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    Giao Trinh Co So Van Hoa Viet Nam CB Gs Tran Quoc Vuong

    Uploaded by

    Kim Kim

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    TRAN QUOC VUONG (Chi bién) 10 NGQC THANH - NGUYEN CHi BEN LAM THY MY DUNG ~ TRAN THUY ANH CO SG VAN HOA VIET NAM (P65 bain Lin thie muti b5n) NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM LOIN! BAU [hing nam gin dy, whan Ute vf vai to cia wn hod 3 mute ta dupe nang len ding vd gid tri dich thye cia nd. Nehi aust [Hoi nghi lan thi 4 eda Ban chip hank Trang wong hod VIE da hiding dink odn hod la nén ting tink thén cia xa i, thé hién td cao vd chi edu vd tinh dé phat tridn eta mot dan te, las et tinh ning gid tr t6t dep nhit trong quan We gita ng vat uti, wi i ws vd Chien nin, NG vita Ta mg dg le thie dy vita mge mye tiéu phe erin hink t= hpi cc china ta Ging vi the, vide git gin, phit huy vd chin hug win hod dan the due dt ra mt ich ep bch, doi hii st tham gia cia nhidu gin, nhide gid Giita thing 12 nam 1994, Hi nghi lén th 8 eka Uy ban qué sia vd Thap bi Quéé uf phat trién vdn hod cia Viee Nam do Phd ‘This tung Neuyén Khdnh lam chi tich hop. Hoi nehi sep strung thdo ludn chi: dé: Bio va phat huy di ain ode hod Viet ‘Nam, dic bit li di sn win hod phi ogt thé. HOt nghi nay d3 c6 nhidu high nghi odi Bang, Nha nut, ede BS, nganh, trong d5 cb itn nghi: “Bp Gido due va Dao tgo dita vao chuong trink gidng day 3 ede trudng hoe nfi dung bio vf ve phat huy edz di sén vn hod, gido due cho thank nign vd hoe sink of gié tri ela win hod dan te vd di sén win hod Vigt Nam, nang cao long t hao dé the va tite bdo vf di sd odin hod”. Nedy 10 thing 1 ndm 1988, 16 Gio dve v8 Daa tao df, hi cong vdn 96 173/VP vé vie ting cing gido duc Ede gi tri win hod dn teva di win vn hod Vitt Nam, yeu edu ode ca quan chudn bi hé thong gio trink, dita min ‘Van hod hoe vaca s3 vin hod Viet Nam vao chuong trink dai oe, cao ding, dé pve vy vie hoe tip cia sinh vin. "Nhén tréch nhiém trude B§ Gido duc va Dito too, ching t6i ‘bien soan gido trinh man Co 6d win hod Vite Nam. 3 Khoa Van hod hoe nét chung vd min Ca 3 vs hod Viet Nam di ridng 06 § nghia rt quan trong Khong chi trong nha tring ‘ma con d ngodi x8 Adi. Tuy thé, udi nha truing dat hoe w2 cco ding, Van hod hoe lg man hoe con rdf md me. idm ta, con cb ahiu cich hida bhde nhaw of lich nd va die dim edn hod Vie Nam, cing nhu cin niu eich hidu,cich tinh bay vé mon Cad ‘in hod Vigt Nam. Chink oi wy, ching ti thd rg, cin tink bay cho sinh vién hide ed hai mit lick dai wa ding dai cla vn shod: Viet Nam ldn nhing de dim vcd mhing high tie oo bin ‘od min Vain hod fie. ‘Sau tin xudt bin dd tién, phye ox cho hi gh tp hugh vd bs min Vin had hoe do BS Gido due ud Bao ta t che tai Ha NO vd Thanh pho HE Chi Minh, ching 0 dd nhén dupe nhidu y ign ding {850 qu bi ca ce dng nghit, ec thdy gio, cb gio vd ban doe de noi (nhut PGS, TS. Neuyin Xun Kink, TS. Nguyén Thi Mink Thai, ng Nauyén Hod, Ong Le Dinh Bich, ng Trin Man Ho trén ‘ap chi Van hod dan gian, Tap san Kign thie ngty nay, bdo The ‘thao wé win hod, béo Van nghd). Ching 26 xin t3 lng cfm on. O {én xudt bin nay, ching 10 da chia va bd sung cho hotin thién don trén co 3 ede 5 hith dng gp. Tuy nhién, ching ti nght ring 4805 cut gio trinh vf Vin had hoc hon chink, bd than ebe te Aid con phi nghien ctu nhidu vd cn o6 thir whidu § i thio ‘adn, ap fea de gid. Vi wy rt mong ode dng nahiep vt ban doe £693, phd binh dé cut sich ngty mt thon. Voi hi wong man Van hod hge vd Co ad vn hod Vite Nam sf hae nhau, tay thufe vao van dé tip can. Diéu 46 cong bit nguén ty tinh da dung v6 cing cla con ngui trong sy thong bit hién nbign eda gig loai, IL - CON NGUGI VIET NAM, CHU - KHACH THE CUA VAN ‘HOA VifT NAM Di c6 rt mhiéu nhan xét (theo tinh ci, theo If ts tit quan diém trayén thong, hign dai, tH cdc p60 4B mhin thie dan the, thé gi... vé con ngubi Vigt Nam tit xua ti nay. Song 2 cho tdi nay nbn tite v8 con ngubi Vigt Nam thye svt chita dy da. Tit gée d6 1a cht thé ofa van hoa, con ngusi Viet Nam ‘Gt mat Ia con new ed nha, m@t khe mang t&i trong minh. tinh dan the trayéa thdng. "Con nguii phai ob tink din the ceang nhut phai ob mdi, o6 tai. Va tinh dit the duge trao cho ‘con nguaf tt hic sinh ra va e@n Iai mt cach bat bién suét cuge ai neu fy. N6 eding tn tgi chic chin trong ta chang han nobus Ia gigi tinh". GS. Dao Duy Anh da chit § cée die diém khi chat cia gui Vigt Nam Ki Ong viét eudia Vigt Nam odin hod sit evong, tuy nhién theo éng, nhitng tinh cht dy Khéng phdi la bit di bit dich. Ong cho ring: "V6 tinh chét tinh than thi ngudi Vit ‘Nam dai khai théng minh, nhuing xia nay thay it mgudi ob tri tué Ibi lge phi thug. Sic kf de thi phat dat ldm ma gid tri rnghé thuat hon tei Khoa hg, gitu trye giée hon lug If. Phin rnhigu ngubi o6 tink ham hee, Song thich van chitomg phi hoa thon thye hoe, thich thank sfo va hinh thife hon 1a tt tude host dng. Ndo tang tong thtting bj nao thye tin hod hoan bt, nén dan the Viel Nam it ngudi mOng tung ma phn dodn thuting 6 vé thiét thye lim. Sie lam vige khé nhge, abit a ngudi & mién Béc thi st dn tfe bi kip, edm gide hoi cham chap, cong gidi chju dau ddn eye khé va hay nhdin nhve. Tink ixhi cling hoi néng néi, khéng bén chi, hay that vong, hay khoe khoang trang hoang bé ngoai; ua hu danh va thich choi cd ba ‘Thudng thi nhit nhét va chung hod bink, song ngd sy thi cfng bidt hi sinh vi dgi nghia. Nao séng téc thi it, nhung ma bt chude thich tng va dung hod thi rit tai. Ngwdi Viet Nam Iai rat trgng IS gido song cling e6 niio tinh vat, hay bai bic ché ‘© Dn theo Pham Bich Hep, Tam If dan te, tink edch wa bin se, [Nib TP. H6 Ch Minb,1998, tr. 80. 3 nnhgo"®. PGS. Phan Ngge trong edng trinh Vén hod Vigt Nam 8 cdch tie cén mdi, khang dinh: *Van hod la mét quan hg. 'N6 la méi quan hé gita thé gidi biéu tugng va thé gidi thye ‘gi. Quan he iy biéu hign thinh mét kidu Iya chon ring ee ‘Gt te mgudi, mét cd nhén so v6i mbt te ngudi Khée, mbt cf han khéc’. Trén nén dy, Ong cho ring: "Bin sée vin hod, do 46, khong phai ~ 1a m@t vat ma 1A mgt kiéu quan he. Kidu quan hé két hep, ching n6i tit nbigu gée rét khée nhau, nbting tao nén mét thé thong nhit hau ea ki digu. Tai tam ding cha Dricolage... ngudi Vigt Nam la bae thdy vé nghé thugt bricolage®. Thue ra ¥ nay déu tién 1a eda nha sit hoe - nha bdo Jean Lacouture. GS. Ha Van Tin khi viét vé ow hinh'thanh ban sée dan Ye Vigt Nam cing Khang dinh ey tén tai cla tinh cfch dain (ge va tam If din tfc. "Tam If dan te bigu bign trong phong ch tu duy, 16i dng xit (hay hanh vi), ddng thai biéu ign ra trong tinh cim din the. Né bi ché ube bdi cde diéu ign ty nhién ma trong d6 eng dng dang tén tai, diéu kign x8 hoi digu kign lich str. Cée yu t6 nay bao gém cd bin 36 va hing 96, chinh vi vay tinh céch dan te va tam If dan te 66 bign chuyén. Vi thé, khi tim hidu tam If dan te hay tinh céch an the (cd mat tich eye va tidu yc), phai xem xét vai trd te ong, si chi phéi cila od ba y6u t6 ty nhign, xd hoi va lich si. Comhu vay, ta méi e6-thé If gidi mét ech efi ka, khoa hoe, I © Dao Day Anh Vit Nam on hod weg, i bn, Sab TPH 1 Khoo St tudng DHSP. TPS Chi Miniog 2k ® Phan Ngoe, Vain hod Vidt Nam va céch mdi, Nat ‘thing tin, Ha Noi, 1999, tr. 24. ‘echo mit, Nav Vo bok ‘© Ha Van Tan: Vé sy hinh thank bin sde dan the Vigt Nam, tro} cudn Gido su Sit hoc, Nhé gido Nhdn dan Ha in, Nxb E ad ‘Ha NGi, tr. 110-116, “e eee pee “4 tinh nang véu Utd trong tinh céch, thm li, bm abe din te, bin sfe vin hod cia nguai Vigt Nam trong lich sit v8 cd gi dogn ign nay. Trong cfng tinh nghién eta *Cée gid tr truyén thong va con nguii Vigt Nam hign nay" thuge dé tai K-07, ef td gid dbu thing nhs trong nhing akin shin vé id tri tinh thio, tinh edch din tge Vigt Nam ma din hinh 1a tinh thin yeu mu, kin ewig gdn bé v0i qué hudng xi 8, co thé 18 v6i lang va née, véi nh, lam té bdo chung; § thde sau she va ving bén vé ban nga; tinh thén of két cng ding; fn ef ehiu thung, chu kh6,gii chiu dung gian khé, tinh neh; {ing xt Tinh hogt mém déo; dB thich nghi, hi nbgp... Mat khdc, do nhing diéu kign mi tring tw nbign Khée nghiet, that thuing, diéu kign xi gi dm ehign tranh cing véi nbiing than eh cha mot nén sin xual ning nghiep (iéu néng) truyén théng chi y6u dya vio kinh nghifm, ném cin tinh néng din Gi nhng mit tidu oye cia n6' but tm 1 bin quan ~ cic bang: tée phong thy tiga, "én x6i" ; tim 1 edu an, od may: thi: caus gia trading”... d va dang anh hung khéng ‘tt dng cube xy dying vi phét trién mot nén vin hod Vigt Nam tien tin mang dim da bin she dan te ‘Tom lai, 9 Vigt Nam tir xa xu e6 con ngui of nbn trén én ting tiga ning, tay nhién do tu tung dng xk phutong Déng bao trim nén vai t® ef nhdn khéng duge phat huy. Ludn luén eé nbn duge dt trong vi dudi dng ddng. Hang 96 vin hod Vigt Nam of truyén vé mt chi thé la nguii ndng dan Vigt Nam véi tt of nbtng tinh ehét tich eve va han ché cha 1, Trén nén ea ban Ta n6ng dn, song nei néng dan 46 lat tup thuge vio ting ving (xd, mign) van hod khie nhau ma Iai ‘© Phan Huy Lé, Va Minh Giang (Chit bin: Cie gid tr truydn thing con nguat Vigt Nam hién nay, Ha Ni, 1996 it. 96-99. 15 mang ning nét udi, riéng trong tinh each. Vugt 16h of v8 Ikhéng/thi gian lad dim duy tinh. duy nghia, duy cdm cba con ngui Vigt Nam trong mi quan 8 mgd ~ ngs. ng — ‘af bin: ngui tam fins thd Tinh va hat a thai d6 teach nnhigm véi nhiing thé h sau thé hign qua Khai nim phic dé. {nl - KHAL NIM VAN HOA VA CAC KHAI NUBM KHAC Day 1a nhitng dng cu ~ khéi nigm hay cing cy ~ nhiin thie ding é tip cfm mhing vin dé nghién edu, Ching thuing hay bj, hay duge sit dung ln Wn, dit mBi mgt khéi nigm déu 6 nhiing dfc trung riéng cia minh, 1. Khai nig van hos Van hod 18 sin phim do con ngudi sing tao, 06 ti thud Vinh minh eta x2 hpi loai ngudi. O phuong Ding: ti vin hos 48 6 trong di sng ngdn ng tit rt sm. Trong Chu Dich, — ‘qué Bi da o6 tt vin va hod: Xem ding vé com new, ify 46 ma sifo hod thién he Quan bé Nguti g (nam ‘71-6 true cing nguyén), thai Tay Han véi nghfa nhit mat phuong thie gido hod con ngui ~ vin tri gido ho. Van hod 3 ay duge ding d6i lap vai vi Iye (pham dy vige v6 18 vi Khong phyc ting, ding vin hod ma khéng sita déi, sau d6 méi thm chém gist). G phuomg Tay, dé chi doi tugng mA ching ta ghién citu, ngudi Phap, ngutdi Anh o6 tr culture, ngudi Dite 66 tit Kultur, ngvdi Nga 6 tit kultura. Nhitng chit ny Iai c6 chung géc Latinh 1a chi cultus animi Ia tréng trot fink thén, Vay chat cultus la vin hod véi hai khia eqnh: tring trgt, thich ‘ang véi ty nbién, Khai théc ty nbién va gio dye dao tao c& thd bay dng ding dd ho Ling cdn fh conve nin, hp 6 nhaing phim cbit t6t dep. 16 ‘Tuy vy, vige xée dinh va sit dung khii nigm vin hos khong don gidn va thay déi theo thai gian. Thugt ngd vin hos vai nghia “ean tée tink thén" duce sit dung vao thé kei XVI XVIII bén canh nghla gée 1 quin If, eanh tée néng nghiép. ‘Vao thé kd XIX thugt nga "van hoa” ditge ning nha nhin Jogi hoe phuong Tay ait dyng nhut mot.danh wt chink. Nhing hoc gid nay cho ring vin hoa (vin minh) thé gidi ob thé phan loai ra tit trink 49 th’p nhat dén cao nbit, va van hod cia ho chidim vj tri cao nhit. Bai vi ho cho ring bin ch&t vin be 6 thé ki XX, ehdi nigm “vin hoa" thay déi theo F.Boa (F Boas), § nghia vin hod duge quy dinh do khung gii thich Hiéng chit khong phii bét nguén ti cif ligu cao siéu nb “tri Ive", vi thé ey khde nhaw vé mgt van hod ting din tge cing khong phii theo tiéu chudin tef lye. D6 cdng la "tung d6i ludn ca van hod". Van hod khéng xét 3 mie d6 thap cao ma 8 gée dp kh bgt ALL Kroib (AL. Kroeber) va CL Khichén (CL Kluckhobn) ‘quan nidm vin hod 18 Jogi hanh vi rd rang va ém thi da duge Ge két va truyén lai bang bidu tuong, va n6 hinb thinh qué be dao cia nhiin logi khée véi ede logi hin khée, trong 46 bao géim c& dé tgo tée do con ngudi Vim ra 2. Khai nigm vin minh Yan minh 18 danh ti Hin ~ Vigt (van 1a v8 dep, minh fa sing), chi tia sing ofa dgo ade, biéu hign d chinh tri, phép 7 Jugt, van gc, ngh@ thugt. ‘Trong tiéng Anh, Phép, tit civilisation v6i ngi ham nghia vin minh, 66 tt cA 6 La tinh 1a civitas vi ngbia géc: 46 thi, thanh phd, va cée nghia phéi sinh: thi dn, cng dan. W, Duran (W.Durrand) sit dung khéi nif van minh a8 chi oy sang tgo vin ho§, nha mot tr§t ty x8 hoi gly'ra va kich thich. Vin minh duge ding theo nghfa t6 chi xa hoi, 16 chte Juan ivi host dng vin bos. . ‘Van minh trong ting Die Ia d6 chic xa i da det duce ti giai dogn tf che d6 thi va cha vigt. ‘Theo F. Angghen, van minb lt chinh tr} Khoanh van hod lai va ogi day lign Két van minh la Nha nude. Nhu vay khéi nigm van minh thuging bao him bén yu t6 eg bin: dé thi, nha anu, cht vitt, ede bign phap Ki thut di thin, x6p dat hop It tn loi cho cube sng ca con nga ‘Tuy vay, newbi ta vin hay si dung thuét nga van minh ing nghia véi vin hod. Cée hoe gid Anh va Php thutng sit dyng Hin Wn hei khéi nigm vin hod (culture), vn mink (Civilisation) dé chi toan bg suf sing tao va efe tp quan tink ‘thén va vat cht rigng cho moi tap doan nga. ‘Thue ra, vin minh 1A trinh d phat trién nhat djnh eda van hod vé phuong dign vat chit, die trumg cho mot khu vye 1$ng Tin, mot thdi dai, hoge ei nbn Jogi. Nhu dy, vin mink Khde véi vin hoé 8 ba diém”: That nh, trong khi vin hod ef Dé day cite qué kh thi vin minh ehi 18 mét lat eft ding dai. ‘Tha hai, trong khi van hof bao gém ed van hod vat chet Id tinh thén thi vin minh ehi thign vé khia canh vét chit, ki ‘thugt Tht ba, trong khi vin hod mang tinh din te 18 x6t thi (© Ted Nege Thém: Co od win hod Vist Nam, trutng DUTH, TP H6 ‘ChE Minh, 1995, 25. 18 ‘van minh thuding mang tinh siéu dan the — quée té. Vi du nén ‘van minh tin hoe hay vin minh hu céng nghigp va vin hod ‘Vigt Nam, vin hos Nhat Ban. van hod Trung Quée... Mie dd, gida van hoa va vin minh 06 mt didn gép g3 nhau d6 1a do ‘con ngutdi séing tora. ‘3, Khdii nigm vin hién phutong Dong, trong dé o6 Viét Nam, tit xa mia 44 phd bid nif vin hin. C5 eh hi vin Bn twin hod hoo chuyéh ti thé hign tin dn oo, sh ih it rt, 4, Khai nig vin v9t (wat = vat chlo) ‘Truyén thong van hot tt dep bigu hign 3 nhigu nblin #85 © Bein Vie ti din, Teng Thi xt bn, Séch in Kn hi, 19657, 627, 9 van hign, vin vat thudng gin vai phutong Ding ndng ngbiey trong khi khai migm van minh thutdng gin vi phuang Tay do thi. Nhu vay, cho dén nay, chua phaii moi ngudi da déng ¥ vot nnhau tit ed vé dinh nghia eta, van hod. Tit nim 1952, hai nha dn the hoe Mi A.L. Kroibs (A.L. Kroeber) vit C.L. Khichdn (C. LL. Kluckhohn) da trich Ine duge trén dui ba tram dinh nghia, ma cée tée gid khée nhau cia nhidu nude timg phat ra tir trude na cho dén hic bay gid”. TH d6 dén nay, chic chin s6 lugng dinh nghia.tidp tue tang len va duong nhién, khéng phai lic no cfc dinh nghia dua ra cing 06 thé théng nhét, hhay hoa hgp, bé sung cho nhau. Chiing ti xin trich dn mot 6 dink nghia di duge cing bé trong nhiing gido trink va cong trinh nghién edu vé Van hod hye hay Ca #8 van hos Vigt Nam. ‘Theo mét 96 hoc gid Mi "Van hod la tm guong nhiéu mat phan chiéu dai séng va np sting cia mOt cong ding dan tc". 6 trung tam cia van hod quyén Ia he tu ting eang duge xem 1A. mot he van hod” 6 Vigt Nam, Chi tich Hé Chi Minh 4a n6i: "Vi ls sinh tn ‘cing nhu mye dich ela cuge s6ng, loai ngui méi séng teo va ph&t minh ra ngin ng®, chit viét, dao dite, php luat, khoa hhge, tén gio, van hoe, ngh@ thudt, nhang edng eu cho sinh host hing ngdy vé mit fin, va efe phuong thac sit dung. ‘Ton bO nhing sing tgo va phét minh 46 te 18 van hoé™. Cuu thi tung Pham Van Déng viét: "Noi tai vin hod 1a, 1néi tdi mét Tinh vye v6 cing phong pli vA rng Ién, bao gém © Din theo Nguyén TW Chi: Tu dink nghla cia win hod. Trong cut Van hod hoe dei cum vd co 89 vin hod Viet Nam, Nub Khoa bye xi 1b, HA Néi, 1996, tr. 69. Din theo GS. Trin Que Vumg, 10 nm giao thon win hod Dong Tay. © Hd Chi Mink, Todn tap, in Win 2, Neb Chinh tri Quée gia, HA NQi, 1995, tap 9, tr. 431. 20 Lit ed nhimg gi khéng phai la thign nbién ma o6 lign quan dé con ngwdi trong eust qua trinh tén tai, phat trién, qué trinh ‘con ngudi Jam nén leh si. e6t Ii cha site séing dn te Ia van hod véi nghia bao quét va eao dep nb cia nd, bao gm cd be thong gid tr tu tang va tink cdm, dgo dite vi phiim chit, tri tug vA tai nding, sy nhay cdim va sy tigp thu edi méi tir bé ‘ngodi, § thd bio vé tai san va ban Vinh cia cng déng dan toe, sie dé khéng va ste chién du dé bo vg mink va khong ngitng Ian manh"®. PGS. Phan Ngoe dita ra mOt dink nghia vin hod mang tinh cht thao tée lug, khée v6i ning dinh nghia true 46, theo 6ng déu mang tinh tinh thin Iugn®. "Khéng o6 c4i vat fi goi l& van hod cd vA nguge lei bt ki vat el cting €6 efi mat ‘vn hod. Vin hos 1a mét quan he. N6 1a méi quan he gida thé ici bidi tugng va thé gidi thy tai. Quan he fy bidu hign thanh mét kigu Iva chon siéng celia mot the nguéi, mot cA ‘nhan so véi mt te ngudi khée, mt eé niin khde. Nét khée Digt giita efe Kiéu Iya chon lam cho ching khée nau, tao thanh nh@ng nén van hod khée nhau 1a 49 khée x0®, Tét cf moi edi ma te ngudi tigp thu hay sing tgo déu e6 mot dd Ikhie x@ riéng ¢6 mat & moi link vue va rét khée d@ Khiie xa 8 mgt te ngudi khéc". ‘Trén co 8 phan ich cfc dink nghia vin hod, PGS. TSKH. ‘edn Ngge Thém di dua ra mét dinh nghia vé van hod nhs sau: *Van hod 1a mt hé théng hu od ede gia tr] vét chat va tinh thin do con ngui séng teo va tich luy qua qué trink hoat © Van hod va dt mek, Nxb Chinh te} Quée gi, H., 1994, t.16. © Phan Neve, Sad, tr 105. The za 9 nay céc GS. Cao Xun Huy va Trdn Quée Vuong cing da hit bidu it du ehgp ki 70 Khi bin w6 tinh din te. Trin Que Vues: [Nhs nh bn ade ca win hod Vise Nam, T8 quée 21980, 28, 2 dong thye tifn trong sy tuong te gia con neu voi mei tring ta nhin va x4 h6i cia minh’. Dinh nghia nay di néu bat 4 dic trang quan trong cia van hod: tinh he thing, tinh gid tri, tinh lich si, tinh nbn sink". Ching t6i cho ring, trong. v8 van each hidu, eich dink nghia v6 van hos, ta e6 thé.tam quy vé hai logi. Van hod hiéu theo nghla rong nh Iéi sing, 1 suy nnght,16t ting xt. Van bod hiéu theo nghia hep nh vin hoc, vin nehe, hoe vn. va tuy theo timg truting bgp cy thé ma ob nohitg dinh nga khée mbau. Vi dy x6t tirkhia eanh ty nhién thi van hod la Yei tt mhién dug bid d3i bi con ngudi"® hay “tat cd nbitng gt khOng phai la-thién nhién déu la van hod, Gain day nhét, trong mt bai vit cia minh, PGS. Nguydn TW (Chi ds quy ofc kidu nhin khée nhau vé van hod vito hai ged: = Gée rong, hay gée nhin "dan te hoe" day 1a gée chung fa nhiéu nginh Khoa he x8 bei ~ Gée hep, e6e théng dung trong cube s6ng hang nghy, cdn pila g6c bao cl ‘Theo eéch higu g6e rng ~ vin hod Ta todn bo cuge (op tag, gk vt cit sk va tn hbo eke Se cng déng. Vi du: nghién cau vin hod Vigt Nam IA nghién ecu Ii séing cia cae dan the Viet Nam. Van hoa tit ge nhin "béo chi” tuy eting of nhing céch hidu rong hon hay hep hon, nhung truée day thuting gin véi kkign thie cia con nguti, ca x8 hoi. Ngay nay, vin hod dui 6c "bdo chi" A hung vé Iti sng hon la vé kigh thie ma theo Me et 116i sng gp, ding sau nhing bign dong nhanh eda © Ten Ngoe Them, 844, 20. va Din theo Nguyén TW Chi, Sd, tr. 64 2 IV-DINH NGHIA VAN HOA CUA UNESCO ‘Trong # neha rong ahd, "Vain hod hom nay o6 thé coi 18 tdng thé hong nét rigng bigt tinh thin va vat chat, tri tué va. xde cm quyét dinh tinh eich cia mt xi hoi hay cia mot ‘nhém ngudi trong xa h6i. Van hod bao gm ngbé thuat va vin chuong, nhing 16i sting, nhiing quyén eo ban cha con ngwi, hang he thing cée gid tri, nhing tap tuc vA nhiing tin ‘nguéng: Van hod dem Igi cho con nguii kha nang suy xét v6 ‘bin than, Chinh vin hod 1am cho ching ta trd think nhing sinh vit dic bigt mhén bin, of If tinh, o6 6c phé phan va déin than mgt cféch dao If. Chinh nb vin hod ma con ngufi ty thé ign, tu ¥ thie duce ban than, ty biét minh la mgt phutong 4n, chia hodn thinh égt ra dé xem xét nhing thanh twu cha bin thé, tim t2i khong biét mét nhing ¥-nehia méi mé va séng tao nén nbing edng trink vugt trdi lén bin than". Nhu vay, vin hod Khing phai 1A mOt link wwe riéng biét Van hod 1a Wng thé néi chung mhing gid tr] vat chat va tin than do con ngudi sing tgo ra. Van hod 18 chia khot ela sy phat trién. ‘Theo quan nigm eta UNESCO 6 2 logi di sin vin hos: M@t 1a, nhing di sin vin hoé hiu thé (Tangible) nie inh, dén, chia, migu, lang, m6, nb sin vx. Hai 1a, nhing di sin van hod vo hink (Intangible) bao gdm cée bidu hign tugng teung va "Khong 88 thily duge” cba vvin hoé duge liu truyén va bién a6 qua thai gian, véi mot oo qué trinh t4i t9o, "tring tu" cia efng déng ring rai... Nhiing i san vn hod tgm ggi la vé hinh nay theo UNESCO bao gém (© Tuya b6vé hang chinh sich vin hod ~ Hi gh que t& do UNESCO chai tr Hf 26-7 dn 6-8-1982 tai MEbied 2B cd am nhac, méa, truyén théng, van chung. truyén mine, ngon ng, huyén thoai, ts thé (tu thai), nghi thite, phong tuc, 8p quan, y duge 8 truyén, vige nflu an va cfc mén an, 18 hoi, bi quyét va quy trink eding neh cia céc nghé trayén théng. Cai hau thé va efi v6 hinh gdn b6 hit oo voi nhaw, 1éng vio nhau, nbt than xée vA tim tri con nud. chu HOT 1. Trinh bay mét s6 khéi nigm v8 con ngubi véi ti eéch 1a chit — khach thé eba vin hod. 2. Trinh bay khéi nifm vin hod qua cfc giai doan. Phan bigt kai nigm van hod, vain mink, van hign, vin vat, 8, Néu mét sf eéch hiéu khée nhau vé vin hoa. Dinh nghia ‘vin hod ea UNESCO. Buz VAN HOA VA MOI TRUONG TY NHIEN I-TYNHIBN LA CAI CO TRUGC Con ngudi tén tai trong ty nhién, bdi vay, mdi quan he sia con ngudi vA ty nbién cfing IA mot mit ed bin cba di sng vin hod. Ty nhién 18 eéi duong nhién tn tei, Khong phat do ¥ mud, hiéu bigt va séng tao... cia con ngubi, nhu su gidi thich tit nay ella GS. Dao Duy Anh: "tao hod, va try, khing hai ete nguti lam, khong min eudng duge™®, (© Wein Vie tie did, Trubng Thi xust in, in In 8,8. 1957, te. 942. m ‘TM nhién bao gém hai'nhan 16: hau sinh (biotic) vA phi sinh (abiotic. Trong ty! nhién, ban du khong ¢6 si sng. Sit séng xust hin trén trdi dat, efch day trén 3 ti nam, bao gém ba'nhém: Nh6m sinh vat san xust; nhém sinh vt tiéu thu va inhém sinh vt phan hily. ‘ThE gidi hu sinh lun Iuén t8n tai (6ng trong, sCng ccang, sng véi) thé gid phi sinh. Diéu quan trong nhat trong ty nhign 1 nbimng méi tuong tée (thong ohét, mau thuln) sta cée quin x8 sinh vat (hdu sin) va phi sinh (méi trudng ‘vt li, hod hge-.) tao thank hé sinh thai, ‘Ty mbién la ty nbién cha khOng phdi nhOng gi ngoai ta. Con ngudi cing 18 sin phim cia ty nhién hay 1a ofm phim cca chubi din hod eita tt nhién (F. Angghen). N6i céch khéec, ‘con ngudi vin sink ra tit bf nbién, cfn o6 ty nbién dé tén tai, hung khae hin dng v§t, con ngwdi khong chi edn dén ty inbign nh nguén tu Higa s6ng, ma trude hét nhu nguén te liga lao dong, Con ngudi tén tei trong méi trudng tf nhién, eng phét ‘rid vi moi tring ty nhién. Vat chit trong oo thé con next 1A do moi tring ty nbién eung ep, Khong Kit con ngubi hit thd, ‘nude con ngudi udng du lay ti moi trudng ty nhien, thie dn cba con nguti cing vay... Nhing khu vue trong méi trugng ty nhién ‘hia mot nguyén W hod hoe no dé thi neu sting 8 46 cong ‘thiga chat tuong ty, gdy ra én tat va anh hung tdi sy phat trign vé thé chat cing nutri tug, tinh cdm cita con ngudi. ‘Tu nhién dang thay 46i chim chap va diéu €6 e6 lién quan teve tip dn con ngudi trong moi Hn vue hoat ding. Vén dé 9 ban Ia xée dink vj tri eda con ngui trong ty mbién va moi quan hé eka con ngudi véi ty nhién, Con nguii cting 1a te nhién, trong con ngui cfing of mét ty nhién (ban nang, biim sink..) va con gui bao gid eGing phai sing véi ty mhién 25 Chting ti cho ring, trong thé img xit gida con ngudi va ty nhién truée thé ki XX, gitta phuong Déng va phuong Tay o5 it bat mt sy khac nhau. Nhiing nén vin minh phuong Tay (Hiy-La o8 dai, Thién chia giéo trung dai, Tw bin chi nghia ein dai) déu xem thién-ty nhign 1a tha dich va do vay cdn hai chinh phye, thng tr, bin déi ty nhién, Céc nén vin minh phusng Déng, nhu van minh Phat giéo ~ Hoa, vin minh Nho giée Dong A, van ho& Lao - Trang ‘Dong A, van minh Thin giéo Nhit Ban (trong a6 phai ké ed ‘vin minh Déng Son ~ Dong Nam A, vin minh Dai Viet - Vigt Nam) déu 06 de hiéu sinh (Nho gido), ciim hay tiét kigm sét sinh (Ph§t gido) hay "hod déng véi ty mhién™ (Lio gido) ‘Mot trong mudi dic diém cia van héé thé gidi hign dai theo gidi It lugn van hod Trung Hioa, 1a vin hod ti ché quid tu tin vo site manh cia con ngudi chuyén dn ché biét stte manh cia thién mhién va ché yéu cia con ngwi. Vin hod cdng nghiép IA vin ho& chink phye thién nhién, sau euge phye hhung vin hod, con ngudi thoit khdi sy mé tin thin thénb, ‘song Igi mé tin chinh ste mank cia minh. Trong qué trinh ci ‘go thién nbién, nay nhin lai con ngudi da thay trong 46 sf ccan thigp thé bgo vao thién nhién Id c6 hei cho minh. Chinh vi véy tir gia thé'ki XX phuong Tay day Jén phong trao "tim vé phuong Déng". Nguoi ta dy béo ring ti thé ki XI, eon -nguidi sé biét sting hod digu hon véi ty nhién, hon la pha phéch ‘ty nbién va trigt i cia thé ki XXTIa trigt If tn ty nhién, Il-TYNHIEN NGOAI TA: MOI TRUONG Moi true 1k mot phiin cia ngogi cinh, bao gdm nhing thue thé — hign tugng ty nhién ma co thé, quiin thé, loai (quén © Trin Lé Sing. Mot vai udin dé U lun vn hod 3 Trung Qué hign nay, Tap chi Van hod Nghé thuse 9 (123), 1994, t. 6 xf) o6 quan he true tigp, truée hét bing cée méi quan hé thich ghi, ri sau 46 moi la bign dé. ‘Thugt ng méi trudng: hign nay ngubi ta thuing sit dung ‘Ong rai khai nigm "mdi teuimg 1én" gém méi trudng ty nhién, Oi tring nhén tgo va cd nhing méi trudng khée nhu, m6i tring 43i a6ing, moi trung vin hod, méi trudng sinh thai. C4 méi trudng ty nhién, 06 méi trudng nhdn tacmtgo. ay bé Kchuyét cho thién mhién trong mt s6 truitng hop no 46 nhiing Igi edn trd nhing higu qué théng thuiing cia thién nhién trong m@t a6 tring hop Khée ma con ngudi da khong 4¢ phing ding mée. Nhu vay méi trudng nin téoftgo 1a he thong 1n6i tring duge tgo ra do con ngutdi lgi dung tt nhién, edi tg0 ‘at nhién, Vi méi truding nban tdoltgo duige séng.tao va phit tridn trén co 68 moi trutng ty mhién, bai vay méi trudng nhan ‘tic-tgo bj m6i truing ty nhign chi phéi va nae Iai né cling anh hudng t6i moi trudng ty nhién. Iit- CAI TY NHIBN TRONG TA- BAN NANG C6 mgt dinh nghia vé vin hoa ma theo PGS. Nguyén Ta Chi 1a ngén gon nbét: Tat ed nhing gi khong phdi 1a thién nhién déu 1a van hod. Bin ning Ig *vén o6°, do 46 oting 1a ‘thin nbién. C&i "vn 6" may moi sinh vat déu 6. 2 Die dim ea Jodi vat 1A chiing chiu sy chi phéi cia ban nang ty nhién, Sy phén biét gida tinh ngudi va tinh sinh vét 16 gid tri vé mat dng vt hge va khoa hoe. Loai vét khong cé lich sit ty thie. Khée véi.con ngui 1a dng vat s6ng trong cd hhign tai, qué khit va twang lai, cée xa hoi loai vat nhut x8 hoi Joli kign, loai méi hay lo&i ong ~ a khong thay déi tt, hang gin ndm nay, bai vi dai sdng eta ching, dai edng c& thé hay ‘tp thé tudn theo nhang nguyén téc khong thé vi pham, quy the cia ty nbién, ofa ban ning. Lodi newdi cing e6 ban nang, vi con ngudi eng 1A ty nhién, Song 8 con ngudi, nhang bin rng ny luén luén bj dat dudi out kiém sodt cia xX hoi (cée exfing ché x8 hoi, cde chudn mye x4 hgi) bing nhing bign php khée nhau, Can ning ban ning khong thé nio chan ding duge, vi ching gin qué ch&t véi sy adng, nhut an ubng, giao hop. 0& ebét nia, thi ting eOng déng “van ho&hod" ching lén bang nbn nghi thie ~ xa hi hay ton gido, ma higu qui cuéi can 1a kim tod chting Igi trong vong eng déng chip nban duge. Van hod la sy ché ngy bin ning, Van ho, vin minh e6 mye dich nhigm vy bat ching ta ‘chip nbn nhitng cung ché xa hi bling efch bi Igi nbting the «vu tinh thdn, Nhu vay vin hod 6 nbigm vy diéu hoa va gidi ‘quyét gita ning ham muéin c4 nhén va cdc euing ché x hoi®. Nhu vy khée véi loai vat, dc didm eta loai nguii 1a kha nding vugt Ién trim sy thong tri cia ban ning. Bing eéch a6 ce hge gid cho ring loi ngudi bude vao mot qué trinh hai ‘mt. Qué trin eda tinh si va qué trinh cia tinh todn edu. (© Niguyén TH Chi: Tie dink nghta cia wén hod. In trong cub Van hod hoe dat cong v8 co 98 vin hod Vise Nam, Sad, tr. 55. © J, P. Charvier Phin tam hoe. Tré xutt bin, SAi Gdn, 1972, tr. 14 28 ‘Tinh sit chinh la kha néng truyén Iai di sin cia thé hé nay cho thé hé sau ~ di truyén xi héi, di truyén van hod. Tinh todn edu do kha nang con ngudi biét dén nhiing nén van hod khéc, hoe hdi nbiing tha tiéng Khde, gap g3 nbiing hinh thc hae cha nghé thu@t hay chin tej so véi nhiing hinh thie cia minh va qua 46 nh§n biét ning con ngudi khée bit ké thude nén vin hod nto nhw nbing déng loai cia minh, ahd vay kham phé ra lo&i nguéi. Con ngudi bao gém phén xi boi va phan sinh vgt (ban nding) ~ Con-neuii. veel) connie ; retina Tl Lae aon “Tray — han dng = 8 in chon whi tech ahi gb ogi .ché go cng oy Tio x in nag con ngeti IV- THICH NGHI VA BIEN DOI TY NHIEN ‘Ting nén van hos, xét cho cig, déu 1a btu qua cia vie tang obng dng dé tn tai, phai eich ting ve thién nhién bao quan n6%. ‘Mi quan he cla con ng véi ty nign 1a mdi quan he niu chiu, mdi quan he Ufeh ngbi, Khong thich nghi vA bide 6: (og hid, xB hgi va chin minh). © Nguybn TH Chi: Ti dink nga cba wan hod, Sa, t. 56. » Con ngudi ta mot sinh vat: nbin vé phia trude, mat hudng v6 tuong lai. Con nguii xua nay vin séng trong nguy hiém ké Air thdi 18 tién xa xva nbét cia Toai ngwit. dt nhang mée das ‘Gen trén con duting tin hod cla giéng ni Ké tix budi binh minh cia lich si, con ngudi dd khong nngung vugt Ién trén ede kha ning va cée gidi han cia minh. C5 thé coi dae dim a6 chinh 1a dong co tin hod ed loai gui. Xu hung chung cia con ngui 1a thich nghi véi cd, hing digu kign sng mA méi trudng ty nhién ép dat tin anhing théch thie ma con ngubi ty dat ra. Lodi nevi xudt ‘ign mun trén tréi dét, tuy vay ban tay va kh 66, con tim. con ngubi da gay ra ning bign di réng khép — trong khéng Ikhi, nude va dat, trong cfc gidi sinh vat Whée, trong toan bo hé théng cée yéu t6 tée ding qua lai va lién quan chit ché véi hau tgo thanh méi trudng eng. Cé bén gia dogn sinh thai trong lich sifin6i quan ho gita con nguai vi méi truing, ed vé tae dng cia xX hoi d6i v6i moi trudng ty nhién Tin diéu kign séing cia con ngui. DS 1a giai doan thu lugm, giai doan du néng nghiép, giai dogn du d6 thi, giai dogn céng nghigp hign dei”, ‘Trong giai doan I, thoat dd t6 tién con nguidi hod nhép vio moi tring sting rit gidng cdch eta cée loti déng vat khic. Sau 46, efch day gn 500.000 ndm, con ngudi biét sit dung lia. Day Th sy kign 06 tée déng sink thai quan trong, lia démh dia mot su thay déi vé chit trong quan hé gita con ngudi véi moi trudng. Song anh hung sinh théi chi git han 3 sit pha 1hoai cia lita vi moi trutng a8 dang hap thy nhing hod chit do 46 chy sinh ra ma khéng bj anh huong bao nbitu. Tx day, © Stephen Boyden, Malcolm Hadley: Ban fay con nev, tong thin tin UNESCO, 1966 35-38. aed 30 ‘con nguii (rd thimh mét thé Iye sinh théi ding ké va céng ding con ngudi khéng hod nhgp vao he sinh thai Khu vye cb minh giging nbc nbiing déng vat khéc nia. Ngodi Wa, sy ban trudng cia con ngudi eding I mgt tée dng sinh thai néi bat trong giai doan nay. Giai dogn TI (céch dy Khodng 12 nghin nam). Day 1b gai ‘dogn thuin hos stic vat va cfy tring. Con ngui trd thanh met sinh vat da 6 thé did Khin 06 chi ¥ efe qua trinh sinh hoe 48 phge vy minh, Ban tay con ngudi da Tam bin 4éi bé mat tréi it, thay 4éi thim chye vat, gly ra x6i min, thay d6i od ofa fy, con... LA ing dinh ext lam thay déi bin chat méi quan be sia con ngui vi ede loti sinh vat khée... gy nén nhing bénh gt méi ma trong I6i sting truée 6 da khéng thé 06. Ci hai giai dogn du Aéu o6 hai dae diém sinh thai ma ce sx hoi hign dai lehdng 6. Dé 1a ti 18 sit dung nding lugng ngoai thé (chi yéu 1a Hae) thay 4éi gong eong véi ti If phat trién dan 96; hogt ding cia con ngwii tée ding khéng dang ké vao chu trinh Sinb—Dia-Hod. Giai dogn III (eéch day khong 5 nghin nim). Mot lost thay déi quan trong lign quan ti vige té chite x8 hoi va 16 96g ‘cba cfc thanh vidn xd hei, Sy hinh thinh do thj va I6i sng 6 sm thay di ea efu thie dn, vige chuyén mén hod lao dng. rd thanh théng 19. Tuy vay sinh quyén va phi Tén cfc bé sinh thai ofa con ngudi du 6 trong trang thai cn bang déng. Giai dogn IV: Ti 1e gia ting mée sit dung nang Iueng khong odn song eong véi ti Ig phét trién dain 66. Mae tigu thy ning lung tng nhanb gp d6i ti lf tang dm 66, ea chu trink ‘Sink-Dia~ Hof 8 nhiéu ving khOng cin nguyén ven nila, The coin bing 43 bj pha v8 4 nhigu noi trén trai dat. ‘Dé tén tei, cde dan the, cfc cOng déng new phi vugt qua 3 si(cin trd ma thién nhién gay ra. Song khée vdi leai vat, con nguéi khong thé thudn tdy bing bin nang vugt qua mht eée Ong vat khic, ma phai dang nhang bign phép Ki thuat Ikhée nhau dé thich nghi, bién déi ty nhién, buge-nd khong edn 1A thién nhién nhu cd nia, bat n6 phue vg Iai minh. Nhing bign phap 46 e6 thé goi la: Chién luge thich nghi. Chinh két qui hay hgu qué cia chién luge thich nghi nay tie dong khong nbd ti vic hinh thanh nhang nét dge tha eda mbt bin sée van hod, mé thie dng xit cia m@t te ngui. Sy khée nhau vé van hod gia céc din te hay eée nhém, ong déng ngudi duge quy

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