟒
▪ CHECK IT OUT Find the general form of the equation of the lines that passes through the
point (𝟏, −𝟑) and are perpendicular to the line 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = −𝟏
 Solution: Because it is perpendicular so the slope: =

𝑩
𝑨
𝟓
=𝟏=
𝒙 𝒚
∴ Equation: = , ( 𝟏 , 𝟏 )
𝟏 −𝟑
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒚 − (−𝟑) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟓 ⇒ 𝟓𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟓 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝟓𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟓𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟖∴
EXAMPLE: Find the equation of a line is EXAMPLE: Find the equation of a line is
parallel to 𝒙 axis and passes through (𝟐, 𝟓). parallel to 𝒚 axis and passes through (𝟐, 𝟓).
 Solution: parallel to 𝒙 axis =  Solution: parallel to 𝒚 axis =
𝒚=𝒌 ⇒ 𝒚=𝟓 𝒙=𝒌 ⇒ 𝒙=𝟐
In exercises 40 to 43, write the equation of a line that passes through the given point and
that is parallel to the given line.
40) (𝟐, 𝟏) ∶ 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑
 Solution : 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑
−𝑨 −𝟒
𝒎𝟏 = = =𝟐
𝑩 −𝟐
𝒎𝟐 = 𝒎𝟏 = 𝟐 ∶ 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒚 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍
(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟐, 𝟏) , 𝒎𝟐 = 𝟐
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟐) ⇒ 𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒
⇒ 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 ⇒ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟑
64
𝟑 𝟕
41) (𝟒 , 𝟖) ∶ 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎
 Solution : 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎
−𝑨 −𝟓 𝟓
𝒎𝟏 = = =
𝑩 −𝟑 𝟑
𝟓
𝒎𝟐 = 𝒎𝟏 = ∶ 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒚 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 .
𝟑
𝟑 𝟕 𝟓
(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = ൬ , ൰ , 𝒎𝟐 =
𝟒 𝟖 𝟑
𝟕 𝟓 𝟑 𝟕 𝟓 𝟓
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒚 − = ൬𝒙 − ൰ ⇒ 𝒚− = 𝒙−
𝟖 𝟑 𝟒 𝟖 𝟑 𝟒
𝟓 𝟓 𝟕 𝟓 𝟑
⇒ 𝒚= 𝒙− + ⇒ 𝒚= 𝒙− ⇒ 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚
𝟑 𝟒 𝟖 𝟑 𝟖
𝟗
=
𝟖
42) (−𝟔, 𝟒) ∶ 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟕
 Solution : 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟕
−𝑨 −𝟑
𝒎𝟏 = =
𝑩 𝟒
−𝟑
𝒎𝟐 = 𝒎𝟏 = ∶ 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒚 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍
𝟒
𝟑
(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (−𝟔, 𝟒) , 𝒎𝟐 = −
𝟒
𝟑 𝟑
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒚 − 𝟒 = − (𝒙 − (−𝟔)) ⇒ 𝒚 − 𝟒 = − (𝒙 + 𝟔)
𝟒 𝟒
𝟑 𝟏𝟖
⇒ 𝒚−𝟒=− 𝒙− (∗ 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟒
⇒ 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟏𝟔 = −𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟖
⇒ 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = −𝟐
43) (−𝟏, 𝟎) ∶ 𝒚 = −𝟑
 Solution : 𝒚 = −𝟑
𝒎𝟏 = 𝟎 Because it is horizontal line
𝒎𝟐 = 𝒎𝟏 = 𝟎 ∶ : 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒚 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍
(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (−𝟏, 𝟎) , 𝒎𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒚 − 𝟎 = 𝟎(𝒙 − (−𝟏)) ⇒ 𝒚=𝟎
65
In exercises 44 to 47 write the equation of a line that passes through the given point and it
is perpendicular to the given line.
44) (𝟐, 𝟏) ∶ 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑
 Solution : 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑
−𝑨 −𝟒
𝒎𝟏 = = =𝟐
𝑩 −𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝒎𝟐 = − 𝒎 = − 𝟐 Because they are perpendicular
𝟏
𝟏
(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟐, 𝟏) , 𝒎𝟐 = −
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒚 − 𝟏 = − (𝒙 − 𝟐) ⇒ 𝒚−𝟏=− 𝒙+𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
⇒ 𝒚 = − 𝒙 + 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒
𝟐
𝟑 𝟕
45) (𝟒 , 𝟖) ∶ 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎
 Solution : 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒎𝟏 =
−𝑨
𝑩
−𝟓 𝟓
= −𝟑 = 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝒎𝟐 = − 𝒎 = − 𝟓 = − 𝟓 ∶ Because they are perpendicular
𝟏
𝟑
𝟑 𝟕 𝟑
, (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = ൬ , ൰ , 𝒎𝟐 = −
𝟒 𝟖 𝟓
𝟕 𝟑 𝟑 𝟕 𝟑 𝟗
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒚− = − ൬𝒙 − ൰ ⇒ 𝒚− =− 𝒙+
𝟖 𝟓 𝟒 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐𝟎
𝟑 𝟗 𝟕
⇒ 𝒚= − 𝒙+ +
𝟓 𝟐𝟎 𝟖
𝟑 𝟓𝟑
⇒ 𝒚=− 𝒙+
𝟓 𝟒𝟎
𝟓𝟑
⇒ 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 =
𝟖
46) (— 𝟔, 𝟒) ∶ 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟕
 Solution : 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟕 , 𝒎𝟏 = 𝑩 = 𝟒
−𝑨 −𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
𝒎𝟐 = − =− = ∶ 𝑩𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒚 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓
𝒎𝟏 𝟑
−𝟒 𝟑
𝟒
, (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (−𝟔, 𝟒) , 𝒎𝟐 =
𝟑
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒚 − 𝟒 = (𝒙— 𝟔) ⇒ 𝒚−𝟒= ⇒ 𝒚−𝟒 = 𝒙+𝟖
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟒
⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 ⇒ 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = −𝟑𝟔
𝟑
66
47) (−𝟏, 𝟎) ∶ 𝒚 = −𝟑 ∶
 Solution : 𝒚 = −𝟑
𝒎𝟏 = 𝟎 it is horizontal line.
𝟏 𝟏
𝒎𝟐 = − 𝒎 = − 𝟎 Undefined
𝟏
So the equation is undefined.
Slope of the perpendicular line.
𝒙 = 𝒙𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙 = −𝟏
21)Find the equation of the line passing through the point (−𝟐, 𝟒) and having the specified
property.
𝟕
𝒂 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒃 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟑
𝟏𝟔
 Solution : 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )  Solution : 𝒎𝟏 =
−𝑨
𝑩
−𝟓
= −𝟑 = 𝟑
𝟓
𝟕 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒚−𝟒= (𝒙 − (−𝟐))
𝟏𝟔 𝟓
𝒚 − 𝟒 = (𝒙 − (−𝟐))
𝟏𝟔𝒚 − 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟕(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝟑
𝟏𝟔𝒚 − 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟒 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟓(𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝟕𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔𝒚 + 𝟕𝟖 = 𝟎 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎
𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒄 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 (𝟎, 𝟎) 𝒅 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
 Solution :  Solution :
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟒−𝟎 𝟒 The line is vertical
𝒎= = = = −𝟐
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 −𝟐 − 𝟎 −𝟐 m is undefined
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) 𝒙 = 𝒌 ⇒ 𝒙 = −𝟐
𝒚 − 𝟎 = −𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟎)
𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙
22)Find the equation of the line passing through the point (𝟏, 𝟑) and having the specified
property.
𝟐
𝒂 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 − 𝟑 𝒃 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟎
 Solution : 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )  Solution : 𝑩 𝟏

𝒎𝟐 = 𝑨 = 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒚 − 𝟑 = − (𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟑 𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟏(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟑𝒚 − 𝟗 = −𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒚−𝟑=𝒙−𝟏
𝟑𝒚 − 𝟗 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐
𝒚=𝒙+𝟐
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏
67
𝒄 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 (𝟐, 𝟒) 𝒅 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
 Solution :  Solution : the line is horizontal
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟒 − 𝟑 𝟏 𝒎=𝟎
𝒎= = = =𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟏(𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝒚=𝟑
𝒚=𝒙+𝟐
7) What is the equation of the line passes through (𝟑, 𝟏𝟎) and is parallel to the line −𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏 ?
𝟏 𝟏
𝒂 𝒚= 𝒙+𝟗 𝒃 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒄 𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟗 𝒅 𝒚 = − 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏 𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
𝟑 𝟑
 Solution : −𝑨
𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒎𝟏 = 𝑩 = −𝟑 = 𝟑
−𝟏 𝟏
𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎 = (𝒙 − 𝟑) ⇒ 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎 = 𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚= 𝒙+𝟗
𝟑 𝟑
8) What is the slope of the line is perpendicular to the line 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 ?

𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝒂 𝒃 − 𝒄 𝒅 − 𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
 Solution : 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒎𝟏 =
−𝑨
𝑩
=
−𝟐
𝟑
−𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑
𝒎𝟐 = 𝒎 = 𝟐 =𝟐
𝟏 −
𝟑
(2016-2017 𝟏st Attempt)

1)Which one is the equation of the line which passes through the point (−𝟏, 𝟒) and parallel
to 𝒙-axis?
A) 𝒙 = −𝟏
B) 𝒚 = 𝟒
C) 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟑
D) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = −𝟔
68
(2016-2017 𝟐nd Attempt)
2) Which one is the equation of the line that passes through (𝟑, −𝟐) and parallel to the
𝒚-axis?
A) 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏
B) 𝒙 = 𝟑
C) 𝒚 = −𝟐
D) 𝒚 = −𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎
(2017-2018 𝟐nd Attempt)

3) Which one of the following is the equation of a line that passes through (𝟐, −𝟏) and
parallel to the line 𝒚 = −𝟓 ?
A) 𝒚 = −𝟏
B) 𝒙 = 𝟐
C) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟓
D) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = −𝟑
(2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)

4)Find the equation of a line that passes through the point (−𝟐, 𝟓) and parallel to the line
𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 = −𝟓.
A) 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏
B) 𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏
C) 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏
D) 𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏
(2015-2016𝟏st Attempt)
5)Find the equation of the line that passes through the point (𝟐, −𝟏) and that is perpendicular to
the line 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = −𝟓.
A) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟎
B) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
C) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟎
D) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟒
(2017-2018 𝟏st Attempt)
6) Find the equation of the line that passes through the point (𝟐, −𝟏) and that is perpendicular
to the line 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = −𝟏 ?
A) 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒
B) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏
C) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟖
D) 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = −𝟏
7)Which one is the equation of a line that passes through (𝟏, −𝟓) and perpendicular to the
𝒚 = −𝟔 ?
A) 𝒙 = 𝟏
B) 𝒚 = −𝟓
C) 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏
D) 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒
69
(2019-2020 nd Attempt)
8)Find the equation of a line that passes through (𝟐, −𝟓) and perpendicular to the line
𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟕.
A) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟏𝟒
B) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = −𝟏𝟒
C) 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟐𝟑
D) 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = −𝟕
9)Find the equation of a line that passes through (−𝟒, 𝟏) and perpendicular to the 𝒚-axis?
A) 𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
B) 𝒚 − 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟎
C) 𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
D) 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
10)Find the equation of a line that passes through the (−𝟑, 𝟖) and perpendicular to the 𝒙-axis
A) 𝒚 − 𝟖 = 𝟎
B) 𝒚 + 𝟖 = 𝟎
C) 𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
D) 𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
(2021-2022 2nd Attempt)

11)Find the equation of a line that passes through the (𝟐, −𝟏) and perpendicular to the line
𝒙 = 𝟑.
A) 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏
B) 𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
C) 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒
D) 𝒙 = 2
True or false? In exercises 61 and 62, determine, whether the statement is true or false,
Justify your answer.
60) The lines represented by 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏 and 𝒃𝒙 − 𝒂𝒚 = 𝒄𝟐 are perpendicular, Assume

𝒂 ≠ 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 ≠ 𝟎.
𝒂 𝒃 𝒃
Answer: True because 𝒎𝟏 = − 𝒃 , 𝒎𝟐 = − −𝒂 = 𝒂
−𝒂 𝒃
𝒎𝟏 ∗ 𝒎𝟐 = ∗ = −𝟏
𝒃 𝒂
60) It is possible for two lines with positive slopes to perpendicular to each other.
Answer: False because must the product of slopes equal −𝟏
70
𝟕)Find the equation of a line passing through the points (𝟎, 𝒃)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟐, 𝟎)where 𝒃 ≠ 𝒐 .What
value of b makes this line perpendicular to the line 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎.
 Solution : (𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏) = (𝟎, 𝒃) , (𝒙𝟐, 𝒚𝟐 ) = (𝟐, 𝟎) 𝒚 −𝒚
𝟐 𝟏
𝟎−𝒃 −𝒃
𝒎 = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐−𝟎 = 𝟐
𝒃
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒚 − 𝟎 = − 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟐) ⇒ 𝟐𝒚 = −𝒃𝒙 + 𝟐𝒃
⇒ 𝒃𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐𝒃 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆
−𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒎 = =
−𝟐 𝟐
−𝒃 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒏𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒚 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 ⇒ 𝒎𝟏 ∗ 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏 ⇒ ∗ = −𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
−𝒃
⇒ = −𝟏 ⇒ 𝒃 = 𝟒
𝟒
(2016-2017 𝟏st Attempt)

1) What is the value of (𝒃), if the line 𝒃𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 is perpendicular to the line
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
A) 𝒃 = −𝟏
B) 𝒃 = 𝟒
C) 𝒃 = 𝟏
D) 𝒃 = −𝟒
(2021-2022 𝟏st Attempt)
2) Find the value of (𝒃) such that the two lines 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 = −𝟑𝟔 and 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟕 − 𝟑𝒙 are
perpendicular to each other.
𝟏𝟔
A) 𝟑
𝟑
B) − 𝟏𝟔
𝟏
C) 𝟑
D) -3
(2022-2023 𝟏st Attempt)
3) If the line passing through the points (𝟑, 𝒃) and (−𝟒, 𝟕) and that is perpendicular to the
line 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟖 = 𝟎 then what is the value of 𝒃.
𝟕
А) 𝟗
−𝟕
B) 𝟐
𝟑𝟓
C) 𝟑
−𝟑𝟓
D) 𝟑
71
(2022-2023 𝟐nd Attempt)
4) Find the value of 𝒃 when the equation passes through the points (𝟎, 𝟒) and (𝟐, 𝟎) and
perpendicular to the line 𝒙 − 𝒃𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎.
−𝟏
A. 𝟐
𝟏
B. 𝟐
C. -6
D. 2
|𝑨𝒙𝟏 +𝑩𝒚𝟏 +𝑪|

 The formula 𝒅 = is used to find the distance between the
√𝑨𝟐 +𝑩𝟐
point (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and the line: 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎.
 In exercise 55 to 58 find the distance between each point:
55) (𝟎, 𝟎) ∶ 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎
 Solution :(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟎, 𝟎) , 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎
𝑨=𝟒 , 𝑩=𝟑 , 𝑪 = −𝟏𝟎 , (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
|𝑨𝒙𝟏 + 𝑩𝒚𝟏 + 𝑪| |(𝟒 ∗ 𝟎) + (𝟑 ∗ 𝟎) + (−𝟏𝟎)| |−𝟏𝟎| 𝟏𝟎
𝒅= = = = =𝟐
√𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 √(𝟒)𝟐 + (𝟑)𝟐 √𝟐𝟓 𝟓
𝟓𝟔) (−𝟐, 𝟏) ∶ 𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
 Solution :(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (−𝟐, 𝟏) , 𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑨=𝟏 , 𝑩 = −𝟏 , 𝑪 = −𝟐 , (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (−𝟐, 𝟏)
|𝑨𝒙𝟏 + 𝑩𝒚𝟏 + 𝑪| |(𝟏 ∗ −𝟐) + (−𝟏 ∗ 𝟏) + (−𝟐)| |−𝟐 − 𝟏 − 𝟐| |−𝟓|
𝒅= = = =
√𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 √(𝟏)𝟐 + (−𝟏)𝟐 √𝟏 + 𝟏 √𝟐
𝟓
=
√𝟐
57) (𝟔, 𝟐) ∶ 𝒙 = −𝟏
 Solution :(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟔, 𝟐) , 𝒙 = −𝟏
𝑨=𝟏 , 𝑩=𝟎 , 𝑪=𝟏 , (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟔, 𝟐)
|𝑨𝒙𝟏 + 𝑩𝒚𝟏 + 𝑪| |(𝟏 ∗ 𝟔) + (𝟎 ∗ 𝟐) + (𝟏)| |𝟔 + 𝟏| |𝟕|
𝒅= = = = =𝟕
√𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 √(𝟏)𝟐 + (𝟎)𝟐 √𝟏 𝟏
72
58) (𝟐, 𝟑) ∶ 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎
 Solution : (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟐, 𝟑) , 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎
𝑨=𝟒 , 𝑩=𝟑 , 𝑪 = −𝟏𝟎 , (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟐, 𝟑)
|𝑨𝒙𝟏 + 𝑩𝒚𝟏 + 𝑪| |(𝟒 ∗ 𝟐) + (𝟑 ∗ 𝟑) + (−𝟏𝟎)| |𝟖 + 𝟗 − 𝟏𝟎| |𝟕| 𝟕
𝒅= = = = =
√𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 √(𝟒)𝟐 + (𝟑)𝟐 √𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
59) Write the distance 𝒅 between the point (𝟑, 𝟏) and the line 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝟒 in term of 𝒎
Sketch 𝒅 .When is this distance 0? Interpret the result geometrically.
 Solution : (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟑, 𝟏) , 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝟒 ⇒ 𝒎𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎

𝑨=𝒎 , 𝑩 = −𝟏 , 𝑪=𝟒 , (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟑, 𝟏)
|𝑨𝒙𝟏 + 𝑩𝒚𝟏 + 𝑪| |(𝒎 ∗ 𝟑) + (−𝟏 ∗ 𝟏) + (𝟒)| |𝟑𝒎 − 𝟏 + 𝟒| |𝟑𝒎 + 𝟑|
𝒅= = = =
√𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 √(𝒎)𝟐 + (−𝟏)𝟐 √𝒎𝟐 + 𝟏 √𝒎𝟐 + 𝟏
|𝟑𝒎 + 𝟑|
= 𝟎 ⇒ |𝟑𝒎 + 𝟑| = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟑𝒎 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒎 = −𝟏
√𝒎𝟐 + 𝟏
(2014-2015 𝟐nd Attempt)

1) The distance between the point (𝟎, 𝟎) and the line 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓 is equal to:
𝟏
A) 𝟏𝟓
B) 15
𝟏
C) 𝟑
D) 3
(2015-2016 𝟐ad Attempt)

2) Find the distance between the point (𝟏, −𝟐) and the line 𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎.
𝟑
A)
√𝟐
𝟏
B)
√𝟓
𝟏
C)
√𝟐
𝟐
D)
√𝟑
(2016-2017 𝟏st Attempt)

3) The distance between the point (𝟔, 𝟐) and the line 𝒚 = −𝟒 is:
A) 2
B) 6
C) 𝟔√𝟐
D) 8
73
(2017-2018 𝟏st Attempt)
4) Which one is the distance between the point (−𝟏, 𝟎) and the line 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 ?
𝟐
A)
√𝟓
𝟏
B)
√𝟓
𝟑
C) 𝟓
𝟐
D) 𝟓
(𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟏st Attempt)

𝟏
5) Find the distance between the point (𝟏, ) and the line 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟗?
𝟐
𝟏
A)
√𝟐
B) 2
C) 𝟐√𝟐
D) √𝟐
(2018-2019 𝟐nd Attempt)
6)Find the distance between the point (𝟎, −𝟏) and the line 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏.
𝟓
A) 𝟐√𝟐
𝟏
B) 𝟐√𝟏𝟎
𝟏
C) 𝟐√𝟐
𝟏
D) 𝟐√𝟓
(2019-2020 𝟏st Attempt)

7) Find the distance between the point (𝟎, −𝟏) and the line with the slope 𝒎 = −𝟐 that
passes through the point (𝟐, 𝟏) ?
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒚 − 𝟏 = −𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 𝑨=𝟐 , 𝑩=𝟏
|𝑨𝒙𝟏 +𝑩𝒚𝟏 +𝑪| |𝟐𝒙+𝒚−𝟓| |𝟐(−𝟐)+𝟑−𝟓| |−𝟔|
𝒅= = = = =
√𝑨𝟐 +𝑩𝟐 √𝑨𝟐 +𝑩𝟐 √(𝟐)𝟐 +(𝟏)𝟐 √𝟓
𝟔 √𝟓 𝟔√𝟓
× =
√𝟓 √𝟓 𝟓
𝟔
A) 𝟓
𝟔√𝟓
B) 𝟓
𝟑√𝟓
C) 𝟓
𝟐√𝟓
D) 𝟓
74
(2019-2020 𝟐nd Attempt)
8)Find the distance between the point (−𝟐, 𝟏) and the line 𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟒
𝟏
A)
√𝟓
𝟕
B)
√𝟓
𝟏
c)
√𝟐
𝟕
D)
√𝟐
(2020-2021 𝟏st Attempt)

9)Find the value of (𝒃) when the distance between the point (𝟏, −𝟑) and the line
𝟑𝒙 − 𝒃𝒚 = 𝟓 is zero.
𝟑
A) 𝟐
𝟑
B) − 𝟐
𝟐
C) 𝟑
𝟐
D) − 𝟑
(2021-2022 1st Attempt)

10)Find the value of (𝒂), if the slope of the line 𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐 is -3 .
A) 3
B) 6
c) -3
D) -6
(2021-2022 𝟐nd Attempt)

11)Find the distance between the point (𝟐, −𝟐) and the line 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = −𝟏
𝟗
A)
√𝟏𝟎
𝟗
B)
√𝟕
𝟓
C)
𝟐
𝟓
D)
√𝟐
(2022-2023 2nd Attempt )

12)Find the distance between the point (−𝟐, 𝟏) and the line 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟓.
A. 4
B. 𝟒√𝟐
C. 𝟐√𝟐
D. 𝟑√𝟐
75
Note :
(1) If equation of the line passes through the point (𝒙, 𝒚) then substitute (𝒙, 𝒚) in the
equation and must be left side of the equation = right side f the equation
(2) If equation of the line does not passes through the point (𝒙, 𝒚) then substitute (𝒙, 𝒚) in
the equation and must be left side of the equation ≠ right sidof the equatio
9) The line 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟓 does not pass through which of the following points?
𝟐 𝟏
𝒂 (𝟐, 𝟑) 𝒃 ൬𝟏, ൰ 𝒄 (𝟒, 𝟏𝟏) 𝒅 ൬− , −𝟐൰ 𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
𝟑 𝟕
 Solution :
The line 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟓 does not pass (𝟒, 𝟏𝟏)since is not satisfy the equation
𝐩oint (𝟒, 𝟏𝟏) → 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 ⇒ 𝟕(𝟒) − 𝟑(𝟏𝟏) = 𝟐𝟖 − 𝟑𝟑 = −𝟓 ≠ 𝟓
(2022-2023 1st Attempt)

Question :1) The line 𝒚 = −𝟒𝒙 + 𝟕 passes through which of the following points?
A. (𝟓, −𝟑)
B. (−𝟑, 𝟓)
C. (𝟐, −𝟏)
D. (−𝟏, 𝟐)
2) The line 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 4 does not pass through the point: (2016-2017 1st Attempt)
1
A) (2 , −1)
B) (2,0)
−2
C) (1, 3 )
D) (2, −1)
76
put the value of 𝒙 in 𝒇(𝒙) for evaluating function.
EXAMPLE : For the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕 , evaluate each of the following.
1) 𝒇(𝟑𝒂) 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
3) , ∆𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
∆𝒙
𝒇(𝟑𝒂) = (𝟑𝒂)𝟐 + 𝟕
𝒇(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙) (𝒙 + ∆𝒙)𝟐 + 𝟕 − (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕)
= 𝟗𝒂𝟐 + 𝟕 =
∆𝒙 ∆𝒙
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 ∆𝒙 + ∆𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕
2) 𝒇(𝒃 − 𝟏) =
∆𝒙
𝒇(𝒃 − 𝟏) = (𝒃 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟕 ∆𝒙(𝟐𝒙 + ∆𝒙)
𝟐 = = 𝟐𝒙 + ∆𝒙
= 𝒃 − 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟏 + 𝟕 ∆𝒙
= 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟖
𝟏
CHECK IT OUT ( For the function𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 , evaluate each of the following.
1) 𝒇(𝟑𝒂) 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
3) , ∆𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
∆𝒙
𝟏
𝒇(𝟑𝒂) = 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 − (𝒙 + ∆𝒙)
𝟑𝒂 𝒇(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙 + ∆𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒙(𝒙 + ∆𝒙)
= =
∆𝒙 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙
2)𝒇(√𝟑) 𝒙 − 𝒙 − ∆𝒙
𝒙(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) −∆𝒙 𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏 = = ∗ =
∆𝒙 𝒙(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) ∆𝒙 𝒙(𝒙 + ∆𝒙)
𝒇(√𝟑) = −𝟏
√𝟑 = 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒙 ∆𝒙
77
 In exercises 3 to 8 evaluate (if possible) the function at the given value. Simplify the results.
𝟑) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟑 ∶ 𝒇(−𝟐) , 𝒇(−𝟓), 𝒇(𝟔) ; 𝒇(𝒙 + ∆𝒙)

 Solution : 𝒇(−𝟐) = √−𝟐 + 𝟑 = √𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒇(𝟔) = √𝟔 + 𝟑 = √𝟗 = 𝟑
𝒇(−𝟓) = √−𝟓 + 𝟑 = √−𝟐 𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
𝒇(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) = √𝒙 + ∆𝒙 + 𝟑
𝟒) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒇(𝟎), 𝒇(√𝟑), 𝒇(−𝟐); 𝒇(𝒕 − 𝟏)

 Solution : 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟑 − (𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟑
𝟐
𝒇(√𝟑) = 𝟑 − (√𝟑) = 𝟑 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒇(−𝟐) = 𝟑 − (−𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟑 − 𝟒 = −𝟏
𝒇(𝒕 − 𝟏) = 𝟑 − (𝒕 − 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟑 − (𝒕𝟐 − 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏) = 𝟑 − 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 − 𝒕𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝟓) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙; 𝒇(𝟎), 𝒇 (− 𝟒 ) , 𝒇(−𝟐); 𝒇 (𝟑 )
 Solution : 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐(𝟎) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎 = 𝟏
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝒇 (− ) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 (− ) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (− ) = 𝟎
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
𝒇(−𝟐) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐(−𝟐) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (−𝟒) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒
𝝅 𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝒇 ( ) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 ( ) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ൬ ൰ = −𝟎. 𝟓
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝟏)
𝟔) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 ; ;
𝒙−𝟏
 Solution :
𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝟏) 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 − (𝟏𝟑 − 𝟏) 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 𝒙(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)
= = = =
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
= 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙
𝒇(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝟕) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 ;
∆𝒙
 Solution :
𝒇(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙) (𝒙 + ∆𝒙)𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 ∆𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 ∆𝒙𝟐 + ∆𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑
= =
∆𝒙 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙
𝟑𝒙𝟐 ∆𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 ∆𝒙𝟐 + ∆𝒙𝟑 ∆𝒙(𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 ∆𝒙 + ∆𝒙𝟐 )
= = = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 ∆𝒙 + ∆𝒙𝟐
∆𝒙 ∆𝒙
78
𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝟐)
𝟖) 𝒇(𝒙) = ; ; 𝒙≠𝟎
√𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙−𝟐
 Solution :
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 − √𝒙 − 𝟏
− −𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝟐) √𝒙 − 𝟏 √𝟐 − 𝟏 √𝒙 − 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 − √𝒙 − 𝟏
= = = √𝒙 =
𝒙−𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟐)√𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟏 − √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏 + √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏−𝒙+𝟏
= ∗ =
(𝒙 − 𝟐)√𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏 + √𝒙 − 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟐)√𝒙 − 𝟏(𝟏 + √𝒙 − 𝟏)
−(𝒙 − 𝟐) −𝟏
= =
(𝒙 − 𝟐)√𝒙 − 𝟏(𝟏 + √𝒙 − 𝟏) √𝒙 − 𝟏(𝟏 + √𝒙 − 𝟏)
 In exercises 15 and 16, evaluate the function at the given point.

𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 < 𝟎
15) 𝒇(𝒙) = { ∶ 𝒇(−𝟏), 𝒇(𝟎), 𝒇(𝟐), 𝒇(𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏),
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
 Solution : 𝒇(−𝟏) = 𝟐(−𝟏) + 𝟏 = −𝟐 + 𝟏 = −𝟏
𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟐(𝟎) + 𝟐 = 𝟎 + 𝟐 = 𝟐
𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟐(𝟐) + 𝟐 = 𝟒 + 𝟐 = 𝟔
𝒇(𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟐(𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏) + 𝟐 = 𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝟒
|𝒙| + 𝟏 𝒙 < 𝟏
𝟏𝟔) 𝒇(𝒙) = { ∶ 𝒇(𝟎), 𝒇(−𝟑), 𝒇(𝟏), 𝒇(𝟑), 𝒇(𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏)
−𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 ≥ 𝟏
 Solution : 𝒇(𝟎) = |𝟎| + 𝟏 = 𝟎 + 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒇(−𝟑) = |−𝟑| + 𝟏 = 𝟑 + 𝟏 = 𝟒
𝒇(𝟏) = −(𝟏) + 𝟏 = −𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒇(𝟑) = −(𝟑) + 𝟏 = −𝟑 + 𝟏 = −𝟐
𝒇(𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏) = −(𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏) + 𝟏 = −𝒃𝟐 − 𝟏 + 𝟏 = −𝒃𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒙<𝟎
Given 𝒇(𝒙) = { find :
|𝒙 − 𝟐| 𝒙≥𝟎
 Solution :
𝒂 𝒇(−𝟒) = (−𝟒)𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖
𝒃 𝒇(𝟎) = |𝟎 − 𝟐| = |−𝟐| = 𝟐
𝒄 𝒇(𝟏) = |𝟏 − 𝟐| = |−𝟏| = 𝟏
79
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒙≤𝟐
10) 𝒇(𝒙) = { what is 𝒇(𝟑) ?
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙>𝟐
𝒂 𝟏𝟑 𝒃 𝟏𝟎 𝒄 𝟓 𝒅 𝟑 𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
 Solution : 𝒇(𝟑) = (𝟑)𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟗 + 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎
11) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 . Which of the following equals (𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝒇(𝟐) ?

𝒂 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒃 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 𝒄 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟖 𝒅 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
 Solution : 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝒇(𝟐) = [(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝟒 ] − [(𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟑(𝟐) + 𝟒]

= [𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔 + 𝟒] − [𝟒 − 𝟔 + 𝟒]
= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔 + 𝟒 − 𝟒 + 𝟔 − 𝟒
= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙
𝒇(𝒙+𝒉)−𝒇(𝒙)
12) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 . Which of the following is ?
𝒉
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒉 − 𝒉𝟐 −𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒉𝟐 𝟏
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒉 𝒅 𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
𝒉 𝒉 𝟐
 Solution :
𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙) 𝟐 − (𝒙 + 𝒉)𝟐 − (𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟐 − (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒉 + 𝒉𝟐 ) − 𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐
= =
𝒉 𝒉 𝒉
𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒉 − 𝒉𝟐 − 𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙𝒉 − 𝒉𝟐 𝒉(−𝟐𝒙 − 𝒉)
= = = = −𝟐𝒙 − 𝒉
𝒉 𝒉 𝒉
In questions (1-2), use the function (2014-2015 𝟏st Attempt)

|𝒙| + 𝟏 𝒙 < 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = {
−𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 ≥ 𝟏
1) The value of 𝒇(𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏) is:

A) −𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏 B) 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟐 C) −𝒃𝟐 D) 𝒃𝟐
2) The value of 𝒇(−𝟓) is:
A) -4 B) 4 c) 6 D) -6
80
3) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕, find the value of 𝒇(𝟑𝒂) :
A) 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟕 B) 𝟗𝒂𝟐 + 𝟕 C) 𝟏𝟔𝒂𝟐 D) 𝟏𝟔 + 𝒂𝟐
(2017-2018 1st Attempt)

4) Use the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑, to find the value of 𝒇(𝒃 − 𝟐) ?
A) 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟒𝒃 + 𝟏
B) 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒃 − 𝟏
C) 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒃 + 𝟏
D) 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟒𝒃 + 𝟒
4) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙, then find 𝒇(𝟏) − 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟏) ?

A) −𝒙(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)
B) −𝒙(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)
C) −𝒙(𝟐𝒙 + 1)
D) 𝒙(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)
5) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 then which of the followings is equal to 𝒇(𝒙)−𝒇(𝟐)

𝒙−𝟐
? (𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏 𝟏st Attempt)
A) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙
B) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙
C) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒
D) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒
(𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏 𝟐nd Attempt)

6) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒, find the result of 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝒇(𝟐).
A) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒
B) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟖
C) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙
D) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑
81
✓ Domain and Range :
(1) Domain : The domain of a function (𝑓) is a set of all value of (𝑥), means input value
Domain = values of 𝑥 (input values)
(2) Range : The range of a function (𝑓) is a set of all value of (𝑦), means output value
Range = values of 𝑦 (output values
✓ Domain and Range of Functions :

(1) linear Function: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
Domain = ℝ =] − ∞, +∞[
Range = ℝ =] − ∞, +∞[
Example: Find domain and range 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐
Domain = ℝ =] − ∞, +∞[
Range = ℝ =] − ∞, +∞[
(2) Quadratic Function : 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

Domain = ℝ
If 𝐚 > 𝟎 then Range = [𝐲 vertex , +∞[

Range = {
If 𝐚 < 𝟎 then Range =] − ∞, 𝐲 vertex ]
−𝒃
Note : To find the vertex use 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒂
Note: To find the range draw the graph if you can .
Example : Find domain and range
(1) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑
Solution : Domain = ℝ
𝒃 𝟎
𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒃 = 𝟎 then 𝒙 = − =− =𝟎
𝟐𝒂 𝟐
𝟐
𝒚 = (𝟎) − 𝟑 = −𝟑, 𝒗(𝟎, −𝟑)
𝒚 = (𝟎)𝟐 − 𝟑 = −𝟑, 𝒗(𝟎, −𝟑)
Range = [−𝟑, +∞[

(2) 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
Domain = ℝ
𝟒
𝒙= = −𝟐
−𝟐
𝒚 = −(−𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟒(−𝟐) + 𝟑
= −𝟒 + 𝟖 + 𝟑 = 𝟕 ⇒ 𝒗(−𝟐, 𝟕)
Range =] − ∞, 𝟕]
82
3)
❖ Domain:
Domain = \{𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒙 } domain = − {𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒙 }
▪ EXAMPE: Find the domain of each function:

𝟐 𝟏 𝒙
 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐  𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐−
𝒙− =𝟎⇒𝒙= 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 = ⇒ 𝒙 =
∴ 𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧 = \{ } ∴ 𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧 = − { } ∴ 𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧 = − { }
Or 𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧 = ∪ ∪
number 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑒

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑒
= −{ } = −{ }
▪ EXAMPLE: Find the range of
▪ EXAMPLE :Find the range of:
𝟓
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐
= −{ }
−{ }
83
𝟐
𝟏𝟏) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟏
 Solution : 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏
𝟐
𝒙−𝟏=𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙=𝟏
𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑹 − {𝟏} 𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 ൛𝒙|𝒙 ≠ 𝟏}ൟ ,
𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑹 − {𝟎} 𝒐𝒓 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 ] − ∞, 𝟎[∪]𝟎, +∞[
𝟏
𝟏𝟒) 𝒇(𝒙) =
|𝒙 + 𝟑|
 Solution:
|𝒙 + 𝟑| = 𝟎
⇒ 𝒙+𝟑=𝟎
⇒ 𝒙 = −𝟑
𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑹 − {−𝟑}
𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 {𝒙|𝒙 ≠ −𝟑}
𝟕
𝟐𝟓) 𝒃 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎
 Solution :
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒙=𝟓
𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑹 − {𝟓} , 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑹 − {𝟎}
𝒈(𝒙)
Note : If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐+𝒂 then the domain of 𝒇(𝒙) becomes all
Real numbers (𝑹) because 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎
𝒙+𝟏
Example: Find Domain of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
Solution : denominator = 𝟎, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 ≠ 𝟎 ⇒ Domain = ℝ =] − ∞, +∞[
𝒙
13) What is the domain of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = ?
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
𝒂 {𝒙|𝒙 ≠ 𝟏} 𝒃 {𝒙|𝒙 ≠ −𝟏} 𝒄 {𝒙|𝒙 ≠ 𝟎} 𝒅 𝑹 𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
 Solution : 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 ≠ 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑹
84
𝟏
14) What is the domain of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = ?
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟐
𝒂 ] − ∞, −𝟐[∪] − 𝟐, 𝟏[∪]𝟏, +∞[ 𝒃 ] − ∞, 𝟏[∪]𝟏, 𝟐[∪]𝟐, +∞[

𝟏 𝟏
𝒄 𝑹 𝒅 ] − ∞, [∪] , +∞[ 𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
𝟐 𝟐
 Solution : 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝒙=𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝒙=𝟏
𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑹 − {𝟏, 𝟐} 𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 ] − ∞, 𝟏[∪]𝟏, 𝟐[∪]𝟐, +∞[
−𝟏
1) The domain of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = is: (2014-2015 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟐𝒙+𝟏𝟎
A) 𝑹 B) ℝ − {−𝟏𝟐} C) 𝑹 − {𝟓} D) 𝑹 − {−𝟓}
(2015-2016 𝟏st Attempt)
−𝟑
2) Find the range of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙+𝟏.
A) ℝ − {𝟎}
(2018-2019 𝟏It Attempt)
𝟑
3) Find the range of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙+𝟏𝟎 ?
A) ℝ − {𝟐} B) ℝ − {−𝟐} c) ℝ − {𝟎} D) ℝ
𝒙−𝟐 𝒔𝒕
4) Find the domain of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐+𝟒. (2019-2020 𝟏 Attempt)
A) ℝ
B) ℝ − {−𝟐}
C) ℝ − {±𝟐}
D) [−𝟐, 𝟐]
Range
Domain //set inside the root greater than or equal to zero
Inside the root ≥
▪ EXAMPLE: Find the Domain and Range of each function:

 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 − 𝟏  𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟑  𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐√𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒙−𝟏≥𝟎⇒𝒙≥ 𝒙+𝟑≥𝟎⇒𝒙 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 ≥ 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟑𝒙 ≥ −𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙
𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 ≥
≥
= [𝟏, +∞[ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏
−𝟏
Because in front of = [−𝟑, +∞[ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = [ 𝟑 , +∞[
the root is positive Because in front of Because in front
= the root is positive the root is negative
= =
85
 if the denominator of the fraction includes a square root(only): set inside the square
root greater than zero.
𝒙
 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙
𝟏
 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙−𝟒
𝒙>𝟎 𝒙−𝟒>𝟎⇒𝒙>𝟒
𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 =]𝟎, +∞[ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 =]𝟒, +∞[
𝒐𝒓 = {𝒙|𝒙 > 𝟎} 𝒐𝒓 = {𝒙|𝒙 > 𝟒}
 (1): √ − 𝒙𝟐
𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = [𝟎, 𝒂] 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = [−𝒂, 𝟎] 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = [−𝒂, 𝒂]

if in front of the if in front of the
square root is positive square root is
negative
▪ EXAMPLE: Find the Domain and Range of each function:
 (2): √𝒙𝟐 −
𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧 =] − ∞, −𝒂] ∪ [𝒂, +∞[

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = [𝟎, +∞[ 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 =] − ∞, 𝟎]
if in front of the if in front of square
the
root is positive square root is negative
▪ EXAMPLE: Find the Domain and Range of 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙𝟐 − :

𝒙𝟐 − ≥𝟎
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 𝟐 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙 =
𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 =] , ]∪[ , [ =[ , [
86
𝟏𝟐) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + √𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟏𝟑) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
 Solution:  Solution:
𝟏 − 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 and 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 ≥ 𝟎
⇒ −𝒙 ≥ −𝟏 and 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
⇒ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 and 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 ⇒ (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟐) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 [𝟎, 𝟏] ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝒙=𝟐
𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏] − ∞, 𝟏] ∪ [𝟐, +∞[
𝟏𝟕)𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐
 Solution :𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏[−𝟑, 𝟑], 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = [𝟎, 𝟑]
𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐
Determine the domain and range of each function.

𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟑𝟔 − 𝒙𝟐
 Solution :
𝟑𝟔 − 𝒙𝟐 ≥ 𝟎 𝟑𝟔 ≥ 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 ≤ 𝟑𝟔 −𝟔 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟔
𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 [−𝟔, 𝟔] , 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 [𝟎, 𝟔]

Use the function 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟏 to answer the questions (3-4). (2014-2015 𝟏st Attempt)
1) The domain of the function 𝒇 is:
A) ] − ∞, −𝟏] B) [𝟏, +∞[ C) [−𝟏, +∞[ D) ] −∞, 𝟏]
2) )The range of the function 𝒇 is:
A) ] − ∞, 𝟎] B) [𝟎, +∞[
c) ] − ∞, +∞[ D) [−𝟏, +∞[
3) The range of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 is: (2014-2015 𝟐nd Attempt)

A) [−𝟑, 𝟑] C) [−𝟗, 𝟗]
B) [𝟎, 𝟑] D) [𝟎, 𝟗]
4) Find the domain of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 . (2015-2016 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) ℝ
B) ℝ − {𝟒}
C) [−𝟐, 𝟐]
D) [−𝟒, 𝟒]
87
(2018-2019 2 𝟐nd Attempt)
5) Which one is the range of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟒 − 𝒙 ?
A) [𝟐, +∞[
B) [−𝟐, 𝟐]
C) [𝟎, 𝟐]
D) [𝟎, +∞[
(2019-2020 𝟐nd Attempt)
6) Find the domain of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + √𝒙 − 𝟏 ?
A) ] − ∞, 𝟎]
B) ] − ∞, 𝟏]
C) [𝟎, +∞[
D) [𝟏, +∞[
(2017-2018 𝟏st Attempt)
7)What is the domain of the function
𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 ?
A) [𝟏, 𝟑] B) ℝ c) ] − ∞, +∞[ D) ] − ∞, 𝟏] ∪ [𝟑, +∞[
8)The range of which of the following functions is ]−∞, −𝟐]? (𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟐nd
Attempt)
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 − 𝟐
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟐
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = −√𝒙 + 𝟐
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = −√𝒙 − 𝟐
9 ) Which one is the range of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟒 − 𝒙. (2021-20222 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) [𝟒, 𝟎]
B) [𝟐, +∞[
C) [𝟎, +∞[
D) ] − ∞, 𝟎]
10) Find the domain of the functions is (𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒇(𝒙) = −√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎.
A) [−𝟐, 𝟓]
B) ] − ∞, −𝟐] ∪ [𝟓, +∞[
C) [−𝟓, 𝟐]
D) ] − ∞, −𝟓] ∪ [𝟐, +∞[
88
5)
Function Domain
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 [−𝒂, 𝒂]

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝝅
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 {𝒙: 𝒙 ≠ + 𝒏 𝝅 , 𝒏 ∈ 𝑰}
𝟐
𝟏 𝒏𝝅
𝒇(𝒙) = {𝒙: 𝒙 ≠ , 𝒏 ∈ 𝑰}
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟐
1- 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 [−𝟐, 𝟐]
2- 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 [−𝟑, 𝟑]
𝟏 {𝒙: 𝒙 ≠ 𝒏 𝝅 , 𝒏 ∈ 𝑰} −] − 𝟏, 𝟏[
3- 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
] − ∞, −𝟏] ∪ [𝟏, +∞[
𝟏 𝝅 −] − 𝟏, 𝟏[
4- 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝒙: 𝒙 ≠ + 𝒏 𝝅 , 𝒏 ∈ 𝑰}
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟐
] − ∞, −𝟏] ∪ [𝟏, +∞[
(2017-2018 𝟏st Attempt)

1) Find the range of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝅𝒙 ?
A) ℝ B) [−𝝅, 𝝅] c) [−𝟐, 𝟐] D) [−𝟏, 𝟏]
−𝟏
3) Determine the range of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙. (2021-2022 1st Attempt)
A) ℝ − {𝟎}
B) ] − ∞, −𝟏] ∪ [𝟏, +∞[
C) [−𝟏, 𝟏]
D) ℝ − {𝒏𝝅, 𝒏 ∈ 𝕀}
89
6)
 Domain : domain of piecewise function Domain =
 Range : to find range

Put back the values of 𝒙 in the function and find 𝒚 , the values of 𝒚 is the
range.
𝒙<𝟏
▪ EXAMPLE :Find the Domain and Range of: 𝒇(𝒙) = {
√ 𝒙≥𝟏
 Solution :Domain =
Range :
𝒇(𝒙) = √ , 𝒙≥𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) = , 𝒙<𝟏

𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒚
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 Positive
Zero and positive
𝟑 √𝟐 −𝟐 𝟑
= [ , +∞[
90
𝒙<𝟑
▪ CHECK IT OUT Find the Domain and Range of: 𝒇(𝒙) = {
√ 𝒙≥𝟑
 Solution :𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = r (𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑜𝑟 )

:Range
𝒇(𝒙) = √ , 𝒙≥𝟑 𝒇(𝒙) = ,𝒙 < 𝟑
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒚
𝟑 𝟐
𝟒 Zero and positive 𝟎 positive
𝟓 −𝟏
= [ , +∞[
𝟐
𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒙 𝒙<𝟎
𝟐−𝒙 𝒙≥𝟎
 Solution :
𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 < 𝟎 𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝑹
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙 < 𝟎
𝒙 𝒚
𝒙 𝒚
Positive+ 𝟎 +
𝟎 𝟐
Positi
−𝟏 𝟏
negative
ve
𝟏 𝟏
−𝟐 𝟒
𝟐 𝟎
−𝟑 𝟗
𝟑 −𝟏
𝟒 −𝟐
𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝑹
𝟏−𝒙 𝒙<𝟏
1)The range of 𝒇(𝒙) = { is:
√𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙≥𝟏
A) 𝑹
B) [𝟎, +∞[
C) ]𝟎, +∞[
D) [𝟏, +∞[
91
𝟑−𝒙 𝒙<𝟑
2) Determine the range of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = {
−√𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙≥𝟑
А) ] − ∞, 𝟎]
B) [𝟎, +∞[
C) [−𝟑, +∞[
D) 𝑹
7) Natural Logarithm Function : 𝒍𝒏 𝒙

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏 (𝒙): Domain = 𝒙 > 𝟎 and solve it.
Example : Find the domain of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏 (𝒙 − 𝟐)

Solution :
𝐱−𝟐>𝟎 ⇒ 𝐱>𝟐
Domain =]𝟐, +∞[
10)𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒍𝒏(𝟏 − 𝒕)
 Solution : 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒍𝒏(𝟏 − 𝒕)

𝟏−𝒕>𝟎 ⇒ 𝒕<𝟏
𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 ] − ∞, 𝟏[ , 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑹
nd
1) What is the domain of the function (2016-2017 𝟐 Attempt)
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏(𝒙 − 𝟐)
A) [𝟐, +∞[ B) ] − ∞, 𝟐] C) ]𝟐, +∞[ D) 𝑹
2) Match each function with its domain.
92
3)The domain of which of the following functions is ] − ∞, 𝟒 [ .
−𝟏
А) 𝒇(𝒙) =
√𝟒+𝒙
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = −√𝟒 − 𝒙
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏 (𝟒 − 𝒙)
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = −|𝟒 − 𝒙|
to answer the following questions.𝒈 and In exercises 1 and 2, use the graph 𝒇
A) Find the domain and range of each function.
B) Find 𝒇(−𝟐) and 𝒈(𝟑).
C) Find the value of 𝒙 verifying 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙).
D) Estimate a solution of the equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐
E) Estimate a solution of the equation 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟎
1)
A) 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 ∶ 𝒇(𝒙) = [−𝟒, 𝟒] ,
𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒇(𝒙) = [−𝟑, 𝟓]
𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒈(𝒙) = [−𝟑, 𝟑] ,
𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒈(𝒙) = [−𝟒, 𝟒]
B 𝒇(−𝟐) = −𝟏 , 𝒈(𝟑) = −𝟒
C) 𝒙 = −𝟏
D) 𝒙=𝟏
E) 𝒙 = −𝟏 , 𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟑 , 𝒙 = 𝟏
2)
A) 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒇(𝒙) = [−𝟒, 𝟓] ,
𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒇(𝒙) = [−𝟒, 𝟐]
𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒈(𝒙) = [−𝟓, 𝟓] ,
𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒈(𝒙) = [−𝟒, 𝟕]
B) 𝒇(−𝟐) = −𝟐 , 𝒈(𝟑) = 𝟎
C) 𝒙 = −𝟐 , 𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟓
D) 𝟎≤𝒙≤𝟓
E) 𝒙 = −𝟑 , 𝒙 = 𝟑
93
4) For questions (18-20), use the given graph of 𝒇 and 𝒈 : (2016-2017 𝟐nd Attempt)
5) Which of the following is range of the function 𝒇 ?

A) [−𝟒, 𝟑[
B) [−𝟒, 𝟑]
C) [−𝟒, 𝟓]
D) [−𝟒, 𝟐]
6) What is the value of 𝒙, where 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟑 ?
A) 5 B) -4 C) 4 D) 0
7) Which of the given values of 𝒙 verifying 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙)?

A) 𝒙 = 𝟒
B) 𝒙 = −𝟐
C) 𝒙 = 𝟎
D) 𝒙 = 𝟐
8) Determine the range of the function 𝒇 from the given graph below. (2020-2021 𝟏st Attempt)
A) [−𝟐, 𝟐]
B) [−𝟐, 𝟏]
C) [−𝟏, 𝟐]
D) [𝟎, 𝟐]
94
𝒇∘ (𝒙) = 𝒇( (𝒙)) 𝒈∘ (𝒙) = 𝒈( (𝒙))
▪ EXAMPLE :If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 then these new functions can be defined:
 Solution :
 (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐
 (𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 − (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒
 (𝒇𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) ∗ 𝒈(𝒙) = (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑) ∗ (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑
𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝟐𝒙−𝟑
 (𝒈) = 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
(𝒙)
 (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) Note replace every (𝒙) in 𝒇(𝒙) by 𝒈(𝒙)

= 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝟑 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
 (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) Note replace every (𝒙) in 𝒈(𝒙) by 𝒇(𝒙)
= 𝒈(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑) = (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎
 Note: 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ≠ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇
▪ EXAMPLE :Find the domain of the function: 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 when 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙 , 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏

 Solution : (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒈(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) = √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 ≥ 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙 = ±𝟏
𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 =] − ∞, −𝟏] ∪ [𝟏, +∞[ Or∴ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝑹−] − 𝟏, 𝟏[
▪ EXAMPLE(4B): Find the domain of the function 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒉 when 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 ,

𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 , 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟐
 Solution : (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒉)(𝒙) = 𝒇 (𝒈(𝒉(𝒙)))
= 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙 − 𝟐)) = 𝒇(𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟐)) = √𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟐) ≥ 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 − 𝟐 ≥ 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 ≥ 𝟐
𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = {𝒙: 𝒙 ≥ 𝟐} or∴ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = [𝟐, +∞[
95
▪ CHECK IT OUT Find the domain of the function: 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 when
𝟏
▪ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙
 Solution :
𝟏
(𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒈(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) = 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙 = ±𝟏
or 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 =] − ∞, −𝟏] ∪ ] − 𝟏, 𝟏[ ∪ [𝟏, +∞[∴ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝑹 − {−𝟏, 𝟏}
❖ Some examples about domain and range:

1) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 + 𝟑
 Solution :Dom𝒂𝒊𝒏 =] − ∞, −𝟐] ∪ [𝟐, +∞[
Because in front of the root is positive so : 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = [𝟎, +∞[ +𝟑 = [𝟑, +∞[
2) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
 Solution :𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = [−𝟐, 𝟐]
𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = [𝟎, 𝟐] + 𝟏 = [𝟏, 𝟑]
3) 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐√𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐
 Solution :𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = [−𝟑, 𝟑]
𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝟐 ∗ [−𝟑, 𝟎] = [−𝟔, 𝟎]
4) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
 Solution :𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝑹
𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = [𝟐, +∞[
𝒙−𝟐
5) 𝒇(𝒙) = √ 𝒙
 Solution :
𝒕𝒐𝒑 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍
𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍
𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 =] − ∞, 𝟎[ ∪ [𝟐, +∞[
28) Find(𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙)and (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙)when 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙 .Are 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 = 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇?

 Solution : (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒈(𝒙𝟐) = √𝒙𝟐 = |𝒙|
𝟐
(𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒇(√𝒙) = (√𝒙) = 𝒙
𝒔𝒐 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ≠ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇
96
𝟏
29) Find(𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙)and (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙)when 𝒇(𝒙) == 𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟐 .Are 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 = 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇?
 Solution :
𝟏 𝟏
(𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒈 ൬ ൰ = √ + 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙
𝟏
(𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒇(√𝒙 + 𝟐) =
√𝒙 + 𝟐
𝒔𝒐 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ≠ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇
30) Use the given graph to evaluate each expression
 Solution : : a. (𝐟 ∘ 𝐠)(𝟑) = 𝐟(𝐠(𝟑)) = 𝐟(−𝟏) = 𝟒

b. 𝐠(𝐟(𝟐)) = 𝐠(𝟏) = −𝟐
c. 𝐠(𝐟(𝟓)) = 𝐠(−𝟓) 𝐔𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝
d. (𝐟 ∘ 𝐠)(−𝟑) = 𝐟(𝐠(−𝟑)) = 𝐟(−𝟐) = 𝟑
e. (𝐠 ∘ 𝐟)(−𝟏) = 𝐠(𝐟(−𝟏)) = 𝐠(𝟒) = 𝟐
f. 𝐟(𝐠(−𝟏)) = 𝐟(−𝟒) 𝐔𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝
(2019-2020 1st Attempt)

1) Use the given graph below to find the value of 𝒈(𝒇(𝟐))?
A) 1
B) -1
C) -2
D) 2
97
A pebble is dropped into a still pond, classing ripples in the form of concentric circle. The radius
of the outer circle increases according to the model 𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝒕 , where 𝒕 is the time to seconds
after the pebble strikes the water, and 𝒓 is the radius of the circle in feet, The area of the circle is
,What is the area of the outer circle after 6 given by the function 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 , Find (𝑨 ∘ 𝒓)(𝒕)
seconds?
 Solution : 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 , 𝒓(𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒕
(𝑨 ∘ 𝒓)(𝒕) = 𝑨(𝒓(𝒕)) = 𝑨(𝟎. 𝟔 𝒕) = 𝝅(𝟎. 𝟔 𝒕)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 𝝅 𝒕𝟐
(𝑨 ∘ 𝒓)(𝟔) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 𝝅 (𝟔)𝟐 = (𝟎. 𝟑𝟔)(𝟑. 𝟏𝟒)(𝟑𝟔) = 𝟒𝟏 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒕
34) Find three functions 𝒇, 𝒈 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒉 so that 𝒌 = 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒉 and 𝒌(𝒙) = √𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐.

 Solution :𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟐 , 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 or
𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟏 , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 , 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙
26) Given 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 find:
 Solution :
𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙) = (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) − (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 = −𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙
𝒃 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) = (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) ∗ (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒄 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒇(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝟐(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝟏 = 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐
16) Find (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) where 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒 and (𝒙) = 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙 .

𝒂 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒃 𝒙−𝟑 𝒄 − (𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝒅 𝟎 𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
 Solution : (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)

= 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒 + 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑
17) Find (𝒇𝒈)(𝒙) where 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕 .
𝒂 − 𝟏𝟑 𝒃 𝟐𝟗 𝒄 𝟓 𝒅 𝟔 𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
 Solution : (𝒇𝒈)(𝟑) = 𝒇(𝟑) ∗ 𝒈(𝟑)

= 𝟑((𝟑)𝟐 − 𝟕) = 𝟑 ∗ 𝟐 = 𝟔
98
18) Find (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) where 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝒙 .
𝒂 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎 𝒃 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 𝒄 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒅 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙
+𝟖 𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
 Solution : (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))

= 𝒇(𝟐 − 𝒙)
= 𝟒 − 𝟐(𝟐 − 𝒙)𝟐
= 𝟒 − 𝟐(𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 )
= 𝟒 − 𝟖 + 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒 + 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐
( 2015-2016 𝟏st Attempt)

𝟏
1) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟑, find the value of (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝟐).
A) -2
B) 5
𝟏
C) 𝟐
D)
−𝟐
2) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 and 𝒈(𝒙) = , then domain of 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 is: (2016-2017 𝟏st Attempt)
𝒙
A) 𝑹
B) 𝑹 − {±𝟐}
C) ℝ − {𝟎}
D) ℝ − {𝟒}
(2015-2016 𝟐nd Attempt)
3) Find (𝒇𝒈)(𝟑), where 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝒙.
A) -2
B) 2
C) -14
D) 14
(2017-2018 𝟐nd Attempt)

𝟑
4) If 𝒈(𝒙) = −√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 &𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒙, Which one is the result of (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(−𝟑) ?
A) -3
B) -4
C) -2
D) 3
99
(2019-2020 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟐
5) Find the result of (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) where 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 − 𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝒙.
A) 𝒙(𝟐 − 𝒙)
B) −𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟔
C) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐
D) 𝒙(𝟒 − 𝒙)
(2020-2021 1st Attempt)

6) Find the domain of the function 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 when 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒈(𝒙) = −√𝒙.
A) [−𝟐, 𝟐]
B) [𝟎, 𝟐]
C) ] − ∞, −𝟐[∪]𝟐, +∞[
D) [−𝟐, 𝟎]
(2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)

7) If (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = −𝟒𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟏), then find the functions 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙).
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒙, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
(2021-2022 𝟏st Attempt)

𝟒
8)If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟑, then find the result of (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(−𝟓).
𝟒
A) 𝟒𝟗
𝟒
B) − 𝟒𝟗
𝟕
C) 𝟐
𝟕
D) − 𝟐
100
(General rules about domain and range)
Functions Domain Range

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒙 𝑹 [−𝒂, 𝒂]
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒙 𝑹 [−𝒂, 𝒂]
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝝅
{𝒙|𝒙 ≠ + 𝒌𝝅 , 𝒌 ∈ 𝑰} 𝑹
𝟐
𝒂
𝒇(𝒙) = {𝒙|𝒙 ≠ 𝒌𝝅 , 𝒌 ∈ 𝑰} ] − ∞, −𝒂] ∪ [𝒂, +∞[
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒂 𝝅 ] − ∞, −𝒂] ∪ [𝒂, +∞[
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 {𝒙|𝒙 ≠ + 𝒌𝝅 , 𝒌 ∈ 𝑰}
𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = ±√𝒙𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 ] − ∞, −𝒃] ∪ [𝒃, +∞[ ] − ∞, 𝟎] 𝒐𝒓 [𝟎, +∞[
𝒇(𝒙) = ±√𝒃𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 [−𝒃 , 𝒃] [−𝒃, 𝟎] 𝒐𝒓 [𝟎, 𝒃]
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒂
𝑹 − {±𝒃} 𝒂
𝒙𝟐 −𝒃𝟐 ] − ∞, − ] ∪]𝟎, +∞[
𝒃𝟐
𝒂
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑹 − {±𝒃} 𝑹 − {𝟎 }
𝒙±𝒃
±𝒂
𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙±𝒃| 𝑹 − {±𝒃} ] − ∞, 𝟎[ 𝒐𝒓 ]𝟎, +∞[
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏 (𝒙) {𝒙|𝒙 > 𝟎} 𝒐𝒓 ]𝟎, +∞[ 𝑹

𝒇(𝒙) = ] − ∞, 𝒂] ∪ [𝒃, +∞[ ] − ∞, 𝟎] 𝒐𝒓 [𝟎, +∞[
±√(𝒙 − 𝒂)(𝒙 − 𝒃)
𝒇(𝒙) = ±√𝒙 + 𝒃 {𝒙|𝒙 ≥ −𝒃} 𝒐𝒓 [−𝒃, +∞[ ] − ∞, 𝟎] 𝒐𝒓 [𝟎, +∞[
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 ± 𝒃 𝑹 [−𝒃, +∞[ 𝒐𝒓 [𝒃, +∞[

𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐 ± 𝒃 𝑹 ] − ∞, −𝒃] 𝒐𝒓 ]
− ∞, 𝒃]
𝒇(𝒙) = ±𝒙𝟑 ± 𝒃 𝑹 𝑹
𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 𝑹 𝑹
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒂
𝑹 𝒂
𝒙𝟐 +𝒃 ]𝟎, ]
𝒃
𝒂 𝒏𝝅
𝒇(𝒙) = {𝒙|𝒙 ≠ , 𝒌 ∈ 𝑰} 𝑹 − {𝟎 }
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑹 𝑹
𝟐
{ 𝒙 𝒙<𝒂
𝟐−𝒙 𝒙≥𝒂
101
Transformations
𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒂 Vertical translation upward 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒂: Vertical translation Downward
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒂) Horizontal translation to the left 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒂) Horizontal translation to the right
𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐
−𝒇(𝒙): reflection across 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒇(−𝒙) reflection across 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
𝐟(𝐱) = −𝐱 𝟐
102
Some examples:
1 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + 𝟏 2 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 + 𝟐
3 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 − 𝟐 4 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 − 𝟐
5 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟐 6 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 − 𝟐
103
7 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟐 8 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 − 𝟐
9 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟒 − 𝒙 10 𝒇(𝒙) = −√𝟒 − 𝒙
11 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| + 𝟐 12 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| − 𝟐
104
13 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 − 𝟐| 14 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 + 𝟐|
15 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 + 𝟐| − 𝟏 16 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟐 − 𝟑
in exercise 22 to 27 use the graph 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)to determinate the graph of each function.
𝟐𝟐) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟓) ⇒ 𝒅
𝟐𝟑) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝟓 ⇒𝒃
𝟐𝟒) 𝒚 = −𝒇(−𝒙) − 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒄
𝟐𝟓) 𝒚 = −𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟒) ⇒𝒂
𝟐𝟔) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟔) + 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒆
𝟐𝟕) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝟑 ⇒ 𝒈
105
31) Use the graph of 𝒇 show in the figure to sketch the graph of each function.
Solution:
a) 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟒)
b) 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟐)
c) 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝟒 d) 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝟏
e) 𝟐𝒇(𝒙) 𝟏
f) 𝒇(𝒙)
𝟐
𝟏
𝒇(𝒙)
𝟐
Use the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 to sketch the graph of each of the following
function.
𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟐 a) b) 𝒇(𝒙) = −√𝒙 c) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 − 𝟐
106
14) What is the transformation that transforms the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 to the
graph of the function 𝒈(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟗)𝟐 ?
𝒂 Vertical shift 9 units upward 𝒃 Vertical shift 9 units downward

𝒄 Horizontal shift 9 units to the right 𝒅 Horizontal shift 9 units to the
15) Use the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 to find the equation of the function 𝒈 shown by the second
graph.
𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒃 𝒈(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟐

𝒄 𝒈(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒅 𝒈(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟐
1) Use the given graph of 𝒇 to determine the graph of 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟏) ? (2019-2020 𝟏st Attempt)
107
(2020-2021 𝟏𝒔𝒕 Attempt)
2) Use the given graph of the function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) on right, to determine the graph of the
function 𝒚 = −𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟐)
(2022-2023 𝟏st Attempt)

3) Use the given graph of the function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) on the right, to determine the graph of the
function 𝒚 = −𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟐) + 𝟏.
4) (2022-2023 𝟐𝒏𝒅 Attempt)
 In exercise 44 to 47, determine whether the statement is true or false, if it is true justify your
answer. If it is false give an example that show it is false.
44) If 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒃) then 𝒂 = 𝒃.

Answer: False for example 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 when 𝒇(−𝟐) = 𝟒 = 𝒇(𝟐) but −𝟐 ≠ 𝟐
45) A vertical line can intersect the graph of the function at most one.
Answer: True by vertical line test
46) 𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)
For all 𝒙 in the domain of, then the graph of 𝒇 is symmetric with respect to the 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
Answer: True because the function is even
47) If 𝒇 is a function then 𝒇(𝒂𝒙) = 𝒂𝒇(𝒙).
Answer: False because if 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟏 then 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟏 but 𝟑𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑
108
48)Write the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| + |𝑥 − 2| without absolute value notation.
Solution
+𝒙 𝒙≥𝟎 +(𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝒙≥𝟐

|𝒙| = { , |𝒙 − 𝟐| = {
−𝒙 𝒙<0 −(𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝒙<2
−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙<0
𝒇(𝒙) = {𝟐 𝟎≤𝒙<2
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙≥2
Vertical line Test :

A vertical line intersects the graph of a function at most once.
Note : 1) use the vertical line test to show that the graph represents a
function or not
2) if the vertical line test intersects a graph more than once then the
graph is not function.
109
in exercise 20 and 21 use the vertical line test to describe weather the graph represents a
function or not.
20) 21)
It is a function by vertical line test.

Not a function by vertical line test. There is Everywhere there is only one intersection
more than on intersection point point
1- Which of the following graphs doesn’t represent a function?

𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒅
each of them represnts a function 𝒆

Because using the vertical line test it passes through more than one point
110
Use given graphs to answer the questions (𝟏 − 𝟐) :
(2014-2015 𝟐nd Attempt)

1) Which of the graphs does not represent a function?
A) A B) B C) 𝑪 D)D
2) Which of the graphs represents a one-to-one function? (2014-2015 𝟐nd Attempt)

A) A B) B C) 𝑪 D) D
3)Which of the following graphs represents a function? (2020-2021 𝟏st Attempt)
Horizontal line Test : If every horizontal line intersects a graph of a function at most
one point then the graph is a one-to-one function.
Note : use the horizontal line test to show that the graph represents a one - to - one function or
not
19- Which of the following graphs does not represent a one-to-one function?
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒅
𝒆 none represent a one − to − one function.

𝐚
111
(2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)
1)Which of the following graphs represents a one-to-one function?
(2018-2019 𝟏nt Attempt)

2)Which one of the following graphs doesn't represent a one to one function?
26 Area A wire 24 cm long is to be cut into four pieces to form a rectangle whose shortest side
has a length of x.
a Express the area of the rectangle as a function of x.
b Determine the domain of the function and use a graphing utensil to graph the function over
that domain.
Let shortest of rectangle = x and the other side of rectangle =12-x
𝟐𝟒 ÷ 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐 half perimeter 𝒂) 𝑨(𝒙) = 𝒙(𝟏𝟐 − 𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 b Domain= [𝟎, 𝟏𝟐]
112
Note : to find the behavior of the function 𝒇(𝒙) when 𝒙 tends to +∞ or −∞ just
take the variable of greatest power with it's coefficient
113
Example : What is the behavior of the following functions :
(1) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏 as 𝒙 tends +∞, and as 𝒙 tends −∞ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐
if 𝒙 → +∞ then 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒(+∞)𝟐 = +∞
if 𝒙 → −∞ then 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒(−∞)𝟐 = +∞
(2) 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 as 𝒙 → +∞, and as 𝒙 → −∞

𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑𝒙𝟒
if 𝒙 → +∞ then 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑(+∞)𝟒 = −∞
if 𝒙 → −∞ 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑(−∞)𝟒 = −∞
(3) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏 as 𝒙 → +∞, and as 𝒙 → −∞

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟑
if 𝒙 → +∞ then 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒(+∞)𝟑 = +∞
if 𝒙 → −∞ then 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒(−∞)𝟑 = −∞
4) 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑𝒙𝟓 − 𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕 as 𝒙 → +∞, and as 𝒙 → −∞

𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑𝒙𝟓
if 𝒙 → +∞ then 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑(+∞)𝟓 = −∞
if 𝒙 → −∞ then 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑(−∞)𝟓 = +∞
1) Which of the functions achieve the following behavior? (2017-2018 1" Attempt)
𝒇(𝒙) tends to − ∞𝒂𝒔𝒙 tends to + ∞
{ }
𝒇(𝒙) tends to − ∞𝒂𝒔𝒙 tends to − ∞
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟓 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐𝒙𝟔 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
c) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟔 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐𝒙𝟓 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
2) Which of the following functions achieves the behavior? (2020-2021 𝟐od Attempt)
𝒇(𝒙) tends to +∞ as 𝒙 tends to −∞ , 𝒇(𝒙) tends to +∞ as 𝒙 tends to +∞
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏
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Test bank
Which of the following functions has the graph at right?

A)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − √−𝒙 B)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − √𝒙
C)𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟐 − 𝒙 D)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 + √−𝒙
The graph of which of the following functions doesn’t

represents a one-to-one function?
A)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏 B)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏 C)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 D)𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐
Which of the following is the equation of the function that has x-intercepts at 𝒙 =
𝟔 , 𝒙 = 𝟒 , 𝒙 = −𝟐 ?
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 − 𝟔) B)𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 − 𝟔) C)𝑨, 𝑩 D) 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
Which of these functions is the equation of the table at right? 𝒙 𝟏 𝟒 𝟗

𝒚 𝟑 𝟐𝟒 𝟖𝟏
𝟑
A)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟓 B)𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌 C)𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒙𝟐 D)𝒙𝒚 = 𝒌
If the point (𝒂, 𝒃) lies on the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) and the point (−𝒂, −𝒃) is on that function, then
wich of the following is the function 𝒇(𝒙)?
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
A)𝒇(𝒙) = B)𝒇(𝒙) = C)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏 D)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
Find the value of 𝒙 so that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙) when 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏 , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎.
A)𝒙 = −𝟕 B)𝒙 = −𝟑 C)𝒙 = 𝟑 D)𝑨, 𝑪
At which value of 𝒚 , (𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙)) when 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟏.

A)𝒚 = 𝟎 B)𝒚 = 𝟑 C)𝑨, 𝑩 D)𝒏𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒆
If 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒂 then what is value of (𝒂) if 𝒇(𝒙) passes through the point (𝟑, 𝟏)?
𝒂 = −𝟒 A) 𝒂 = 𝟐 B)𝒂 = 𝟒 C)𝒂 = 𝟏 D)
The slope of the given graph is:
A)𝟎 B)𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 C)𝟐 D) 𝒏𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎
115
Find the function 𝒇 , 𝒈 and 𝒉 , such that 𝒌 = 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒉 , when 𝒌(𝒙) = √𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑.
𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙
A) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 B) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 C) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 D) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙
𝟐𝒙−𝟑
𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟐 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
Which of the following points are collinear?

A) (𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟒, 𝟒) B) (𝟏, −𝟐), (−𝟐, −𝟐), (𝟒, 𝟒) C) (𝟏, 𝟏), (𝟐, 𝟏), (𝟒, 𝟏)
D) (𝟒, 𝟐), (𝟐, 𝟒), (𝟒, 𝟒)
The domain of which of the following functions is 𝑹 − {𝟏} ?

𝟐
A)𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 B)𝒇(𝒙) = −√𝒙 − 𝟏 C)𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 D) 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒙 𝒙>𝟏
𝟏−𝒙 𝒙<𝟏
𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙
For the function 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙−𝟐)𝟐 which of the following is a true statement?
A)𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑹 − {𝟐} B)𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) C)𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 (𝟎, 𝟎), (−𝟐, 𝟎) D)𝑨, 𝑪
From the equation of a straight line 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒃𝒚 = 𝟏 what is the value of 𝒃 so that the slope of
−𝟏
the perpendicular line is ?
𝟐
𝟏
A) 𝟐 B)𝟏 C)−𝟐 D)−𝟏
Use the graph at right to choose the correct answer:

A)𝑰𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕.
B)𝑰𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕.
C)𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = [𝟎, +∞[
D)𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆
The graph on the right shows a

students car ride to university. What
was his speed between 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒕 = 𝟒?
𝟏
A) 𝟐 𝒌𝒎/𝒔 B)𝟏 𝒌𝒎/𝒔 C)𝟐 𝒌𝒎/𝒔 D)𝟒 𝒌𝒎/𝒔
What is the value of 𝒄 so that y-intercept point for the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 − 𝒄 is
(𝟎, 𝟒)?
𝟏 𝟏
A)− 𝟒 B)−𝟒 C)𝟒 D)𝟒
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𝒈(𝒙)
If 𝒇(𝒙) = , then which of these functions is 𝒈(𝒙) so that 𝒇(𝒙) is symmetric with
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
respect to an origin?
A)𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 B)𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓 C)𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒 D)𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
Write the equation of a staright line that passes through the point (𝟏, 𝟓) and parallel to
the line 𝒙 = −𝟑.
A)𝒚 = 𝟏 B)𝒙 = 𝟏 C)𝒙 = 𝟓 D)𝒚 = 𝟓
Which of the following grapghs satisfies the condition that:

tends to +∞ as 𝒙 tends to +∞𝒇(𝒙)
tends to −∞ as 𝒙 tends to −∞𝒇(𝒙)
A) B) C) D)
x-coordinate for the point of intersection of 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 + 𝟑| + 𝟐 with x-axis is:

A)𝟒 B)𝟐 C)𝒏𝒐 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 D)𝑨, 𝑩
A pebble is dropped into a still pond, causing ripples in the form of concentric circle .The
radius of the outer circle increases according to the model 𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝒕, where 𝒕 is thetime in
seconds after the pebble strikes the water, and 𝒓 is the radius of the circle in feet. The area
of the circle is given by the function 𝑨 = 𝝅 𝒓𝟐, Find (𝑨 ∘ 𝒓)(𝒕).
A)𝟑. 𝟔𝝅 𝒕𝟐 B)𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝝅 𝒕𝟐 C)𝟑𝟔𝝅 𝒓𝟐 D)𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 𝝅 𝒕
−𝒙
If 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙+𝟏| then 𝒇(−𝒙) is:
−𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 −𝒙
A) |𝒙−𝟏| B) |𝒙+𝟏| C)|𝒙−𝟏| D) |𝒙+𝟏|
Write the equation of a straight line that passes through the points (−𝟒, 𝟐) and (−𝟒, 𝟑)
A)𝒙 = −𝟒 B)𝒙 = 𝟒 C)𝒚 = 𝟑 D)𝒚 = 𝟏
The domain of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑 𝒍𝒏(𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙) is :

𝟐 𝟐
A)[𝟏, +∞[ B)]𝟏, +∞[ C)] − ∞, 𝟑] D)] − ∞, 𝟑 [
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 ≤ −𝟏
If 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟐 −𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟑 then the value of 𝒇(−𝒃𝟐 − 𝟏) is :
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙≥𝟑
A)𝟐 B)−𝟐𝒃𝟐 − 𝟑 C)−𝒃𝟐 D)−𝒃𝟐 + 𝟑
117
If 𝒈(𝒙) = |𝒙| then which one is the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒈(𝒙 − 𝟑) + 𝟏?
A) B) C) D)
The graph of which of the following functions is symmetric with respect to an origin and
has three x-intercepts at 𝒙 = 𝟎 , 𝒙 = 𝟐 , 𝒙 = −𝟐 .
𝒙𝟑 −𝟒𝒙 𝒙𝟑 −𝟒𝒙 𝒙𝟑 −𝟒𝒙 𝒙𝟑 −𝟒𝒙
A)𝒇(𝒙) = B)𝒇(𝒙) = C)𝒇(𝒙) = D)𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒙𝟐
Which is the equation of a straight line that passes through the point (−𝟐, 𝟏) and
perpendicular to the line 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟖?
A)𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟖 B)𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = −𝟏 C)𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = −𝟒 D)𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = −𝟕
Find the equation of a straight line that has x-intercept at 𝟐 and y-intercept at – 𝟑.
−𝟏 𝟏 𝒚 𝒙 𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒚
A) 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒚 = 𝟏 B)𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝟏 C)−𝟑 + 𝟐 = −𝟏 D) 𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝟏
A man looks at a plane in the sky ,at horizontal distance of 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒎 with an inclination angle
of 𝟒𝟓° , what is the altitude of the plane?
A)𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒎 B)𝟔𝟎𝟎√𝟑 𝒎 C)√𝟑 𝒎 D) 𝒏𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒆
The tax for renting a bicycle for 𝟑 hours is 𝟐𝟒 thousand dinars and for 𝟓 hours is 𝟔𝟎
thousand dinars, which of the following is the rate of change of this money?
𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎−𝟐𝟒 𝟔𝟎−𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒
A) 𝟐 B) C) D) 𝟐
𝟓−𝟑 𝟑−𝟓
If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 which of the following is equal to 𝒇(𝟐 − 𝒙) + 𝒇(−𝟏) :

A)−𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒 B)−𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟒 C)−𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟐 D)−𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒙
How many x-intercepts does the function 𝒇(𝒙) = have ?
√𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
A)𝒐𝒏𝒆 B)𝒕𝒘𝒐 C)𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒆 D) 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
118
Use the given graphs to answer the questions] 𝟑𝟓 till 𝟑𝟕[ .
A) B) C)
Which graph doesn’t represents a function? A)𝑨 B)𝑩 C)𝑪 D) 𝑨, 𝑩
Which graph represents a one-to-one function? A)𝑨 B)𝑩 C)𝑪 D) 𝑨, 𝑪
Which graph satisfies 𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙) ? A)𝑨 B)𝑩 C)𝑪 D) 𝑨, 𝑩
The domain of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎 is:

A)] − ∞, −𝟓] ∪ [𝟒, +∞[ B)] − ∞, −𝟓[∪]𝟒, +∞[ C)[−𝟓, 𝟒] D)𝑹
Which of these functions does not an odd functions?

𝟏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
A)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 B)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 +𝟗 C)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 −𝟐𝒙 D)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟓
𝟏
If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 then find the value of (𝒇 𝒈)(𝟏) ?
𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
A) 𝟐 B)𝟏𝟐 C)−𝟏 D) 𝟒
The distance from the point (𝟏, −𝟏) to the straight line 𝒚 = 𝒙 is:
√𝟐 𝟏
A)𝟐√𝟐 B)√𝟐 C) 𝟐 D)
√𝟐
A wire 𝟏𝟐 𝒎 long is to be cut into four pieces to form a rectangle whose shortest side has a
length of 𝒙. Express the area A of the rectangle as a function of 𝒙.
A)𝑨 = 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 B)𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 C)𝑨 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 D)𝑨 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙
If 𝒇 is an odd polynomial function, then:

A)𝒇(𝟓) = −𝒇(𝟓) B)𝒇(−𝟓) = −𝒇(𝟓) C)𝒇(−𝟓) = 𝒇(𝟓) D)𝒇(−𝟓) = −𝒇(−𝟓)
𝟏 𝟏
What is the value of 𝒃 so that the points (𝟐 , 𝟑) , (𝒃, 𝟒) and (𝟐 , 𝟎) are collinear?
𝟏
A)𝟐 B)𝟐 C)−𝟐 D) 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
Which of the following is true?

𝟐 −𝟑
A)𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝒊𝒔 .
𝟐
𝟐
B)𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟓 𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 (𝟏, 𝟑)
C)𝑰𝒇 𝒇 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒇(−𝒂) = 𝒇(−𝒃) 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 = 𝒃.
𝟏−𝒙 𝟏
D) 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙+𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝑹 − {𝟐}
119
If the distance between the point (𝟏, 𝟓) and a staraight line 𝒎𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟖 is equal to 𝟎
then find the value of 𝒎?
A)𝒎 = −𝟏 B)𝒎 = 𝟐 C)𝒎 = −𝟐 D)𝒎 = 𝟏
The graph at right is the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) use the given graph to answer the questions ] 𝟒𝟕
and 𝟒𝟖[ .
Estimate a solution for the equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐. 𝒇(𝒙)
A)[𝟐, 𝟑] B)[𝟏, 𝟑] C)[−𝟑, 𝟑] D)𝟎
The domain of the function 𝒇(𝒙) is:

A)]𝟎, 𝟑] B)] − 𝟑, 𝟑] C)] − 𝟑, 𝟎] D)𝑹
Use the graph to answer the questions ] 𝟒𝟗 and 𝟓𝟎[ .
The value of (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝟑) is:
A)𝟏 B)𝟒 C)𝟑 D)𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
The range of the function 𝒈(𝒙) is:
A)[−𝟐, 𝟔[ B)[−𝟐, 𝟔] C)] − 𝟏, 𝟒] D)] − 𝟐, 𝟒]
The domain of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + √𝟑 − 𝒙 is:

A)]𝟎, +∞[ B)[𝟎, +∞[ C)[𝟎, 𝟑] D)] − ∞, 𝟑]
Find the value of (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒆) if 𝒇(𝒙) = − 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐?

𝟏−𝟐𝒆𝟐
A)−𝟑 B)−𝟏 C) D)𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
𝒆𝟐
120
Which of the following piecewise functions is equivalent to the
function 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 + 𝟏| − |𝒙 − 𝟏|?
−𝟐𝒙 𝒙 ≤ −𝟏 −𝟐 𝒙 ≤ −𝟏
A)𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟐 −𝟏 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 B)𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟐𝒙 −𝟏 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
𝟐𝒙 𝒙>𝟏 𝟐 𝒙>𝟏
𝟐 𝒙≥𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
C)𝒇(𝒙) = { D)𝒇(𝒙) = {
−𝟐 𝒙 < 𝟏 −𝟐𝒙 𝒙 < 𝟎
𝟐
x-intercept point for the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 is:
√𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
A)(− , 𝟎) B )(− 𝟑 , 𝟎) C)(𝟐 , 𝟎) D)𝒏𝒐 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕
√𝟑
If (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 and 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 then find 𝒈(𝒙) ?

A)𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟏 B)𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟐 C)𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 D)𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
The domain of which of the following functions is 𝑹 and it’s symmetric with respect to 𝒚-
axis?
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 𝟑
A)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 B)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 +𝟏 C )𝒇(𝒙) = D)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
√𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
Find 𝒌 such that the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝒌𝒙 intercepts the function 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟐 at = 𝟏 ?
A)𝒌 = 𝟔 B)𝒌 = −𝟔 C)𝒌 = 𝟏 D)𝒌 = −𝟏
𝟏
If 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟑 , then at which values of 𝒙 does the function 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 is
undefined?
A)𝟗 B)𝟓 C)𝟒 D)𝟏
To answer the questions ] 𝟓𝟗 and 𝟔𝟎[ use the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) to determine the graph of
each function.
Which one is the function 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝟏 ?

𝒄 A)𝒃 B)𝒅 C)𝒂 D)
Which one is the function −𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟒) − 𝟐 ?

A)𝒅 B)𝒆 C)𝒂 D)𝒉
121
Answer Key
122

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Chapter 11

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Graph and linear models

Finding 𝐗 and 𝐲 intercepts :

Example Find the 𝒙 - and 𝒚-intercepts of the graph of the function

(𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟐, 𝟎), (−𝟐, 𝟎)

In exercises 11 to 14 , find any intercepts.

12) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 √𝟐𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐

(𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟓, 𝟎), (−𝟓, 𝟎)

𝒙−𝟏=𝟎 , √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 by squaring.

Example Find the x-and y-intercepts of the graph of the function

(𝟎, −𝟕) is y- intercepts

• Find the x-and y-intercepts of the graph of the function

❹ 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙

(MINSTRY EXAM QUESTION)

1) The 𝒚-intercept of the graph of 𝒇 is:

6) Which of the followings is the 𝒙-intercept?

9) The 𝒚-intercept of the line 𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒 is: (2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)

12) Which of the following functions is symmetric with respect to 𝒚-axis?

30)If 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 > 𝟎 and 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎, then the graph of the function

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 True

31) If 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 = 𝟎 and 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎, then the graph of the function

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 has only one 𝒙-intercepts.

1) even ∓ even = even

3) even ∓ odd } = is not symmetry

EXAMPLE Testing for symmetry with respect to the origin.

𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝟐(−𝒙)𝟑 − (−𝒙) = −𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 = −(𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)

then 𝒇(𝒙) is odd (symmetric with respect to the origin)𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)

check it out . Show that the graph of the function

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 is symmetric with respect to the 𝒚-axis.

The function is an even .

𝒇(−𝒙) = (−𝒙)𝟐 − (−𝒙)

The function is an odd.

then 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)

𝒇(−𝒙) = |(−𝒙)𝟑 + (−𝒙)|

The function is an even.

The function is not Symmetric

𝟏 − √ not even not odd

Note : let (𝒙, 𝒚) be a point on the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙)

𝒇(𝒙) is even then (𝒙, 𝒚) ⇒ (−𝒙, 𝒚)

𝒇(𝒙) is an even then just take inverse sign of (𝒙)

𝒐𝒅𝒅 odd odd

b) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆: (𝒂 ± 𝒃)𝟐 = (𝒂𝟐 ± 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )

𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝟗(−𝒙)𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗

𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) then 𝒇(𝒙) is even

𝒔𝒊𝒏even (𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏odd (𝒙)

In exercises 35 to 39 , tell whether the function is even or odd.

𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝟒(−𝒙)𝟐 − (−𝒙)𝟒

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 ( even ) = even

𝟑𝟕) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

𝒇(−𝒙) = (−𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔 (−𝒙)

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒐𝒅𝒅( even ) = odd

𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)𝟐

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏even (𝒙) = even

a) 𝒇is even b) 𝒇 is odd

In exercises 𝟓 and 𝟔, check for symmetry in each graph.

𝒙 = 𝟐 and 𝒙 = −𝟐 are 𝒙 − intercepts

(MINSTRY EXAM QUESTION)

2)Write an equation of a function whose graph has intercepts at 𝒙 = −𝟏&𝒙 = 𝟏 and is

3) Which of the following functions is odd?

(MINSTRY EXAM QUESTION)

3) Which of the following function is odd? (2015-2016 𝟏st Attempt)

(2015-2016 𝟐nd Attempt)

5) Which function from the givens below is symmetric with respect to 𝒚-

9) Which one of the following functions is even? (2018-2019 𝟐nd Attempt)