JAI GURUDEV INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Session:2022-23

SUBJECT PHYSICS

52 P-mg F-G

PHYS0CS
s.
N-4

INVESTIGATOR DROIL T

24al22

Submitted To:
Submitted By: -
Ashish Suryawanshi Miss Swati Chourasiya Ma'am
Class: -XII

Roll no:- 19615-28

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully many people
Jiave bestowed upon me their blessings and their heart pledged suppDIt,
yhis time am utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned
with this project.
Primarily, Iwould thank God for being able to complete this
roject with success, then Iwould like to thank my principal Mrs. Sunanda
aushik and PHYSICS teacher Miss Swati Chourasiya, whose valuable
quidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and maKe it
Tull proof success.Their suggestions and instructions hav served as a
major contributor towards the completion of the project.
Then Iwould like to thank my parents and friends who have helped
me with their valuable suggestions and guidance and has been very helpYul
n various phase of the completion of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have
helped me alot
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ashish Suryawanshi of Class 12" Jai
Gurudev Internationalk School has satisfactorily completed the
Project 0f Physics.

Ihave examined the project and hereby accord by my approval or

it. As astudy carried out and presented in manner required for
its acceptance.

Thisdoesn't necessarily endorseor accept every statement

made,opinion expressed or conclusion drawn. It only signifies the
acceptance of the project for which it is submitted.
kuskk.

Principal
Jai Gurudev internaticnal School
Ishe Naga,Partala, Chhindwara
Affiliation No.1030703

Mrs. SUNANDA KAUSHIK Miss SWATICHOUSARIYA

(ma'am) (ma'am)
(Principal) (Sub. Teacher)

EXTERNAL SIGNATURE
 INDEX
S
CONTENT PAGE
NO. NO
1 PURPOSE 1
2 INTRODUCTION 2-4
3 MATERIAL REQUIRED 5
4 THEORY 6-8
5 PROCEDURE 9-11
6 OBSERVATION 12-13
7 CALCULATION 14
CONCLUSION 15
9 PRECAUTIONS 16
10 BIBLOBRAPHY 17
 PURPOSE
THE GOAL OF THIS PROJECT IS TO
verify that 63% charge is stored in
acapacitor in an R-C circuit at its
time constant and 63% charge
remains when capacitor is

discharged and hence plot a graph

between voltage and time

??
RGCircuits
Charging and
Discharging
a Capacitor
 INTRODUCTION
AN R-CCIRCUIT IS ACIRCUIT cONTAINING A RESISTOR
AND CAPACITORIN SERIES To APOWER SOURCE. SUCH
CIRCUITS FIND VERY IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS IN
VARIOUS AREASOF SCENCE AND IN BASIC CIRCUITS
WHICH ACT AS BUILDING BLOCKS OF MODERN
TECHNOLOGICAL. DEVICES.
IT SHOULD BE REALLY HELPFUL. IF WE GET
COMFORTABLE WITH THE TERMINOLOGIES CHARGING
AND DISCHARGING OF CAPACITORS.
S ) CHARGING OF CAPACITOR:
CAPACITOR IS A PASSIVE TWO-TERMINAL
ELECTRICAL COMPONENT USED TO STORE ENERGY IN
AN ELECTRICFIELD.
IN THE HYDRAULIC ANALOGY, CHARGE CARRIERS
3 FLOWING THROUGH A WIRE ARE ANALOGOUS TO
WATER FLOWING THROUGH A PIPE. A CAPACITOR IS
9 LIKE A RUBBER MEMBRANE SEALED INSIDE A PIPE.
J WATER MOLECULES CANNOT PASS THROUGH THE
MEMBRANE, BUT SOME WATER CAN MOVE BY
2 STRETCHING THE MEMBRANE. THE ANALOGY
CLARIFIES AFEWASPECTS OF CAPACITORS:
.THE FLOW OF CURRENT ALTERS THE CHARGE ON A
CAPACITOR, JUST AS THE FLOW OF WATER CHANGEs
 MEMBRANE. MORE
THE POSITION OF THE
SPECIFICALLY, THE EFFECT OF ANELECTRIC CURRENI
THE.
IS TOINCREASE THE CHARGE OF ONE PLATE OF
CAPACTOR, AND DECREASE THE CHARGE OF THt
JUST
OTHER PLATE By AN EOUAL AMOUNT. THIS IS
RUBBER
LIKE HOW, WHEN WATER FL.OW MOVES THE
MEMBRANE,IT INCRE ASEs THE AMOUNT OFWATER ON
THE
ONE SIDE OF THE MEMBRANE. AND DECREASES
AMOUNT OF WATER ON THE OTHER SIDE.
LARGER
"THE MORE A CAPACITOR IS CHARGED THE
BACK*
ITS VOLTAGE DROP. L.E.. THE MORE IT "PUSHES
AGAINST THE CHARGING CURRENT. THIS IS
ANALOGOUS TO THE FACT THAT THE MORE A
MEMBRANE IS STRETCHED,THE MOREIT PUSHES BACK
ON THE WATER.
"CURRENT CAN FLOW "THHROUGH A CAPACITOR EVEN
THOUGH NOINDIVDUAL ELECTRON CAN GETFROM ONE
SIDE TO THE OTHER. THIS IS ANAL0GOUS TO THE FACT
THAT WATER CAN FLOW THROUGH THE PPE EVEN
THOUGH NO WATER MOLECULE CAN PASS THROUGH
THE RUBBER MEMBRANE. OF COURSE, THE FLOW
CANNOT CONTINUE THE SAME DIRECTION FOREVER:
TH CAPACITOR WILL EXPERIENCE DiELECTRIC
BREAKDOWN, AND ANALOGOUSLY THE MEMBRANE
WIL.EVENTUALLY BREAK.
"THE CAPACITANCE DESCRIBES HOW MUCH CHARGE
CAN BE STOREDON ONE PLATE OF A CAPACITOR FOR
AGIVEN "PUSH" (VOLTAGE DROP). AVERY STRETCHY,
 TO AHIGHER
FL.EXIBLE MEMBRANE CORRESPONDS
CAPACITANCE THAN A STIFF MEMBRANE. POTENTIAL
STORING
"A CHARGED-UP CAPACITOR IS A STRETCHED
ENERGY, ANAL0GOUSLY TO
MEMBRANE.

(I) DISCHARGINGOF CAPACITOR: WE CAN

ANALOGY ONLY
USING HYDRAULIC CAPACITOR IS
UNDERSTAND THAT WHEN THE
MEMBRANE IS STRETCHED,BUT NOW IF
CHARGED THE SLOWLY AND
WATER TO COME OUT
YOUALLOW THE
MEMBRANE RELAX, THEN IT IS CALLED
LET THE WORDS WHEN
DISCHARGING OF CAPACITOR. IN OTHER ZERO
CHARGE ONEACH OF THE PLATES BECOMES
THE
POTENTLAL DIFFERENCE ACROSS ITS
AND THE GRAPHICAL.
TERMINALS DROPS TO ZERO. BELoW IS A
PIPE WITH A
DESCRIPTION OF CAPACITOR AS A
MEMBRANE:
(UNCHARGED)
1.RELAXED MEMBRANE

2.STRETCHED MEMBRANE (CHARGED)

 MATERIAL
REQUIRED
1. BREAD BOARID
2. 100uF CAPACITOR
3. 1MOQ RESISTOR
1. MULTIMETER
J. 9V BATTERY
6. WIRE STRIPPER
7. CONNECTING WIRES
8. BATTERY CONNECTOR
9.STOPWATCH
 10

When a capacitor of capacitance Cis connected in series

With aresistor of resistance R and then connected to a
battery of EMF Eit gets charged but sincesome resistance
has been introduced, this chargingprocess takes some time
dhd hence the potential difference between the plates of the
capacitor varies as an exponential function of time, i.e.
V a e xt

The circuit diagram for this experiment is given below: -

enf

Af rcuit during charging,

1.¬
E

V
Putting above value in eq. (i)
E- C -iR=0
dQ
Since i= dt
dQ
Therefore, E - C dt R=0

dQ
E- C = dt R

dQ
EC-Q= dt RC
Integrating both sides
dt
RC
 11

EC-Q
-ln
EC RC (i)

1EC

Hence we get, Q=EC1-|

Since EC=Q% for a capacitor
Therefore,
Q=Q, - ) (ii)
Here, Q charge at time t
max charge
Also Q=CV and Q,=CVo, where V and Vo are voltage at time t
and max voltage respectively
Therefore, from eq (ii),
CV=CV, '1-e

this is the required expression.

[NOTE: -This is the charging equation only, for discharging

3 equation proceed the same way but only remove Efrom Kirchhoff
law's equation]
Thus equation for discharging,

When RC=t, then equation becomes,

 PROCEDURE
1. cONNECT ALL.
ALL THE COMPONENTS IN THE

BREADBOA RD AS SHOWN IN THE FOLLOWING PICTURE,

2. NOW TAKE MULTIMETER LEADS AND PLACE THEM

IN THE TWO TERMINALS SHAPED LIKE

3. BEFORE PROCEEDING FURTHER WE MUST HAVE A

BIT OF KNOWLEDEE ABOUT BREADBOARD. A
BREADBOARD IS ASIMPLE CIRCUIT BUILDING DEVICE
USED T0 BUILDTEMPORARY CIRCUITS JUST TO TEST
THEIR WORKING. IT IS VERY SIMPLE TO WORK WITH AS
IT DOES NOT REQUIRE ANY SOLDERING OR
 ATTACHMENT OF COMPONENTS.
THE COMPONENTS
COULD BE JUST PUSHED IN THE
HOLES AND
CONNECTIONS COULD BE MADE EASILY. A STRAGHT
LINE PATTERNOF HOLES RESEMBLES AWIRE
AND THE
ARRANGEMENT OF THESE HOLES ARE SHOWN BELOW:
Rows are lnked horzontalty
TOP ROS

These columns are tnkedyertically

#*

80TTOM ROWS

4. NOW TAKE THE BATTERY AND cONNECT ITS

TERMINALS ACROSS THE TERMINALS OF OF THE
CAPACITOR AND STARTTHE STOP WATCH. NOTE THE
3 READINGS AT 20SEC INTERVALS AND WRITE THEM
DOWN. [NOTE:- READING THE PREVIOUS STATEMENT
COULD BE ASTONISHING AS IT SAYS THAT MEASURE
VOLTAGE AT 20SEC INTERVAL BUT ONE COULD
9 QUESTION THAT CURRENT MOVE AT VERY HIGH SPEED
9 S0 HOW cOULD ONE MEASURE THE CHANGING
READINGS: BUT BELIEVE ME IT WASNT AN EASY TASK
BUT SINCE THE VOLTAGE DEPENDS ON RECIPROCAL. OF
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION WILL,ANDGET
AS TIME PASSES BÝ THE
CHANGING READINGS SLOWED DOWN AND
EVEN AFTER INFINITE TIME THE CAPACITOR COULD
NOT BE CHARGED UP TO MAX VOLTAGE. ALSO SINCE
ITS TIME. CONSTANT ISIS 100SEC WHICH S QUITE
PRACTICAL TO MEASURE AT AND HENCE THIS
tXPERIMENT IS VERY MUCH JUSTIFEDJ. TAKE 10
READINGS AND IF REQUIRED THE 20SEC GAP COULD
BE INCREASED BECAUSE ASTHE TIME PASSES BY THE
CHANGE IN VoLTAGE BECOMES SMALLER AND
SMALLER.
5. NOWLET THE CAPACITORBE CHARGEDUP TO460
SECBECAUSE THEN IT WILL BECOME 99.99% CHARGED
[SINCE WE HAVEA LIMITED TIME AND WE CANT WAIT
FOR INFINITE TIME FORIT TO CHARGE COMPLETELY:].
NOW REMOVE THE BATTERY AND NOW ATTACH A WIRE
IN PLACE OF THE BATTERY TERMINALS AND AGAIN
NOTE THE MULTIMETER READINGS CHANGING AND
RECORD THEM.

6. PLOT AGRAPH BETWEEN VOLTAGE AND TIME FOR

CHARGING AS WELL AS DISCHARGING
 S
NO.

1.
READING OBSERVATION:
MULTIMETER
WHILE
CHARGING( IN VOLT)
MULTIMETER READING
WHILE DISCHARGING(IN
VOLT)
TIME ( IN
SECONDS)
2.
1.65
8.95
3. 7.34 20
3.09
4. 6.00 40
4.11
5. 4.91 60
4.90 4.03
6 &0
5.69 3.30 100
7.
6.72 2.21 140
8. 7.00 1.54 180
9.
Z.12 0.74 250
10. 8.40 0.43 300
GRAPH:
PLOT OF \'OLTAGE V/S TIME
TIME ON X-AXIS AND VOLTAGE ON Y-AX
1. FOR CHARGING:

charging of capacitor
8

3
+Y-Values

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

 2.FOR DISCHARGING:

Discharging of capacitor
9

-Y-Values

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

THE ORIGINAL. GRAPHS FOR DISCHARGING AND CHARGING

RESPECTIVELY ARE:
V

Potential
difference (V)

--- VJe

RC 2RC 3RC Time (t)

Potertial
difference (V)

V, -VJe

RC 2RC 3RC Time (t)

 CALCULATION:
NOW SINCE THE GRAPHS ARE VERY MUCH
SIMILAR TO THE GRAPHS OF CHARGING AND
DISCHARGING OF CAPACITOR.
AT T100sec. DURING CHARGING OF
CAPACITOR THE VOLTAGE ON CAPACITOR IS
5.69 VoLT AS IT IS OBSERVED IN THE
EXPERIMENT. NOW USING THE CHARGING
FORMULA:

V=9(1-e)
V=9(1-)
V=5.67 5.69 WHICH IS ACHIEVED
EXPERIMENTALLY AS WELL.
SIMILARLY DURING DISCHARGING,
V=9*e-l
V=3.32*3.30 WHICH IS ACHIEVED
EXPERIMENTALLY AS WELL
 CONCLUSION:
HENCE IT IS VERIFIED
EXPERIMENTALLY THAT 63%
CHARGE IS THERE ON CAPACITOR
AFTER TIME CONSTANT DURING
CHARGING AND 63% CHARGE IS
LOST AT TIME CONSTANT DURING
DISCHARGING.

Resistor
+ Capgcitor
+ +

Battery
 PRECAUTIONS
Follow directions. Come to lab prepared to perform the experiment.
Follow allwritten and verbal instructions. When in doubt, ask.
B. Absolutely no horseplay. Be alert and attentive at all times. Act like
an adult.
3.Report all accidents, injuries or breakage to the instructor
immediately. Also, report any equipment that you suspect 1s
malfunctioning.
. Dress appropriately. Avoid wearing overly-bulky or loose-fitting
clothing, or dangling jewelry that may become entangled in your loose
experimental apparatus. Pin or tie back long hair and roll up
sleeves.
Use goggles:
D. When heating anything.
. When using any type of projectile.
When instructed to do So.
it is intended.
Use equipment with care for the purpose for which
Get the instructor's
. Do not perform unauthorized experiments.
permission before you try something original.
must
Be careful when working with apparatus that may be hot. If you
holder.
pick it up, usetongs, a wet paper towel, or other appropriate
If athermometer breaks, inform the instructor immediately. Do not
touch either the broken glass or the mercury with your bare skin.
10. Ask the instructor tocheck allelectrical circuits before youturn
on the power.
When working with electrical circuits, be sure that the current
is turned off before making adjustments in the circuit.
12. Donot connect the terminals of a battery or power supply to
each other with a wire. Such a wire will become dangerously hot.
13. Return all equipment, clean and in good condition, to the
designated location at the end of the lab period.
914. Leave your lab area cleaner than you found it.
End of
Suaject|
THANK YOU!