SQL SERVER A to Z

Working with Databases

1. Creating Databases: --Lokeshwar Reddy K

CREATE DATABASE myNewDatabase

2. Deleting Databases:

DROP DATABASE database_name [, database_name...]

3. Renaming a database

USE master
GO
EXEC sp_dboption myOldData, 'Single User', True
EXEC sp_renamedb 'myOldData', 'myNewData'
EXEC sp_dboption myNewData, 'Single User', False
GO
4. Working With Tables
Traditionally known as CRUD - Create, Read, Update, and Delete
1. Creating a Table
1. syntax:

CREATE TABLE tablename (column_name column_type

[(column_width[,column_precision])] ...)
example:
CREATE TABLE practice
(
fname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
lname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
hire_date SMALLDATETIME NULL,
ssn CHAR(11) NOT NULL
)
GO
-- 'NOT NULL' is the default.
EXECUTE sp_help practice -- shows structure of table
2. ALTER TABLE practice
ALTER TABLE XYZ ADD mi CHAR(1) NULL
GO

2. "SELECT INTO"
Tables can also be created with the "SELECT INTO" construct SELECT select_list INTO
new_table_name FROM table_list WHERE search_condition Note: if new_table_name starts with #, it will
be put in the temp tables ##, it will be in temp tables and be global (accessable to all other sessions)
Example using Temp tables:
 SELECT * INTO #tempcustomers2 FROM customers
SELECT * FROM #tempcustomers2

Temp tables go away when the server is restarted or at the end of the connection.
3. Deleting a table: DROP TABLE table_name
4. Add a column: ALTER TABLE SDSurveys ADD KQLogic VARCHAR (1000) NULLAdd a column with check for
existence first
IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'MyTableName' AND COLUMN_NAME = 'newcolumn')
BEGIN
ALTER TABLE MyTableName ADD newcolumn varchar(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
END
5. Remove a column: ALTER TABLE SDSurveys drop column KQLogic
6. Show list of columns in a table sp_columns table_name
5. Working With Rows
1. Inserting Rows into a Table
1. Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name [(column_id1,column_id2...)]
VALUES (value1,value2,...)
examples:
INSERT INTO autos (1996,'ford') -- INTO is an optional keyword in SQLServer
INSERT tablename VALUES ('a','b',DEFAULT,i) -- DEFAULT is a key word
INSERT INTO title VALUES(1001,'The Odyssey','Homer',NULL)
2. add multiple rows to a table
INSERT INTO table (c17,c4,c8,c3) SELECT a,b,c,d FROM ...

3. add multiple rows to a table with stored procedure

INSERT INTO table
(c17,c4,c8,c3)
EXECUTE sp_mystored_procedure
4. INSERT rows from this database into a table in another database
INSERT INTO OtherDatabaseName..users
SELECT * FROM users WHERE loginid ='mfincher'
2. UPDATEing Rows in a Table
1. UPDATE changes the values in an existing row
UPDATE tbl SET col = value|col|expr
UPDATE table_name SET column_id = expr WHERE condition

2. Examples:
update users set password = 'newpass' WHERE user = 'quest'
update users set password = 'newpass' WHERE (UserID > 1) AND (UserID < 113)
update users set password = 'newpass', change='Y' WHERE user = 'quest'
 UPDATE discounts SET discount = discount + .1 WHERE lowqty >= 100
UPDATE employees SET LNAME = UPPER(LNAME)

3. updating a value based on other tables

UPDATE titles SET ytd_sales =
(SELECT SUM(qty)
FROM sales
WHERE sales.title_id = titles.title_id
AND ord_date BETWEEN '01/01/94' AND '12/31/94')

4. example of adding a record based on data in another table

INSERT adult SELECT
ju.member_no, ad.street, ad.city, ad.state, ad.zip,
ad.phone_no,
DATEADD(YY, 1, GETDATE())
FROM
juvenile ju -- aliasing juvenile to ju
JOIN
adult ad -- aliasing adult to ju
ON
ju.adult_member_no = ad.member_no
WHERE
(DATEADD(YY, 18, ju.birth_date) < GETDATE())

3. Deleting rows from a Table DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE search_condition] example:
DELETE FROM mytable WHERE userid < 50
DELETE tablename -- deletes all rows in a table (see "DROP TABLE" to delete a table)
TRUNCATE TABLE tablename -- deletes all rows, but doesn't log transaction
DELETE titles WHERE title_id in (SELECT title_id FROM ...)
4. Example of CAST, Datepart, and STR
In the example below, "dtime" is a column containing the datetime. "datepart(yy,dtime)" produces the year,
"str(datepart(dy,dtime),3)" produces a right justified day-of-the-year.
SELECT cast(datepart(yy,dtime) as varchar(4)) + ' ' + str(datepart(dy,dtime),3) as
'Year Day',
COUNT(time) AS 'Key Question Pages',
avg(time) AS 'avg time (msec)'
FROM sdrespondentpagetimes
WHERE name='Key'
group by cast(datepart(yy,dtime) as varchar(4)) + ' ' + str(datepart(dy,dtime),3)
order by cast(datepart(yy,dtime) as varchar(4)) + ' ' + str(datepart(dy,dtime),3) asc
The results:
Year Day Key Question Pages avg time (msec)
--------- ------------------ ---------------
2004 51 13 768
 2004 54 10 747
2004 56 6 1090
2004 57 34 702
...
2004 351 1 6000
2004 362 14 548
2005 4 3 629
2005 5 20 834
2005 7 10 469
2005 10 1 3593
2005 11 1228 269
Top rated books on SQL Server development:
6. SQL Server Utilities
1. osql - the command line batch interface to SQL Server
1. To EXECUTE a single statement use the -Q option
osql -Umoi -P"mypassword"
-Q"INSERT DATA_TABLE (column1, column2) values col1_value,
col2_value"
2. To have osql run a script file, (e.g., testSQL.SQL), use the -i option
osql -Umyuserid -P"mypassword" -itestSQL.SQL
3. Then to get things back out use the -o option:
osql -Umoi -P
-Q"SELECT column1, column2 FROM DATA_TABLE" -oOutput_file
4. To specify a host: -H delphi
5. To specify a server: -S delphi
6. To specify a server running SQLExpress: -S "delphi\SqlExpress"
7. to specify a database: -d db3
8. to surpress the headers: -h-1
9. to specify a separator: -s!
10. to set the line width to 5000: -w5000
A better way to handle the password is to set an environmental variable, "OSQLPASSWORD", so the "-U"
option may be omitted.
2. To get a list of all databases on a server
SELECT DISTINCT name FROM SYSDATABASES
3. To see which service pack (if any is installed)
SELECT SERVERPROPERTY('ProductLevel')
Returns:
'RTM' = shipping version.
'SPn' = service pack version
'Bn', = beta version.
4. To impersonate a user:
SETUSER 'mynewname'
 GO
(SQL statements)

use SETUSER to get back to the original user

5. To add a login for a new user for a database:
EXECUTE sp_adduser 'newloginid'
EXECUTE sp_addlogin 'newloginid','password'

6. To find the size of all databases

EXEC sp_helpdb
-- or for one database
EXEC sp_helpdb 'dbname'
7. To grant a user permission to a database:
USE mydatabase
EXECUTE sp_adduser newloginid
8. To grant a user permission to a database table:
GRANT [EXECUTE|ALL] ON TableName TO myloginid
9. Note: If a stored procedure is not the first item in a series of SQL statements, it must be prefaced with
'EXECUTE'.
10. To unload a dll: dbcc xp_netq (FREE)
11. To have SQLServer run a simple diagnostic on a db named mydb:
dbcc checkdb(mydb)
also try dbcc checkalloc(db4)
12. To get the name of the current database
SELECT db_name()
13. to show the names of all databases
USE master
SELECT name FROM sysdatabases
14. to get the date
SELECT getDate()
7. SQL Server Results
1. Three ways to change column headings
SELECT First = au_fname,
au_lname 'Last Name',
au_id AS 'Identification Number'
FROM authors
Produces:
First Last Name Identification Number
-----------------------------------------------------------
Johnson White 172-32-1176
Marjorie Green 213-46-8915
2. Retrieving Results
1. General to get unique values:
SELECT DISTINCT column_name FROM mytable -- note: this also does an implicit sort
2. to get frequency of column values:
SELECT column_name, COUNT(column_name) as mycount FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name ORDER BY mycount [ASC | DESC]

3. to join two tables the SQLServer way:

SELECT tablea.A1, tableb.B1 FROM tablea, tableb
WHERE tablea.mykey = tableb.mykey

4. to get info from two tables

UPDATE table1 SET mycolumn = '2' WHERE userid IN
( SELECT userid FROM table2 WHERE table2.dissat <> 'somevalue')

3. Aliasing tables
SELECT a.title_id, a.au_id, b.au_id
FROM titleauthor a
INNER JOIN titleauthor b
ON a.title_id = b.title_id
WHERE a.au_id < b.au_id
4. how to preface info in a column with a string, 'x-',
UPDATE mytable SET mycolumn = 'x-'+mycolumn
5. wildcards:
Wildcard Meaning
% Any string of zero or more characters
_ Any single character
[] Any single character within the specified range ([a-f]) or set
([abcdef])
[^] Any single character not within the specified range ([^a-f]) or set ([^abcdef])
LIKE 'Mc%' searches for all names that begin with the letters "Mc" (McBadden).
SELECT column_name FROM table WHERE mystring LIKE '%[XYZ]'

To find all fields which contain a carriage return:

SELECT userid, Zip FROM mytable WHERE Zip like '%'+char(10)+'%'

6. Advanced Topics in Retrieving Results

1. Limit the number of rows returned
(note this can be very dangerous since it affects all subsequent commands)
SET rowcount 4
SELECT TableName,ColumnName,Language Title,LU_Table,Description,Logic,Type FROM
DataGroup
SET rowcount 0 -- turns off rowcounting
2. UNION This concatenates result set together
 USE sqldemo
SELECT * FROM authors --23 rows
UNION
SELECT * FROM newauthors --8 rows
ORDER BY authors.au_lname
UNION will surpress duplicates, use UNION ALL to show all rows
3. GROUP BY and HAVING
/*
** This query will search through the member_no column looking for
** member numbers that have duplicate values and also show the number
** of duplicates found for each member number.
*/
SELECT member_no, Number_of_Dups = count(*)
FROM member
GROUP BY member_no
HAVING count(*) > 1

8. Stored Procedures
1. Stored Procedures
1. General syntax of stored procedure
CREATE PROCEDURE pname
@var vartype[=defaultvalue][,@var2 vartype]
AS
...
GO
2. Declaring Variables
DECLARE @varname type[,@varname type]* -- to define a variable
DECLARE @x int
SELECT @x = 5
3. Simple Example
CREATE PROCEDURE emplist
AS
SELECT empname, title, salary
FROM emp
ORDER BY title
GO

4. Simple Example with one argument

CREATE PROCEDURE AuthorState
@statevar CHAR(2) = '__' -- if no arg passed, '__' is the default
AS SELECT state, au_fname, au_lname FROM authors WHERE state LIKE
@statevar ORDER BY au_lname GO To test it: EXECUTE AuthorState
'UT'
5. Fun things to know and tell about Stored Procedures
1. Stored Procedures can have up to 255 parameters
2. EXECUTE sp_helptext mystoredproc -- shows the source code
3. EXECUTE sp_depends mystoredproc -- see what tables are associated with the sp
4. SELECT name FROM sysobjects WHERE type = 'P'-- to see all the stored procedures
5. sp_makestartup -- makes an existing sp a startup procedure
6. sp_ummakestartup -- removes an existing sp a startup procedure
7. in transact sql to get the results of a select into a variable:
SELECT @LanguageStringID = MAX(LanguageStringID) FROM
LanguageString
6. drop an existing sp
IF EXISTS ( SELECT name FROM sysobjects WHERE type = 'P' AND name =
'addadult' )
DROP PROCEDURE addadult

7. example of complete sp:

CREATE PROCEDURE addadult
@lastname shortstring,
@firstname shortstring,
@middleinitial letter = NULL,
@street shortstring = NULL,
@city shortstring = NULL,
@state statecode = NULL,
@zip zipcode = NULL,
@phone_no phonenumber = NULL
AS
DECLARE @member_no member_no

IF @middleinitial = NULL OR
@street = NULL OR
@city = NULL OR
@state = NULL OR
@zip = NULL OR
@phone_no = NULL
BEGIN
PRINT " "
PRINT " Please reenter this Adult Member."
PRINT " You must provide Last name, First name, Middle initial, "
PRINT " Street, City, State, Zip, and Phone number."
PRINT " "
RETURN
END
 BEGIN TRANSACTION

SELECT @member_no = (SELECT max(member_no) FROM member HOLDLOCK) + 1

INSERT member
( member_no, lastname, firstname, middleinitial, photograph)
VALUES
(@member_no, @lastname, @firstname, @middleinitial, NULL )
IF @@error <> 0
BEGIN
ROLLBACK TRAN
RETURN
END
INSERT adult
( member_no, street, city, state, zip, phone_no, expr_date)
VALUES
(@member_no, @street, @city, @state, @zip, @phone_no,
dateadd(year,1,getdate()) )
IF @@error != 0
BEGIN
ROLLBACK TRAN
RETURN
END

PRINT " "

PRINT " *** Adult Member added *** "
PRINT " "

COMMIT TRANSACTION
GO
8. Another Example
CREATE PROCEDURE overdue_books
AS
SELECT member.lastname,copy_no,due_date FROM loan
JOIN member ON loan.member_no = member.member_no
WHERE DATEDIFF(DAY,GETDATE(),due_date)>1
GO

9. OUTPUT parameter
Example using the OUTPUT parameter
** This script file creates a procedure, LOANCOUNT,
** that returns a status of 0 if a member has any
 ** loans. If a member has no loans, it returns a
** status of -1.
USE library
GO CREATE PROC loancount @member_no member_no, @loancount int OUTPUT AS IF
EXISTS (SELECT
* FROM loan WHERE member_no = @member_no)

BEGIN SELECT
@loancount=COUNT(*) FROM loan WHERE member_no = @member_no RETURN
(0) END ELSE RETURN (-1)
GO
--NOTE: if any syntax errors in a batch, nothing in batch runs
-- all the statements are rolled together for syntax checking
-- if any statements have problems the "GO" is not executed.
9. Control of Flow
1. Control of Flow
1. IF
IF(condition)
BEGIN
...
END
ELSE
BEGIN
...
END

Example:
IF (SELECT COUNT(member_no)
FROM loan
WHERE member_no = @param) <= 4
RETURN 1
ELSE
RETURN 2
GO

2. WHILE
1. Syntax
WHILE condition BEGIN ... END BREAK/CONTINUE
2. Example of simple WHILE statement
set nocount on
declare @i int SELECT @i = 0
while (@i < 10)
BEGIN
 SELECT 'i = ' + convert(char(5),@i)
SELECT @i = @i + 1
END
set nocount off
Code to insert 3000 rows into the database
DECLARE @i INT
SET @i=10000
WHILE(@i <= 30000)
BEGIN
INSERT INTO mytable (date, thread, level, logger, server, userid, message)
VALUES
(GETDATE(),'0000','INFO','XYZ1','LogFile',@i,'my message')
SET @i=@i+1
END
3. Example to show space used by each table
DECLARE @next VARCHAR(30)
SELECT @next = ' ' --Makes it "not null"
WHILE @next IS NOT NULL
BEGIN
SELECT @next = MIN(name)
FROM sysobjects
WHERE type = 'U' --User Tables
AND name > @next
ORDER BY name
EXECUTE sp_spaceused @next
END
4. RETURN used for 1 non-null integer
CREATE PROCEDURE checkmem
@param INT
AS
IF (SELECT COUNT(member_no)
FROM loan
WHERE member_no = @param) <= 4
RETURN 1
ELSE
RETURN 2
GO
To use this construct:
DECLARE @ret INT
EXECUTE @ret = checkmem 100
2. Misc commands
1. Example to create many databases
set nocount on
 declare @i int SELECT @i = 2
declare @si char(1)
while (@i < 5)
BEGIN
SELECT @si = convert(char(1),@i)
SELECT 'i = ' + convert(char(5),@i)
exec('CREATE DATABASE db'+@si+' ON sndat = 1 LOG ON snlog = 1')
SELECT @i = @i + 1
END
set nocount off

2. sp_tables
sp_tables -- to show a list of tables in a database:
-- or
SELECT name FROM sysobjects WHERE type = 'u'
3. Change the size of varchar column
You may need to add the 'NOT NULL' option if your column is an indexed column
ALTER TABLE MyTableName ALTER COLUMN MyColumnName varchar(32)
4. Working with parameterized SQL
You have to declare and set the variable
declare @id int
select @id = 4140
SELECT userid FROM mytable WHERE userid > @id ORDER BY userid
5. loop thru all the tables in a database and UPDATE their Statistics
set nocount on
declare @next varchar(30)
SELECT @next = ' '
while @next IS NOT NULL
BEGIN
SELECT @next = MIN(name) FROM sysobjects WHERE type = 'u' and name > @next
SELECT 'next is ' + @next
IF @next IS NOT null
BEGIN
EXECUTE ('UPDATE STATISTICS ' + @next)
END
END

set nocount on

6. loop thru all the databases and print the name. (Useful for performing operations on each database).
set nocount on
use master
declare @next varchar(30)
 SELECT @next = ' '
while @next IS NOT NULL
BEGIN
SELECT @next = MIN(name) FROM sysdatabases WHERE dbid > 5 AND name > @next
--SELECT 'next is ' + @next
IF @next IS NOT null
BEGIN
SELECT 'Looking at database',@next
END
END

set nocount on
7. RAISERROR This writes a message to the event log
RAISERROR('** this is my message',16,1) WITH LOG
RAISERROR('** this is my message',servity,state) WITH LOG

--error serverity 1-16 ok, 17-18 serious, 19-25 fatal

8. Adding Space to a Database: Add 1 MEG:
ALTER DATABASE library ON library_dev1 = 1 -- MEG to increase by
To increase size of log file:
ALTER DATABASE library ON logdevname = size in 2k
9. PRINT
PRINT 'this is a print, its a pretty worthless statement'
PRINT 'SELECT does the same thing only better'
10. CASE statement
-- SIMPLE CASE EXPRESSION
SELECT Category =
CASE type
WHEN 'popular_comp' THEN 'Popular Computing'
WHEN 'mod_cook' THEN 'Modern Cooking'
WHEN 'business' THEN 'Business'
WHEN 'psychology' THEN 'Psychology'
WHEN 'trad_cook' THEN 'Traditional Cooking'
ELSE 'Not Yet Categorized'
END,
CONVERT(varchar(30), title) AS 'Shortened Title',
Price
FROM titles
WHERE price IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY type
COMPUTE AVG(price) BY type
11. SEARCHED CASE EXPRESSION
SELECT m.member_no,
 m.lastname,
'Member Type' =
CASE
WHEN m.member_no IN
(SELECT member_no
FROM juvenile j
WHERE j.member_no = m.member_no)
THEN 'Juvenile'
ELSE 'Adult'
END,
expr_date
FROM member m, adult a, juvenile j
WHERE j.adult_member_no = a.member_no
AND (m.member_no = a.member_no OR m.member_no = j.member_no)
AND expr_date < GETDATE()
ORDER BY m.member_no
• BuiltIn Functions
1. BuiltIn Functions
1. Aggregate Functions: SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, and COUNT example:
SELECT SUM(ytd_sales) FROM titles

to get the number of something:

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Datagroup WHERE Language = 'ENU'
COUNT([ALL|DISTINCT]expression) -- note: count can have options

- GROUP BY
- COMPUTE or COMPUTE BY
- WITH CUBE or WITH ROLLUP
2. Example of COMPUTE
SELECT respondents.surveyName,
min(minValue) as 'desired min age',
min(a1) as 'actual min age',
abs(min(minValue) - min(a1)) as 'diff min age',
max(maxValue) as 'desired max age',
max(a1) as 'actual max age',
abs(max(maxValue) - max(a1)) as 'diff max age',
(min(minValue)+max(maxValue))/2 as 'desired avg age' ,
avg(a1) as 'actual avg age',
abs((min(minValue)+max(maxValue))/2 - avg(a1)) as 'diff avg age',
abs(min(minValue) - min(a1))+abs(max(maxValue) - max(a1))+ abs((min(minValue) +
max(maxValue))/2 - avg(a1)) as 'Total Skew'
from respondents join surveyDirectorQuotas on surveyDirectorQuotas.surveyName =
 respondents.surveyName
--where respondents.surveyName = 'EClientE2'
and quotaQuestion = '_age'
group by respondents.surveyName
COMPUTE count(respondents.surveyName),
sum(abs(min(minValue) - min(a1))+abs(max(maxValue) - max(a1))+
abs((min(minValue)+max(maxValue))/2 - avg(a1)))
3. NULLIF (expr1,epr2) returns null if the two expressions are equal
SELECT AVG(NULLIF(royaltyper, 100))
AS 'Average Shared Royalty %'
FROM titleauthor
4. COLESCE(expr1,expr2,...exprN) -- returns first non-null value
5. ISNULL
Wonderful function that returns a specified value (in this example -1) if the query returns null.
SELECT ISNULL( (SELECT userid FROM billing WHERE pid = @pid) ,-1)
6. Misc
/* What database is now open? */
SELECT "Open Database is:",DB_NAME()
/* What is it's unique database identifier? */
SELECT "Database ID is:",DB_ID()
/* What is the current host machine name? */
SELECT "Host Name is:",HOST_NAME()
/* What is the login name of the current user? */
SELECT "Login Name is:", SUSER_NAME()
/* What is the database user name of the current user? */
SELECT "DB User Name is:",USER_NAME()
7. ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
SELECT price,
(price * 1.1) AS 'New Price',
title
FROM titles

--Round to 2 decimals
SELECT price,
CONVERT(MONEY, (price * 1.1)) AS 'New Price',
title
FROM titles
8. MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
ABS (numeric_expr) Absolute value of the numeric
CEILING (numeric_expr) Smallest integer greater than or equal to
the numeric expression.
COS (float_expr) Trigonometric cosine of the specified angle (in radians)
RAND ([seed]) Random approximate numeric (float) value between 0 and 1,
 ROUND (numeric_expr, length) Numeric expression rounded off to the
length (or precision)
Example:
SELECT price,
FLOOR(price) AS 'Floor Price',
CEILING(price) AS 'Ceiling Price'
FROM titles
• TRANSACTIONS
BEGIN TRANSACTION -- forces all or none of the following commands
INSERT ...
INSERT ...
IF()
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
COMMIT TRANSACTION

• Using @@error
IF @@error <> 0 BEGIN ROLLBACK TRAN
RETURN END
• LOCKS
SELECT * FROM authors (nolock) -- will read even locked pages

SET TRANSACTion isolation level READ UNCOMMITTED -- lets reader look

SELECT * FROM authors

sp_tableoption tablename,'INSERT row lock', true -- to turn on InsertRowLock

• String Functions
1. Misc
CONVERT (type, var) Converts types (eg, convert(real,'12.5'))
RTRIM (char_expr) Removes trailing blanks.
LOWER (char_expr) Converts uppercase character data to lowercase.
LTRIM (char_expr) Removes leading blanks.
SUBSTRING(expression, start, length) Returns part of a
character or binary string.
STUFF (char_expr1, start, length, char_expr2) Deletes length
characters FROM char_expr1 at start and then inserts
char_expr2 into char_expr1 at start.
UPPER (char_expr) Converts lowercase character data to uppercase.

Examples:
SELECT 'The price for ' +
CONVERT(char(38), title) -- doing a substring but appends spaces to make it 38
+ ' is $' + CONVERT(varchar(10), price) FROM titles

SELECT fname + ' ' + lname + ' was hired on ' +

 CONVERT(char(8), hire_date, 1)
FROM employee

SELECT LOWER(lastname + SUBSTRING(firstname,1,2)) FROM member WHERE lastname

= 'ANDERSON'

--Round to 2 decimals
SELECT price,
CONVERT(MONEY, (price * 1.1)) AS 'New Price',
title
FROM titles

-- shows last name, authors first initial

SELECT au_lname + ', ' + SUBSTRING(au_fname,1,1) + '.' AS 'Name',
au_id
FROM authors
2. Dates
/* What is the current date and time? */
SELECT 'Current date and time is',GETDATE()

/* What is a week from today? */

SELECT 'A week from today is',DATEADD(WEEK,1,GETDATE())

/* How many days between now and end of century? */

SELECT 'Days until Year 2000 is',DATEDIFF(DAY,GETDATE(),'01/01/2000')

/* What is the name of the current month? */

SELECT 'Name of this month is',DATENAME(MONTH,GETDATE())

/* What is the name of the day for today? */

SELECT 'Day of the week is',DATENAME(WEEKDAY,GETDATE())

/* What is the day of the month? */

SELECT 'Current day of month is',DATEPART(DAY, GETDATE())

/* get date differences in seconds */

SELECT userID, DATEDIFF(second,dtime , getdate()) FROM respondents

• ORDER BY
ORDER BY sorts results sets
1. example:
SELECT column_name, COUNT(column_name) as mycount
FROM table_name ORDER BY mycount [ASC | DESC]
2. ORDER BY can have mulitple arguments
 SELECT colA,colB,colC FROM table1 ORDER BY colB, colC
and you can add in the direction of the sort
SELECT colA,colB,colC FROM table1 ORDER BY colB ASC, colC DESC
3. ORDER BY will also take a number specifying which columns to sort by. In this case the second and
third, so it would be colB and colC.
SELECT colA,colB,colC FROM table1 ORDER BY 2, 3
4. example:
SELECT member_no,loan=count(member_no)
FROM loanhist
GROUP BY member_no
HAVING count(member_no) > 50

member_no loan
--------- -----------
2 442
3 130
4 104
5 260
6 78
5. Another Example
SELECT member_no,
date=loanhist.out_date,
fine=loanhist.fine_assessed,
paid=loanhist.fine_paid
FROM loanhist
WHERE (member_no BETWEEN 100 AND 150) AND (fine_assessed -
ISNULL(fine_paid,0) > 0)
ORDER BY member_no
COMPUTE sum(fine_paid), sum(fine_assessed) BY member_no
• JOINs - We are all family here
Joins allow you to retrieve columns from two or more tables usually within the same database, but also
among different databases.
1. Two types of JOINs ANSI - Join Operators: INNER JOIN, CROSS JOIN, LEFT/RIGHT/FULL OUTER
JOIN SQL Server - Join Operators: =,<>, *= and =*
2. Examples of SQL Server
SELECT pub_name, title
FROM titles
INNER JOIN publishers --Note: INNER is optional
ON titles.pub_id = publishers.pub_id

SELECT pub_name, title

FROM titles, publishers
WHERE titles.pub_id = publishers.pub_id
 Join Types and estimated usage from Joe Temborius:
% use Join Types
90 Inner
0 Cross
6 Outer
1 Self
3 Union
3. Example of ANSI INNER JOIN
SELECT stor_name, qty, title
FROM titles
INNER JOIN sales
ON titles.title_id = sales.title_id
INNER JOIN stores
ON stores.stor_id = sales.stor_id
4. Example of multiple ANSI INNER JOIN
SELECT co.isbn,
co.copy_no,
co.on_loan,
ti.title,
ti.author,
it.language,
it.cover,
it.loanable
FROM title ti
INNER JOIN copy co
ON ti.title_no = co.title_no
INNER JOIN item it
ON it.title_no = co.title_no
WHERE
co.isbn = 1500 OR co.ISBN = 1000
ORDER BY co.isbn
5. Example of LEFT OUTER JOIN
SELECT member.member_no,
lastname,firstname,middleinitial,
isbn,
log_date
FROM member LEFT OUTER JOIN reservation
ON member.member_no = reservation.member_no
WHERE member.member_no = 340 OR member.member_no = 341
ORDER BY member.member_no
6. Example of SQLServer Join
SELECT member_no , count(*) FROM reservation
 WHERE isbn IN
(SELECT item.isbn
FROM title
JOIN item
ON title.title_no = item.title_no
WHERE title LIKE "%Programmer%")
group by member_no
7. A small example of joins given:
CREATE TABLE table1
(
mykey int NOT NULL ,
letter1 char(1) NOT NULL,
)
INSERT INTO table1 (mykey,letter1) VALUES (1,'a')
INSERT INTO table1 (mykey,letter1) VALUES (2,'b')
INSERT INTO table1 (mykey,letter1) VALUES (3,'c')

CREATE TABLE table2

(
mykey int NOT NULL ,
letter2 char(1) NOT NULL,
)
INSERT INTO table2 (mykey,letter2) VALUES (1,'d')
INSERT INTO table2 (mykey,letter2) VALUES (2,'e')
INSERT INTO table2 (mykey,letter2) VALUES (4,'g')
which creates two tables:
TABLE: table1
mykey letter1
[int(10)] [char(1)]
1 a
2 b
3 c
TABLE: table2
mykey letter2
[int(10)] [char(1)]
1 d
2 e
4 g
8. More Examples of JOINs
1. INNER JOIN - connects only the common rows.
SELECT table1.mykey,table1.letter1,table2.letter2
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.mykey = table2.mykey
which produces:
 mykey letter1 letter2
----------- ------- -------
1 a d
2 b e
2. CROSS JOIN - creates the cartesian product (all possible combinations)
SELECT table1.mykey,table1.letter1,table2.letter2
FROM table1
CROSS JOIN table2

which produces:
mykey letter1 letter2
----------- ------- -------
1 a d
1 a e
1 a g
2 b d
2 b e
2 b g
3 c d
3 c e
3 c g
3. OUTER JOIN - three types
1. LEFT OUTER JOIN - selects all valid rows from the first table
SELECT table1.mykey,table1.letter1,table2.letter2
FROM table1
LEFT OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.mykey = table2.mykey
2. RIGHT OUTER JOIN - selects all valid rows from the second table
SELECT table1.mykey,table1.letter1,table2.letter2
FROM table1
RIGHT OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.mykey = table2.mykey

mykey letter1 letter2

----------- ------- -------
1 a d
2 b e
(null) (null) g
3. FULL OUTER JOIN - selects all matching rows from both
SELECT table1.mykey,table1.letter1,table2.letter2
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
 ON table1.mykey = table2.mykey

mykey letter1 letter2

----------- ------- -------
1 a d
2 b e
3 c (null)
(null) (null) g

4. Multiple OUTER JOINs

CREATE TABLE table3
(
mykey int NOT NULL ,
letter3 char(1) NOT NULL,
)
INSERT INTO table3 (mykey,letter3) VALUES (1,'d')
INSERT INTO table3 (mykey,letter3) VALUES (2,'e')
INSERT INTO table3 (mykey,letter3) VALUES (5,'h')

Then we execute,

SELECT table1.mykey,table1.letter1,table2.letter2,table3.letter3
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.mykey = table2.mykey
FULL OUTER JOIN table3 ON table1.mykey = table3.mykey

Which yields:

mykey letter1 letter2 letter3

----------- ------- ------- -------
1 a d d
2 b e e
3 c (null) (null)
(null) (null) g (null)
(null) (null) (null) h

• Subqueries
1. Three ways to connect queries with subqueries
1. =,>,< ...
2. IN
3. EXISTS
2. Example 1
--This is a 'classic' subquery.
 --Show all titles that have a price
--larger than average of all titles.
USE pubs
SELECT price, title
FROM titles
WHERE price >
(SELECT AVG(price) FROM titles)
3. Example 2
SELECT title_id AS Title,
qty AS Quantity,
(SELECT SUM(qty) FROM sales) AS 'Total Sales',
(CONVERT(money,qty)/(SELECT SUM(qty) FROM sales))*100
AS '% of Total'
FROM sales
4. Example 3
SELECT title_id, title
FROM titles
WHERE title_id IN
(SELECT title_id FROM sales)
• Triggers
Triggers are bits of code that are executed when an operation occurs on a table. Triggers can be set for
INSERT,UPDATE, or DELETE
1. Example
CREATE TRIGGER deltrig
ON emp
FOR DELETE
AS
DECLARE @currentuser VARCHAR(30)
SELECT @currentuser = 'Sorry, ' + USER_NAME()
PRINT @currentuser
PRINT 'Employees can''t be deleted!'
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
GO
2. Example - get info about a trigger
SELECT name, crdate
FROM sysobjects
WHERE type = 'TR'

EXECUTE sp_helptext deltrig -- show code, if not encrypted

EXECUTE sp_depends deltrig -- what tables does it affect

3. drop trigger IF EXISTS ( SELECT name FROM sysobjects WHERE
type = 'TR' AND name = 'member_insert' ) DROP TRIGGER
 member_insert
4. an INSERT trigger creates a special table, called 'inserted' with the inserted row DELETE triggers
create 'deleted' with the deleted rows These tables can be queried.
5. to create your own messages -- sp_addmessage (>50000)
6. sp_configure 'nested triggers',0 -- prevents cascading triggers
7. Example:
CREATE TRIGGER member_insert
ON member
FOR INSERT
AS
/*
** Don't allow duplicate primary keys.
** This is normally done via a unique
** index rather than a trigger. It is
** included here just as an example.
*/

IF (SELECT count(*)
FROM member, inserted
WHERE member.member_no = inserted.member_no) > 1
BEGIN
RAISERROR ('Transaction will not be processed. Two members cannot have
the same member_no.',10,1)
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
END
ELSE
8. Example:
/*
** Auto generate a primary key value, if needed
** (A zero got in there because it is the default;
** ie, the user did not enter a member number.)
** Works only if one row at a time is being added.
*/

IF (SELECT count(*)
FROM member
WHERE member.member_no = 0) > 0
BEGIN
UPDATE member
SET member_no = (SELECT max(member_no) FROM member) + 1
WHERE member_no = 0
END
GO
 • Data Integrity/IDENTITY
An identity forces SQL server to have a unique value in a field. The starting value and the increment value
can be set as follows
CREATE TABLE stores2
(
stor_id int identity(1000,10) NOT NULL , -- starts at 1000, increments by 10
stor_name varchar (40) NULL ,
)
To see the values of these,
SELECT IDENT_SEED('class'), IDENT_INCR('class') -- shows initial identity and increment
• to set directly an IDENTITY field (for testing etc to override defaults)
SET IDENTITY_INSERT [TableName] ON
Example:
SET IDENTITY_INSERT Pubs..class ON -- allows an identity to be inserted
• IDENTITYCOL is a keyword which substitues for the name of the identity column
SELECT MAX(IDENTITYCOL) FROM stores2
-- identitycol is a keyword refering to a tables' identity column
-- Defining constraints

Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Default
Check

in syscomments a field called 'text' contains your constraits

sp_helpconstraint or sp_help <tablename> -- more friendly

• Comments
Comments are surrounded with '/*' and '*/', but cannot, for some
bizzare reason contain a 'GO' command.

Everything after a '--' is a comment

• CONSTRAINTs
Constraints can be set on the value of valid fields.
CREATE TABLE Tbl_lvl (
ItemCode CHAR(6) NOT NULL,
UnitCost SMALLMONEY NOT NULL,
UnitPrice SMALLMONEY NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pricediff
CHECK (UnitPrice > UnitCost) ) GO
• Constraints can be named
CREATE TABLE Payroll
(
Empno CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
 Checkno CHAR(10) NOT NULL
CONSTRAINT U_Checkno
UNIQUE NONCLUSTERED (checkno),

Paydate SMALLDATETIME NOT NULL

CONSTRAINT DF_Paydate
DEFAULT GETDATE(),

Amount SMALLMONEY NOT NULL

CONSTRAINT CK_Amount
CHECK (Amount BETWEEN 10000 AND 100000),

CONSTRAINT PK_Payroll
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(empno,checkno,paydate)
WITH FILLFACTOR=25,

CONSTRAINT FK_Payroll
FOREIGN KEY (empno) REFERENCES emp (empno)
)
-- must drop constraint before index
IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects WHERE name = 'member_ident')
ALTER TABLE member
DROP CONSTRAINT member_ident

IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysindexes WHERE name = 'member_ident')

DROP INDEX member.member_ident

ALTER TABLE member

ADD CONSTRAINT member_ident PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (member_no) WITH
FILLFACTOR = 90
• Constraints can set a default value:
IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects WHERE name = 'state_default')
ALTER TABLE adult
DROP CONSTRAINT state_default
GO
ALTER TABLE adult
ADD CONSTRAINT state_default DEFAULT 'WA' FOR state
GO
to add a primary key restaint:
alter table mytable ADD primary key (mykeyid, myothercolumn)
• Views
CREATE VIEW authorlist
(AuthorName, Location)
AS
SELECT SUBSTRING(au_fname + ' ' + au_lname,1,25),
 SUBSTRING(city + ', ' + state + ' ' + zip,1,25)
FROM authors
GO

SELECT * FROM authorlist

--
-- see your views:
SELECT name, crdate
FROM sysobjects
WHERE type = 'V'

-- to see your source code for the view

EXECUTE sp_helptext AuthorList

EXECUTE sp_depends AuthorList -- list tables needed for this view

CREATE VIEW Managers

WITH ENCRYPTION
AS
SELECT empno, empname, title
FROM emp
WHERE title='MANAGER'
WITH CHECK OPTION -- updates/inserts into this view must satisfy WHERE clause
GO

SELECT * FROM managers

sp_helptext managers
--This should fail the CHECK
INSERT INTO managers
VALUES ('999', 'GATES, BILL', 'MCT') -- fails because MCT != MANAGER

What Service Packs does my SQL Server have installed?

try
SELECT @@version

• OBJECT_ID()
1. How to conditionally delete a view
-- old style
IF EXISTS ( SELECT name FROM sysobjects
WHERE type = 'V' AND name = 'stuff' )
DROP VIEW stuff
-- new style
IF OBJECT_ID('stuff', 'V') IS NOT NULL
DROP VIEW stuff
 go
2. How to conditionally delete a table
IF OBJECT_ID('traffic_data', 'U') IS NOT NULL
DROP TABLE traffic_data
GO
3. Common second parameters to OBJECT_ID()
/*
C = CHECK constraint
D = DEFAULT (constraint or stand-alone)
F = FOREIGN KEY constraint
PK = PRIMARY KEY constraint
P = SQL stored procedure
FN = SQL scalar function
U = Table (user-defined)
UQ = UNIQUE constraint
V = View
X = Extended stored procedure
*/
• Isolation levels via Table Hints
If the results of your queries do not always have to be perfect, you can increase query speed and reduce
contention by using "READ UNCOMMITTED", which does not lock a table during a SELECT and allows
"dirty" reads.
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM dbo.Authors WITH(NOLOCK)
This will not lock the table and make the query faster.
Use the following command to make an entire session use no locking
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ UNCOMMITTED
GO
• INDEXs
CREATE INDEX [CLUSTERED|NONCLUSTERED] name ON table (col1,col2,...)

EXECUTE sp_helpindex emp shows info on index

CNTRL -- skips to next heading

limit: composite index length < 900 chars
SET SHOWPLAN ON -- debug statement to show if indexes are being used
GO
SELECT *
FROM authors
WHERE city = 'Kent' --table scan

SELECT *
FROM authors
WHERE au_id = '123-45-6789' --clustered index
SET SHOWPLAN OFF
GO
--
--------------
-- OPTIMIZER HINTS
--------------
SET SHOWPLAN ON
GO
SELECT au_lname, au_fname, phone
FROM authors (INDEX = 1) -- INDEX=0 is none, INDEX=indexname
WHERE au_lname = 'Smith'
SET SHOWPLAN OFF
GO
--------------
-- UPDATE STATISTICS -- updates statistics that the optimizer uses
to determine which index to use on a query
--------------

--Plug in a value for TABLENAME

SELECT 'Index Name' = sysindexes.name,
'Statistics Date' = STATS_DATE(sysindexes.id, sysindexes.indid)
FROM sysobjects, sysindexes
WHERE sysobjects.name = 'authors'
AND sysobjects.id = sysindexes.id

UPDATE STATISTICS authors

-- show fragmentation
DECLARE @tbl INT
SELECT @tbl = OBJECT_ID('sales')
DBCC SHOWCONTIG (@tbl)
------------- check databases
DBCC CHECKDB -- should be run once a week on all database,
-- should be done before a backup

--
daily - dump database, update statistics on all indexes
hourly - dump transaction log
weekly - drop and recreate indexes
-- show performance data
SET SHOWPLAN ON -- shows indexes being used
SET STATISTICS IO ON
SET STATISTICS TIME ON --
-- drop an index if it exists
IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysindexes WHERE name = 'reserve_item_link')
DROP INDEX reservation.reserve_item_link
GO

-- example of showing the elapsed time

DECLARE @message char(255) DECLARE @began datetime SELECT @began = GETDATE()

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX reserve_ident ON reservation (member_no, isbn)

 WITH FILLFACTOR = 75

CREATE INDEX reserve_item_link ON reservation (isbn)

SELECT @message = 'Time (in minutes:seconds) to create reservation related

indexes. '
+ CONVERT( char(2), DATEDIFF(ss,@began,GETDATE())/60 ) + ':'
+ CONVERT( char(2), DATEDIFF(ss,@began,GETDATE())%60 )
PRINT @message
GO
• System Variables
SELECT 'Connections: ',@@connections
SELECT 'CPU Busy ',@@cpu_busy
SELECT 'Cursor Rows ',@@cursor_rows
SELECT 'DBTS ',@@dbts
SELECT 'Error ',@@error
SELECT 'Fetch Status ',@@fetch_status
SELECT 'Identity ',@@identity
SELECT 'Idle ',@@idle
SELECT 'IO Busy ',@@io_busy
SELECT 'Language ID ',@@langid
SELECT 'Language ',@@language
SELECT 'Max Connections ',@@max_connections
SELECT 'Max Precision ',@@max_precision
SELECT 'MS Version ',@@microsoftversion
SELECT 'Nest Level ',@@nestlevel
SELECT 'Options ',@@options
SELECT 'Pack Received ',@@pack_received
SELECT 'Pack Sent ',@@pack_sent
SELECT 'Packet Errors ',@@packet_errors
SELECT 'Procedure ID ',@@procid
SELECT 'Row Count ',@@rowcount -- how many rows were effected on last operation
SELECT 'Server Name ',@@servername
SELECT 'Service Name ',@@servicename
SELECT 'SPID ',@@spid
SELECT 'Text Size ',@@textsize
SELECT 'Time Ticks ',@@timeticks
SELECT 'Total Errors ',@@total_errors
SELECT 'Total Read ',@@total_read
SELECT 'Total Write ',@@total_write
SELECT 'Tran Count ',@@trancount
SELECT 'Version ',@@version
• BCP bulk copy
rem
rem BCPDEMO.BAT
rem
rem This batch file exports all AUTHORS FROM the
rem PUBS database to an ASCII file called RESULTS.TXT
rem
rem /c indicates 'character' format vs. /n for 'native' format
rem /t indicates the field terminator (default is TAB)
rem /S indicates the Server to connect to
rem /U indicates the Login ID
rem /P is the password (if any)
rem
rem Type in BCP with no options to see parameter summary
rem
rem After you run this, go into NOTEPAD and
rem check out the results in 'results.txt'
rem
rem *** CHANGE SERVER NAME BELOW BEFORE RUNNING ***

bcp pubs.dbo.authors out results.txt /c /t"|" /Sstudentx /Usa /P

• EXTENDED STORED PROCEDURES

--Display all 'registered' ESP's
EXECUTE sp_helpextendedproc

-- to get the last inserted identity

INSERT Respondents (test) VALUES ('N') SELECT @@IDENTITY

---- misc xp_*

USE master
GO

--Display all devices

EXECUTE xp_cmdshell 'dir c:\mssql\data\*.dat /os'
PRINT ''

--Send a message to the NT Event Log

EXECUTE xp_logevent 60000, 'Stop sign - worst kind!', error
PRINT ''

--Show current NT accounts that can access SQL Server

EXECUTE xp_logininfo
PRINT ''

--Display current SQL Server version and build info

EXECUTE xp_msver
PRINT ''

--Display all local NT groups

EXECUTE xp_enumgroups
• UNDOCUMENTED ESP's
--XP_REGREAD allows you to read Registry Key values

SET NOCOUNT ON
GO
DECLARE @org VARCHAR(50)
DECLARE @own VARCHAR(50)

EXECUTE xp_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE',

'SOFTWARE\MICROSOFT\MSSQLSERVER\MSSQLSERVER\CurrentVersion',
'RegisteredOrganization',@param = @org output

EXECUTE xp_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE',

'SOFTWARE\MICROSOFT\MSSQLSERVER\MSSQLSERVER\CurrentVersion',
'RegisteredOwner',@param = @own output

PRINT 'Whoever set up SQL Server for this class typed these in:'
PRINT ' '
SELECT 'Registered Organization is '+UPPER(@org)
SELECT 'Registered Owner is '+UPPER(@own)

SET NOCOUNT OFF

GO
-->
• CURSORS
Cursors allow an entire result set to be captured and manipulted as a single piece of data.
******************************************************-
DECLARE @currentvalue char(32)
DECLARE mycursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT distinct myvalue FROM mytable
OPEN mycursor
FETCH NEXT FROM mycursor INTO @currentvalue
WHILE (@@fetch_status = 0) -- while OK
BEGIN
print @currentvalue
exec('SELECT mycolumn FROM ' + @currentvalue ) -- some usefull work
FETCH NEXT FROM mycursor INTO @currentvalue
END
CLOSE mycursor
DEALLOCATE mycursor
GO

******************************************************-

--Count the number of members that have

--a 'J' as a middle initial value

USE Library

SET NOCOUNT ON

DECLARE @mivalue char(1)

DECLARE @counter int
 DECLARE @strcounter char(50)

SELECT @counter=0

DECLARE micount CURSOR FOR

SELECT middleinitial FROM member

OPEN micount

FETCH NEXT FROM micount

INTO @mivalue -- move to first row

WHILE (@@fetch_status = 0) -- while OK

BEGIN

IF @mivalue = 'J' SELECT @counter = @counter + 1

FETCH NEXT FROM micount

INTO @mivalue

END

CLOSE micount

DEALLOCATE micount

SELECT @strcounter = 'Number of J initials:' +CONVERT(char(10),@counter)

PRINT @strcounter
GO

-- RAISERROR
sp_addmessage 55555, 16, 'Mitchs test message',us_english ,true

RAISERROR(55555,16,1)
• Misc Tips
1. When SQLServer UPDATEs a row, it really deletes i replaces it with a new one
SELECT title,copy_no,due_date,DATEDIFF(DAY,due_date,GETDATE()) FROM overdue
WHERE DATEDIFF(DAY,due_date,GETDATE()) > 14
2. Finding gaps in a sequence
This finds any non-consecutive numbers in the userID column.
SELECT A.userID + 1
FROM SDRespondents AS A
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT B.userID FROM SDRespondents AS B
WHERE A.userID + 1 = B.userID)
GROUP BY A.userID;
3. Set a database to single use only.
This is useful in simulating database failure to stop general access to a database.
EXECUTE sp_dboption library, 'dbo use only', TRUE -- dbo user only
EXECUTE sp_dboption library, 'dbo use only', FALSE
or
alter database myDatabaseName set SINGLE_USER WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE
alter database myDatabaseName set MULTI_USER
4. User Defined Datatypes (UDDT)
EXECUTE sp_addtype zipcode, 'char(10)'
EXECUTE sp_addtype phonenumber, 'char(13)', NULL
EXECUTE sp_droptype <typename> -- to get rid of it
to get a list of UDDT
sp_help
example:
CREATE TABLE member (
member_no member_no NOT NULL, -- member_no is a User Defined Data Type
lastname shortstring NOT NULL,
firstname shortstring NOT NULL,
middleinitial letter NULL,
photograph image NULL
)
USE MAster
EXECUTE sp_dboption mydb, 'trunc. log on chkpt.',true
to set SELECT into/bulkcopy
EXECUTE sp_dboption mydb, 'SELECT into/bulkcopy',true
chars are treated as varchar's if NULL is a possible value.
Binary Large OBject - BLOB
SET NOCOUNT ON --suppress 'rows affected' msg
SET NOCOUNT OFF
5. Logic don't use "= NULL" use "IS NULL" because its ANSI NULLs fail all comparisons "NULL =
NULL" is false Order of Presedence: (),NOT,AND,OR
6. the EXECUTE command can be used to build commands from parts
7. Example 1
create proc displaytable
@tbl varchar(30)
as
EXECUTE ('SELECT * FROM ' + @tbl)
8. Example 2
SELECT @cmd = "create database "+@projabbrev+" ON "+@datadevice+" = 6 LOG ON
"+@logdevice+" = 6"
SELECT @cmd
EXECUTE (@cmd)
9. Terms:
 A batch is a set of one or more SQL statements submitted together and executed as a single group. A
script is a series of one or more batches submitted one after the other. A script is a file, with a default
extension of .SQL Comparison operators (=,<>,>,<,>=,<=), BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, IS NULL, and IS NOT
NULL
10. The System supplied databases.
Database Function
Master: Controls all user databases and SQL Server as a whole
Model: Serves as a template when creating new user databases
Msdb: Provides support for the SQL Executive service
Tempdb: Used for temporary working storage for all connections
pubs: A sample database
2.
Allocation Unit: 1/2MB increments of database storage space
Extent: Eight 2K pages of table or index storage space
Page: The basic unit of I/O in SQL Server (2K in size)

11.Cursors
--deleteViews
-- This deletes all views which start with an X
-- trivial example of using cursors in sql server 6.5
IF EXISTS ( SELECT name FROM sysobjects
WHERE type = 'P' AND name = 'deleteViews' )
DROP PROCEDURE deleteViews
go
******************----------------
GO

CREATE PROCEDURE deleteViews

@databasename varchar(30)
AS
DECLARE @viewname SYSNAME,
@sqls CHAR(255),
@fullviewname CHAR(255)

SELECT @sqls = 'DECLARE view_cursor CURSOR FOR SELECT name FROM '
+ @databasename + '..sysobjects WHERE type = ''v'' and name LIKE ''X%'' '

--

exec(@sqls)

OPEN view_cursor
FETCH NEXT FROM view_cursor INTO @viewname
WHILE (@@FETCH_STATUS=0)
BEGIN
 SELECT @fullviewname = @databasename + '..' + @viewname
SELECT 'current viewname is ' + @fullviewname
--EXEC ('DROP VIEW ' + @fullviewname)

FETCH NEXT FROM view_cursor INTO @viewname

END
CLOSE view_cursor
DEALLOCATE view_cursor
GO

12. Get all the column names in a table

SELECT name FROM syscolumns WHERE id in (SELECT id FROM sysobjects
where name = 'mycolumn')
13. Easy way is to access meta data is the 'information_schema' view:
SELECT * FROM information_schema.columns
14. How to restore a database FROM a .BAK file
RESTORE FILELISTONLY
FROM DISK =
'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL$AUS158\BACKUP\
SDRespondents.bak'
RESTORE DATABASE SDRespondents
FROM DISK =
'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL$AUS158\BACKUP\
SDRespondents.bak'
WITH MOVE 'SDRespondents_Data' TO
'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL$AUS158\Data\
SDRespondents.mdf',
MOVE 'SDRespondents_log' TO
'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL$AUS158\Data\
SDRespondents.ldf'
GO
15. How to retrieve data as xml
Use "FOR XML AUTO" or "FOR XML EXPLICIT"
SELECT * FROM sdgroups FOR XML AUTO
16. How to increase the timeout setting
When you get an exception like this:
Exception: System.Net.WebException Message: The operation has timed out
You need to increase the timeout setting by opening Enterprise Manager, right clicking on your server and
select "Properties", then "Connections", then set "Remote query timeout" to be something larger.
17. Connection Strings
Bad example where password is embedded (but occassionally useful for testing on dev boxes)
Application Name=myApplication; Data Source=myDatabaseServer; user
id=sa;password=mypassword; database=myDatabaseName
Real solution where password is not in connection string
 Data Source=myDatabaseServer; Trusted_Connection=yes; database=myDatabaseName
18. Working with Devices
Devices are containers for databases and their logs.
1. Creating Devices
DISK INIT creates devices:
To create data devices you must be in master.

DISK INIT name='LIBRARY_DEV1',

physname = 'c:\MSSQL\DATA\LIBRARY.DAT',
vdevno = 100, -- must be unique, use sp_helpdevice()
-- to find currently used device_number(s)
size = 10240 -- in 2K blocks
DISK INIT
name='LIBRLOG_DEV2',
physname = 'c:\MSSQL\DATA\LIBRLOG.DAT',
vdevno = 101,
size = 4096
2. Resizing Devices -- you can only increase the size of a device, never shrink DISK RESIZE name='MASTER',
SIZE=15360 -- size is in 2k pages
3. Deleting Devices Note: When using EntepriseManager to drop a device, it does not drop the .DAT file, instead
use: sp_dropdevice logical_name [, DELFILE] -- deletes .DAT file too
• Globally Unique Identifier - GUID
GUIDs are 16 byte binary integers created to be unique identifiers across database instances.
1. Create a GUID
SELECT newid()
Produces:
B3A15B59-AD75-4D8B-8888-0D839C84C301
2. An example
We create the first row by using newid() to have sqlserver create the GUID for us, the second row we
create by feeding it a GUID directly.
CREATE TABLE guidpractice
(
guid UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
fname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
lname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
)
insert guidpractice (guid,fname,lname) values (newid(),'Adam','Smith')
insert guidpractice (guid,fname,lname) values ('857CFD44-8BB4-4D05-AEF1-
22B62142A7FF','Adam','Smith')
select * from guidpractice
Produces:
DA4414FD-7178-4DE2-8C77-86817B04ECF8 Adam Smith
857CFD44-8BB4-4D05-AEF1-22B62142A7FF Adam Smith
3. You can have sqlserver create Guids by default
 CREATE TABLE guidpractice2
(
guid UNIQUEIDENTIFIER DEFAULT newid(),
fname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
lname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL
)
GO
INSERT guidpractice2 (fname,lname) VALUES ('Adam','Smith')
INSERT guidpractice2 (fname,lname) VALUES ('Adam','Smith')
SELECT * FROM guidpractice2
Produces:
guid fname lname
------------------------------------ -------------------- ------
D6A672EB-39A5-42E9-92C6-0C7DD0F9324D Adam Smith
609876C7-92A4-4D78-8393-19D72904F194 Adam Smith

• Misc SQL Stuff

1. when SQLServer UPDATEs a row, it really deletes it and replaces it with a new one
2. DATEDIFF
SELECT title,copy_no,due_date,DATEDIFF(DAY,due_date,GETDATE()) FROM overdue
WHERE DATEDIFF(DAY,due_date,GETDATE()) > 14
3. Set a database to single use only.
EXECUTE sp_dboption library, 'dbo use only', TRUE -- dbo user only
EXECUTE sp_dboption library, 'dbo use only', FALSE
4. Using local variables
You can define local variables with the "@" sign. These are used in parameterized sql commands.
DECLARE @lang varchar(12)
set @lang = 'en-UK'
SELECT name from SDTextDefinitions
WHERE text LIKE '%buy%' and lang=@lang
5. Using LIKE with a scalar variable and wildcards
You need to preface it with the wildcards in separate strings like this
DECLARE @lang varchar(12)
DECLARE @searcher varchar(12)
set @lang = 'en-UK'
set @searcher = 'buy'
SELECT name from SDTextDefinitions
WHERE text LIKE '%'+@searcher+'%' and lang=@lang
6. User Defined Datatypes (UDDT)
EXECUTE sp_addtype zipcode, 'char(10)'
EXECUTE sp_addtype phonenumber, 'char(13)', NULL
EXECUTE sp_droptype <typename> -- to get rid of it
to get a list of UDDT
 sp_help
7. Using a User Defined Type
CREATE TABLE member (
member_no member_no NOT NULL, -- member_no is a User Defined Data Type
lastname shortstring NOT NULL,
firstname shortstring NOT NULL,
middleinitial letter NULL,
photograph image NULL
)
8. sp_dboption examples
USE Master
EXECUTE sp_dboption mydb, 'trunc. log on chkpt.',true
to set SELECT into/bulkcopy
EXECUTE sp_dboption mydb, 'SELECT into/bulkcopy',true
9. Chars are treated as varchar's if NULL is a possible value.
10. NOCOUNT
SET NOCOUNT ON --suppress 'rows affected' msg
SET NOCOUNT OFF
11.Don't use "= NULL". Use "IS NULL" because ANSI NULLs fail all comparisons "NULL = NULL" is
false Order of Presedence: (),NOT,AND,OR
12. the EXECUTE command can be used to build commands from parts
1. Example 1
create proc displaytable
@tbl varchar(30)
as
EXECUTE ('SELECT * FROM ' + @tbl)
2. Example 2
SELECT @cmd = "create database "+@projabbrev+" ON "+@datadevice+" = 6 LOG ON
"+@logdevice+" = 6"
SELECT @cmd
EXECUTE (@cmd)
13. Terms:
A batch is a set of one or more SQL statements submitted together and executed as a single group. A
script is a series of one or more batches submitted one after the other. A script is a file, with a default
extension of .SQL Comparison operators (=,<>,>,<,>=,<=), BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, IS NULL, and IS NOT
NULL
14. The System supplied databases.
Database Function
Master: Controls all user databases and SQL Server as a whole
Model: Serves as a template when creating new user databases
Msdb: Provides support for the SQL Executive service
Tempdb: Used for temporary working storage for all connections
pubs: A sample database
15. Wait, pause, sleep command
WAITFOR DELAY '00:00:59' -- sleeps for 59 seconds
SELECT @cmd = "create database "+@projabbrev+" ON "+
@datadevice+" = 6 LOG ON "+@logdevice+" = 6"
SELECT @cmd
EXECUTE (@cmd)

16. Get all the column names in a table

SELECT name FROM syscolumns WHERE id in (SELECT id FROM sysobjects
where name = 'mycolumn')
17. Easy way is to access meta data is the 'information_schema' view:
SELECT * FROM information_schema.columns
18. How to restore a database FROM a .BAK file
RESTORE FILELISTONLY
FROM DISK =
'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL$AUS158\BACKUP\
SDRespondents.bak'
The above command will show two rows. The database name and the log file name are in the first
column, 'LogicalName'. These should be inserted below for 'SDRespondents_Data' and
'SDRespondents_log' respectively.
RESTORE DATABASE SDRespondents
FROM DISK =
'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL$AUS158\BACKUP\
SDRespondents.bak'
WITH MOVE 'SDRespondents_Data' TO
'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL$AUS158\Data\
SDRespondents.mdf',
MOVE 'SDRespondents_log' TO
'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL$AUS158\Data\
SDRespondents.ldf'
GO
19. How to see all active requests
SELECT start_time, [text], status, total_elapsed_time,
DB_Name(database_id), blocking_session_id, wait_type,
wait_time, cpu_time, command,
logical_reads, text_size, row_count, session_id
FROM sys.dm_exec_requests AS R
CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(plan_handle) AS S
WHERE session_id <> @@SPID;
20. How to retrieve data as xml
Use "FOR XML AUTO" or "FOR XML EXPLICIT"
SELECT * FROM sdgroups FOR XML AUTO
21. Connection Strings
 Bad example where password is embedded (but occassionally useful for testing on dev boxes)
Application Name=myApplication; Data Source=myDatabaseServer; user
id=sa;password=mypassword; database=myDatabaseName
Real solution where password is not in connection string
Data Source=myDatabaseServer; Trusted_Connection=yes; database=myDatabaseName
22. Working with Devices
Devices are containers for databases and their logs.
1. Creating Devices
DISK INIT creates devices:
To create data devices you must be in master.

DISK INIT name='LIBRARY_DEV1',

physname = 'c:\MSSQL\DATA\LIBRARY.DAT',
vdevno = 100, -- must be unique, use sp_helpdevice()
-- to find currently used device_number(s)
size = 10240 -- in 2K blocks
DISK INIT
name='LIBRLOG_DEV2',
physname = 'c:\MSSQL\DATA\LIBRLOG.DAT',
vdevno = 101,
size = 4096
2. Resizing Devices -- you can only increase the size of a device, never shrink DISK RESIZE name='MASTER',
SIZE=15360 -- size is in 2k pages
3. Deleting Devices Note: When using EntepriseManager to drop a device, it does not drop the .DAT file, instead
use: sp_dropdevice logical_name [, DELFILE] -- deletes .DAT file too
23. Resetting a user's password
sp_password 'myusername', 'my+stro'

K( Now) U R
DBDeveloper