1. What are the five regions of the vertebral column? How many bones are in each region?

Why
is the alignment and curvature of these bones important for our posture?

● Cervical (7 bones)
● Thoracic (12 bones)
● Lumbar (5 bones)
● Sacral (5 fused bones)
● Coccygeal (4 fused bones)
The alignment and curvature are crucial for maintaining balance, supporting body weight, and
absorbing shocks during movement.

2. What are the names of the first two vertebrates in our spine? What about their shape is
important?

● Atlas (C1)
● Axis (C2)
The atlas allows nodding, and the axis enables rotation of the head.

3. What are the 3 differences between a male and female pelvis?

● Female pelvis is wider and shallower.

● Female pelvic inlet is wider and rounder.
● Female pubic arch has a greater angle.

4. Why are some ribs called true ribs and others false ribs? What are floating ribs?

● True ribs (1-7) attach directly to the sternum.

● False ribs (8-12) attach indirectly or do not attach to the sternum.
● Floating ribs (11-12) have no sternal attachment.

5. Please provide an example for each of the following surface markings

● Condyle: Occipital condyles of the skull

● Facet: Articular facets of vertebrae
● Foramen: Foramen magnum in the skull
● Trochanter: Greater trochanter of the femur
● Sinus: Frontal sinus of the skull
● Fossa: Glenoid fossa of the scapula
6. What is the largest foramen in the skull and why is it important?

Foramen magnum; it allows the passage of the spinal cord from the brain, connecting the brain
and spinal cord.

7. Where are the sutural bones located?

● Sutural bones are found within the sutures between certain skull bones.

8. Search for the following Bone Cells and Provide the following in terms of Structure, Roles
and Location

Bone Cells Structure / Picture Functions and Location

Osteoblast cuboidal ● Function- bone formation, Location -

bone surfaces.

Osteocytes mature bone ● Function - maintain bone tissue,

cells in lacunae Location - within bone matrix.

Osteoclasts multi-nucleated, ● Function - bone resorption, Location -

bone surfaces.

Bone lining cells flat, inactive Function - maintain bone matrix,

osteoblasts Location - bone surfaces.