9/7/22, 10:20 AM AD3301 - Visualization.

ipynb - Colaboratory

Visual Aids for Exploratory Data Analysis

In this chapter we are going to learn about different visualization techniques using simpler data
set.

#from google.colab import files

#uploaded = files.upload()

Line Chart

A line chart is used to illustrate the relationship between two or more continuous variables. Line
charts are the simplest form of representing quantitative data between two variables that are
shown with the help of a line that can either be straight or curved

Steps Involved
1. Load the dataset and prepare the dataset. We will learn more how we can prepare the data
in the chapter 4, data transformation. For this exercise, all the data are pre-processed.
2. Import the matplotlib library. It can be done simply by:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

3. Plot the graph.

plt.plot(df)

4. Display on the screen.

plt.show()

*matplotlib.pyplot.figure *that is used to create a new figure or activate an existing one

The method accepts an argument called figsize that is used to specify the width and height of
the figure (in inches)

x axis , y axis

LINE Chart

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15BjWIDX-DYqp80yBz2V32mcih-MwljXF#scrollTo=wQ1zyBzus7GD&printMode=true 1/15
9/7/22, 10:20 AM AD3301 - Visualization.ipynb - Colaboratory

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

# define data values

x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4]) # X-axis points
y = x*2 # Y-axis points

plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (2, 3)
plt.plot(x, y) # Plot the chart
plt.show() # display

Bar Chart (Plots)

Bars can be drawn horizontally or vertically to represent categorical variables.

A bar chart is a statistical approach to represent given data using vertical and horizontal
rectangular bars.

It has a uniform width and varying heights.

The length of each bar is proportional to the value they represent.

It is basically a graphical representation of data with the help of horizontal or vertical bars with
different heights.

A simple Bar Chart

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = [1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1941, 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011]
y = [237.4, 238.4, 252.09, 251.31, 278.98, 318.66, 361.09, 439.23, 548.16, 683.33, 846.42,

plt.bar(x, y)
plt.show()

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15BjWIDX-DYqp80yBz2V32mcih-MwljXF#scrollTo=wQ1zyBzus7GD&printMode=true 2/15
9/7/22, 10:20 AM AD3301 - Visualization.ipynb - Colaboratory

'''
x1 = np.arange(len(x))
width = 0.35 # the width of the bars
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.set_ylabel('Count')
ax.set_title('Product Name')
ax.set_xticks(x1)
ax.set_xticklabels(x)

pps = ax.bar(x1 - width/2, y , width, label='Count')

for p in pps:
height = p.get_height()
ax.annotate('{}'.format(height),
xy=(p.get_x() + p.get_width() / 2, height),
xytext=(0, 3), # 3 points vertical offset
textcoords="offset points",
ha='center', va='bottom')
plt.show()
'''

'\nx1 = np.arange(len(x)) \nwidth = 0.35 # the width of the bars\nfig, ax = plt.subpl

oduct Name\')\nax.set_xticks(x1)\nax.set_xticklabels(x)\n\npps = ax.bar(x1 - width/2,
height = p.get_height()\n ax.annotate(\'{}\'.format(height),\n xy=(p.get_x() +
# 3 points vertical offset\n textcoords="offset points",\n ha=\'center\', v

# This is formatted as code

Scatter Plots

Scatter plots are used to observe relationship between variables and uses dots to represent the
relationship between them

Scatter plots are also called scatter graphs, scatter charts, scattergrams, and scatter diagrams.

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15BjWIDX-DYqp80yBz2V32mcih-MwljXF#scrollTo=wQ1zyBzus7GD&printMode=true 3/15
9/7/22, 10:20 AM AD3301 - Visualization.ipynb - Colaboratory

They use a Cartesian coordinates system to display values of typically two variables for a set of
data.

There are two important concepts—independent variable and dependent variable

*Simple Scatter plot *

Line of Best Fit

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np
x = [14.2, 16.4,11.9,15.2,18.5,22.1,19.4,25.1,23.4,18.1,22.6,17.2 ]
x = np.array(x)
y = [215, 325,185,332,406,522,412,614,544,421,445,408]
y = np.array(y)
plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.show()

Bubble plot

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np
x = [14.2, 16.4,11.9,15.2,18.5,22.1,19.4,25.1,23.4,18.1,22.6,17.2 ]
x = np.array(x)
y = [215, 325,185,332,406,522,412,614,544,421,445,408]
y = np.array(y)
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (3, 3)
colors = np.random.rand(12)
plt.scatter(x, y,c = colors, s = 300 )
plt.show()

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15BjWIDX-DYqp80yBz2V32mcih-MwljXF#scrollTo=wQ1zyBzus7GD&printMode=true 4/15
9/7/22, 10:20 AM AD3301 - Visualization.ipynb - Colaboratory

Scatter plot using seaborn

import seaborn as sns

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

x = [14.2, 16.4,11.9,15.2,18.5,22.1,19.4,25.1,23.4,18.1,22.6,17.2 ]
y = [215, 325,185,332,406,522,412,614,544,421,445,408]
z = ['L','L','L','L','H','H','H','H','H','H','H','H']

arr = np.array([x,y,z])
print(arr)
arr = arr.T
df = pd.DataFrame(arr, columns = ['Temparature','Sales','Status'])
print(df)
sns.scatterplot(x = df['Temparature'], y = df['Sales'],marker = 'o',hue = df.Status)

[['14.2' '16.4' '11.9' '15.2' '18.5' '22.1' '19.4' '25.1' '23.4' '18.1'
'22.6' '17.2']
['215' '325' '185' '332' '406' '522' '412' '614' '544' '421' '445' '408']
['L' 'L' 'L' 'L' 'H' 'H' 'H' 'H' 'H' 'H' 'H' 'H']]
Temparature Sales Status
0 14.2 215 L
1 16.4 325 L
2 11.9 185 L
3 15.2 332 L
4 18.5 406 H
5 22.1 522 H
6 19.4 412 H
7 25.1 614 H
8 23.4 544 H
9 18.1 421 H
10 22.6 445 H
11 17.2 408 H
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f32cfa76590>

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15BjWIDX-DYqp80yBz2V32mcih-MwljXF#scrollTo=wQ1zyBzus7GD&printMode=true 5/15
9/7/22, 10:20 AM AD3301 - Visualization.ipynb - Colaboratory

Area plot and Stacked Plot

The stacked plot owes its name to the fact that it represents the area under a line plot and that
several such plots can be stacked on top of one another, giving the feeling of a stack.

houseLoanMortage = [9000, 9000, 8000, 9000,

8000, 9000, 9000, 9000,
9000, 8000, 9000, 9000]
utilitiesBills = [4218, 4218, 4218, 4218,
4218, 4218, 4219, 2218,
3218, 4233, 3000, 3000]
transportation = [782, 900, 732, 892,
334, 222, 300, 800,
900, 582, 596, 222]
carMortage = [700, 701, 702, 703,
704, 705, 706, 707,
708, 709, 710, 711]

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import seaborn as sns

months= [x for x in range(1,13)]

sns.set()
plt.plot([],[], color='sandybrown', label='houseLoanMortage')
plt.plot([],[], color='tan', label='utilitiesBills')
plt.plot([],[], color='bisque', label='transportation')
plt.plot([],[], color='darkcyan', label='carMortage')

plt.stackplot(months, houseLoanMortage, utilitiesBills, transportation, carMortage, colors

plt.legend()

plt.title('Household Expenses')
plt.xlabel('Months of the year')
plt.ylabel('Cost')

plt.show()

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15BjWIDX-DYqp80yBz2V32mcih-MwljXF#scrollTo=wQ1zyBzus7GD&printMode=true 6/15
9/7/22, 10:20 AM AD3301 - Visualization.ipynb - Colaboratory

Pie chart

index_col: This is to allow you to set which columns to be used as the index of the dataframe

# Create URL to JSON file (alternatively this can be a filepath)

url = 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hmcuesta/PDA_Book/master/Chapter3/pokemonByType.c

# Load the first sheet of the JSON file into a data frame
pokemon = pd.read_csv(url, index_col='type')

pokemon

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15BjWIDX-DYqp80yBz2V32mcih-MwljXF#scrollTo=wQ1zyBzus7GD&printMode=true 7/15
9/7/22, 10:20 AM AD3301 - Visualization.ipynb - Colaboratory

amount

type

Bug 45

Dark 16

Dragon 12

Electric 7

Fighting 3

Fire 14

Ghost 10

Grass 31

Ground 17

Ice 11

Normal 29

Poison 11

import Psychic
matplotlib.pyplot
9 as plt

Rock 24
plt.pie(pokemon['amount'], labels=pokemon.index, shadow=False, startangle=90, autopct='%1.
plt.axis('equal')
Steel 13
plt.show()
Water 45

Another method

pokemon.plot(kind='pie', y='amount')
plt.axis('equal')
plt.show()

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15BjWIDX-DYqp80yBz2V32mcih-MwljXF#scrollTo=wQ1zyBzus7GD&printMode=true 8/15
9/7/22, 10:20 AM AD3301 - Visualization.ipynb - Colaboratory

Do you know you can directly use Pandas library to create pie chart? Check the one liner below.

pokemon.plot.pie(y="amount", figsize=(20, 10))

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15BjWIDX-DYqp80yBz2V32mcih-MwljXF#scrollTo=wQ1zyBzus7GD&printMode=true 9/15
9/7/22, 10:20 AM AD3301 - Visualization.ipynb - Colaboratory

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f2c9bcb2fd0>

This is why Python is said to be commedian. Do you know why? Because, it has a lot of one
liners. Pretty true right?

Table Chart

A table chart combines a bar chart and a table.

# Years under consideration

years = ["2010", "2011", "2012", "2013", "2014"]

# Available watt
columns = ['4.5W', '6.0W', '7.0W','8.5W','9.5W','13.5W','15W']
unitsSold = [
[65, 141, 88, 111, 104, 71, 99],
[85, 142, 89, 112, 103, 73, 98],
[75, 143, 90, 113, 89, 75, 93],
[65, 144, 91, 114, 90, 77, 92],
[55, 145, 92, 115, 88, 79, 93],
]

# Define the range and scale for the y axis

values = np.arange(0, 600, 100)

plt.cm.OrRd is used here to fetch a colormap

colors = plt.cm.OrRd(np.linspace(0, 0.7, len(years)))

index = np.arange(len(columns)) + 0.3
bar_width = 0.7

y_offset = np.zeros(len(columns))
fig, ax = plt.subplots()

cell_text = []
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15BjWIDX-DYqp80yBz2V32mcih-MwljXF#scrollTo=wQ1zyBzus7GD&printMode=true 10/15
9/7/22, 10:20 AM AD3301 - Visualization.ipynb - Colaboratory

n_rows = len(unitsSold)
for row in range(n_rows):
plot = plt.bar(index, unitsSold[row], bar_width, bottom=y_offset,
color=colors[row])
y_offset = y_offset + unitsSold[row]
cell_text.append(['%1.1f' % (x) for x in y_offset])
i=0
# Each iteration of this for loop, labels each bar with corresponding value for the given
for rect in plot:
height = rect.get_height()
ax.text(rect.get_x() + rect.get_width()/2, y_offset[i],'%d'
% int(y_offset[i]),
ha='center', va='bottom')
i = i+1

# Add a table to the bottom of the axes

the_table = plt.table(cellText=cell_text, rowLabels=years,
rowColours=colors, colLabels=columns, loc='bottom')
plt.ylabel("Units Sold")
plt.xticks([])
plt.title('Number of LED Bulb Sold/Year')
plt.show()

Polar chart

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# setting the radius

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15BjWIDX-DYqp80yBz2V32mcih-MwljXF#scrollTo=wQ1zyBzus7GD&printMode=true 11/15
9/7/22, 10:20 AM AD3301 - Visualization.ipynb - Colaboratory

r = 2

# creating an array containing the

# radian values
rads = np.arange(0,10,0.01)

print(rads)
# plotting the circle
for rad in rads:
plt.polar(rad,r,'b.')

# display the Polar plot

plt.show()

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15BjWIDX-DYqp80yBz2V32mcih-MwljXF#scrollTo=wQ1zyBzus7GD&printMode=true 12/15
9/7/22, 10:20 AM AD3301 - Visualization.ipynb - Colaboratory

[0. 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13
0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27
0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.4 0.41
0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.5 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55
0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.6 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69
0.7 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.8 0.81 0.82 0.83
0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97
0.98 0.99 1. 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.1 1.11
1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.2 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25
1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.3 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39
1.4 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.5 1.51 1.52 1.53
1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.6 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67
1.68 1.69 1.7 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.8 1.81
Histogram
1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.9
1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 2. 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04
1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95
2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09
2.1 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.2 2.21 2.22 2.23
2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.3 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37
2.38 2.39 2.4 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.5 2.51
plt.hist is used to plot the histogram
2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 2.59 2.6 2.61 2.62 2.63 2.64 2.65
2.66 2.67 2.68 2.69 2.7 2.71 2.72 2.73 2.74 2.75 2.76 2.77 2.78 2.79
2.8 2.81 2.82 2.83 2.84 2.85 2.86 2.87 2.88 2.89 2.9 2.91 2.92 2.93
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
2.94 2.95 2.96 2.97 2.98 2.99 3. 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07
import 3.08
numpy as np
3.09 3.1 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.2 3.21
a = np.array([22,
3.22 3.23 3.24 87, 3.25
5, 43, 56,73,
3.26 3.27 55,
3.2854, 11,20,
3.29 3.3 51,
3.315, 79, 3.33
3.32 31,27,11,23,99,25,26,28,29,1
3.34 3.35
3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.4 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.48 3.49
# Creating
3.5 histogram
3.51 3.52 3.53 3.54 3.55 3.56 3.57 3.58 3.59 3.6 3.61 3.62 3.63
fig, ax3.64 3.65 3.66 3.67 3.68 =(10,
= plt.subplots(figsize 3.69 3.7
7)) 3.71 3.72 3.73 3.74 3.75 3.76 3.77
3.78 3.79 3.8
plt.hist(a, bins = 5) 3.81 3.82 3.83 3.84 3.85 3.86 3.87 3.88 3.89 3.9 3.91
3.92 3.93 3.94 3.95 3.96 3.97 3.98 3.99 4. 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05
4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.1 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19
# Show 4.2
plot 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.3 4.31 4.32 4.33
4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.4 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 4.46 4.47
plt.show()
4.48 4.49 4.5 4.51 4.52 4.53 4.54 4.55 4.56 4.57 4.58 4.59 4.6 4.61
4.62 4.63 4.64 4.65 4.66 4.67 4.68 4.69 4.7 4.71 4.72 4.73 4.74 4.75
plt.hist(a, bins 4.78
4.76 4.77 = [0,25,50,75,100])
4.79 4.8 4.81 4.82 4.83 4.84 4.85 4.86 4.87 4.88 4.89
4.9 4.91 4.92 4.93 4.94 4.95 4.96 4.97 4.98 4.99 5. 5.01 5.02 5.03
5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.1 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17
5.18 5.19 5.2 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.3 5.31
5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.4 5.41 5.42 5.43 5.44 5.45
5.46 5.47 5.48 5.49 5.5 5.51 5.52 5.53 5.54 5.55 5.56 5.57 5.58 5.59
5.6 5.61 5.62 5.63 5.64 5.65 5.66 5.67 5.68 5.69 5.7 5.71 5.72 5.73
5.74 5.75 5.76 5.77 5.78 5.79 5.8 5.81 5.82 5.83 5.84 5.85 5.86 5.87
5.88 5.89 5.9 5.91 5.92 5.93 5.94 5.95 5.96 5.97 5.98 5.99 6. 6.01
6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.1 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15
6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.2 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29
6.3 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.4 6.41 6.42 6.43
6.44 6.45 6.46 6.47 6.48 6.49 6.5 6.51 6.52 6.53 6.54 6.55 6.56 6.57
6.58 6.59 6.6 6.61 6.62 6.63 6.64 6.65 6.66 6.67 6.68 6.69 6.7 6.71
6.72 6.73 6.74 6.75 6.76 6.77 6.78 6.79 6.8 6.81 6.82 6.83 6.84 6.85
6.86 6.87 6.88 6.89 6.9 6.91 6.92 6.93 6.94 6.95 6.96 6.97 6.98 6.99
7. 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.1 7.11 7.12 7.13
7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.2 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27
7.28 7.29 7.3 7.31 7.32 7.33 7.34 7.35 7.36 7.37 7.38 7.39 7.4 7.41
7.42 7.43 7.44 7.45 7.46 7.47 7.48 7.49 7.5 7.51 7.52 7.53 7.54 7.55
7.56 7.57 7.58 7.59 7.6 7.61 7.62 7.63 7.64 7.65 7.66 7.67 7.68 7.69
7.7 7.71 7.72 7.73 7.74 7.75 7.76 7.77 7.78 7.79 7.8 7.81 7.82 7.83
7.84 7.85 7.86 7.87 7.88 7.89 7.9 7.91 7.92 7.93 7.94 7.95 7.96 7.97
7.98 7.99 8. 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.1 8.11
8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.2 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25
8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.3 8.31 8.32 8.33 8.34 8.35 8.36 8.37 8.38 8.39
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15BjWIDX-DYqp80yBz2V32mcih-MwljXF#scrollTo=wQ1zyBzus7GD&printMode=true 13/15
9/7/22, 10:20 AM AD3301 - Visualization.ipynb - Colaboratory

8.4 8.41 8.42 8.43 8.44 8.45 8.46 8.47 8.48 8.49 8.5 8.51 8.52 8.53
8.54 8.55 8.56 8.57 8.58 8.59 8.6 8.61 8.62 8.63 8.64 8.65 8.66 8.67
8.68 8.69 8.7 8.71 8.72 8.73 8.74 8.75 8.76 8.77 8.78 8.79 8.8 8.81
8.82 8.83 8.84 8.85 8.86 8.87 8.88 8.89 8.9 8.91 8.92 8.93 8.94 8.95
8.96 8.97 8.98 8.99 9. 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09
9.1 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.2 9.21 9.22 9.23
9.24 9.25 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 9.3 9.31 9.32 9.33 9.34 9.35 9.36 9.37
9.38 9.39 9.4 9.41 9.42 9.43 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.48 9.49 9.5 9.51
9.52 9.53 9.54 9.55 9.56 9.57 9.58 9.59 9.6 9.61 9.62 9.63 9.64 9.65
9.66 9.67 9.68 9.69 9.7 9.71 9.72 9.73 9.74 9.75 9.76 9.77 9.78 9.79
9.8 9.81 9.82 9.83 9.84 9.85 9.86 9.87 9.88 9.89 9.9 9.91 9.92 9.93
9.94 9.95 9.96 9.97 9.98 9.99]

Lollipop chart

(array([9., 8., 5., 3.]),

It is similar to an0,
array([ ordered
25, bar
50, chart.
75, 100]),
<a list of 4 Patch objects>)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np
x = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J']
y = [10,12,14,12,27,23,89,32,42,29]

plt.stem(x, y)
plt.show()

/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:6: UserWarning: In Matpl

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15BjWIDX-DYqp80yBz2V32mcih-MwljXF#scrollTo=wQ1zyBzus7GD&printMode=true 14/15
9/7/22, 10:20 AM AD3301 - Visualization.ipynb - Colaboratory

Colab paid products - Cancel contracts here

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15BjWIDX-DYqp80yBz2V32mcih-MwljXF#scrollTo=wQ1zyBzus7GD&printMode=true 15/15