CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

LECTURE NO. 1
PREVIEW OF TODAY’S TOPICS
 Atom  Molecule  Ion
 Relative Atomic mass  Isotopes
LONG QUESTION
What are ions? Discuss their types. (K.B)
SHORT QUESTIONS
• Define relative atomic mass give two examples. (LHR 2019-22-K.B)
• How molecular ions are formed? Give example. (RWP 2022-K.B)
ATOM
Definition:
Atom is the smallest particle of an element which can take part as a unit in a chemical reaction.
Example:
He and Ne, = Independent existence
O and H = Do not exist independently.
History:
1. Democritus
• Atom is basic unit of matter.
2. John Dalton
• Explained law of conservation of mass and law of definite proportion
• Presented atomic theory
3. J. Berzelius
• Determined the atomic masses of elements.
• System of giving symbol to the elements.
• Evidence of atoms
1. Ordinary Microscope
Ordinary optical (compound) microscope cannot be used to observe atoms as it cannot measure
the size of an object less than 500nm. It is because it uses visible light as a source whose
wavelength can measure size of an object upto or above 500 nm.
2. Electron Microscope
Electron microscope made it possible to get direct evidence of atoms. It uses electron beams as a
source whose wavelength is much shorter (2-3Ao) than visible light.
3. X-ray Analysis
(a) Radius 1  10-10m or 1Ao or 0.1nm
(b) Diameter 2  10-10m or 2Ao or 0.2nm
MOLECULE
Definition:
The smallest particle of a pure substance which can exist independently.
Example: Cl2, HCl

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CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS
CLASSIFICATION OF MOLECULES
Basis Type of Molecules Definition: Examples
(i) Monoatomic molecule Consists of only one atom He, Ne
Consists of only two same or
(ii) Diatomic molecule O2, HCl
1. Atomicity different atoms
Consists of more than one (same or S8, P4, O3,
(iii) Polyatomic molecule
different) kinds of atoms H2SO4
(i) Homoatomic molecule Composed of one kind of atoms O2, S8
2. Nature (ii) Heteroatomic
Composed of different kinds of atoms CO, CH4
molecule
Very small in size and having
(i) Micromolecule H2O, CO2
molecular mass < 10,000 a.m.u
3. Size Very larger in size and consisted of
Starch,
(ii) Macromolecule large number of atoms and having
Cellulose
molecular mass > 10,000 a.m.u
ION
(i) Types of ions
(ii) Cation formation
(iii) Anion formation
(iv) Molecular ions
(v) Condition of ion formation
Definition:
Species which carry either positive or negative charge.
TYPES OF IONS
Type Definition Example
1. Simple Ion (atomic ion) Charge present on simple atom K+, Cl–
A positive ion formed by loss of one or more
(i) Cation Na+, Mg+2
electrons from a neutral atom
A negative ion formed by gain of one or
(ii) Anion Cl–, O–2
more electrons from a neutral atom
Consist of group of atoms having some net
2. Polyatomic Ion NO3–1, SO4–2
charge
Formed by loss or gain of electrons by a
3. Molecular Ion molecule (getting some charge positive or NH3+, CH4+
negative)
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS
Definition:
The mass of an atom of an element as compared to the mass of an atom of carbon taken as
12.000 a.m.u.
Example: H = 1.008 a.m.u
–27
• Mass of Atom: 10–27 kg to 10–25 kg or 10–24g to 10–22g 1 amu =1.661 × 10 kg
ISOTOPES
Definition:
Same atomic number but different mass number.
Classification of elements on the basis of number of isotopes
(a) Mono isotopic elements: The elements having only one isotope.
Example: Fluorine, Iodine.
(b) Poly isotopic elements: The elements having two or more isotopes.
Example: Nitrogen = 2, Hydrogen = 3.

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 CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS
• Classification of isotopes
300 radioactive isotopes are produced by
artificial radioactivity

ISOTOPES

126 isotopes even A and Odd Z, even Z

and Odd A, odd Z and odd A
Naturally
occurring 280
154 isotopes with even atomic number
and even mass number

* 168 O , 24 28 40 56
12 Mg , 14 Si , 20 Ca , 26 Fe
240 stable 40 radioactive Form nearly 50% of the earth crust.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. A Swedish chemist J. Berzelius determined (SGD 2019-K.B)
(a) Atomic number (b) Atomic mass
(c) Molecular mass (d) Ionic mass
2. CO+1 is an example of (U.B)
(a) Free radical (b) Anionic molecular ion
(c) Cationic molecular ion (d) A stable molecule
3. Isotopes differ in (GRW 2021-K.B)
(a) Physical properties (b) Chemical properties
(c) Number of protons (d) Both physical and chemical properties
4. The element nickel has isotopes (LHR 2021, FSD 2022-K.B)
(a) 5 (b) 2
(c) 7 (d) 3
5. Number of isotopes of oxygen is (GRW 2021, DGK 2022-K.B)
(a) Two (b) Three
(c) Four (d) Five
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Why atoms cannot be observed by an ordinary optical microscope? (RWP 2019-A.B)
Ans: Ordinary optical (compound) microscope cannot be used to observe atoms as it cannot
measure the size of an object less than 500nm. It is because it uses visible light as a
source whose wavelength can measure size of an object upto or above 500 nm.
Electron microscope made it possible to get direct evidence of atoms. It uses electron
beams as a source whose wavelength is much shorter (2-3Ao) than visible light.
2. Why isotopes have same chemical but different physical properties? (LHR 2021-U.B)
Ans: Chemical properties of element depend upon number of electrons. So, number of
electrons in isotopes are same which show the same chemical properties but physical
properties depend upon the number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) which are different
for different isotopes of same element.
For example, all isotopes of hydrogen have one electron in valence shell. Protium and
deutrium reacts with oxygen to form water and heavy water respectively.
1 1
H 2 + O 2 ⎯⎯ → H 2 O, D 2 + O 2 ⎯⎯ → D 2O
2 2
Physical properties like melting, boiling, density, etc. are different for different isotopes
of hydrogen.
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 CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS
LECTURE NO. 2
PREVIEW OF TODAY’S TOPICS
 Empirical formula and
 Mass spectrometry  Analysis of compound
Molecular formula
LONG QUESTION
Describe combustion analysis. Also write formula to calculate percentage of hydrogen,
carbon and oxygen. (FSD 2022-A.B)
SHORT QUESTIONS
• How can you justify with example that molecular formula = n× empirical formula.
(LHR 2022, FSD 2022, BWP 2022-K.B)
• Mg– atom is twice heavier than that of carbon atom. Explain. (FSD 2022, SWL 2019-U.B)
MASS SPECTROMETRY
Definition:
Technique used to determine the exact relative atomic masses, their relative abundance and
number of isotopes.
• Mass Spectrometer
Instrument used to measure the exact masses of different isotopes of an element.
(a) Types of mass spectrometer
1. Aston’s mass spectrometer:
Identify the isotopes of an element on the basis of their atomic masses.
2. Dempster’s mass spectrometer:
Identify isotopes of such elements which were available in solid state.
3. Modern mass spectrometer:
Contains two additional components i.e.; amplifier and recorder.
(b) Components of mass spectrometer
1. Vaporization or volatilization chamber:
Substance converted into vapour state
2. Ionization chamber:
Ionization of substance by fast moving electrons.
3. Electric field (accelerator)
• Potential difference applied = 500-2000 volts
• Positive ions are attracted towards the negative grid.
4. Magnetic field (deflector)
• Separation of ions on the basis of m/e
m H 2r 2
• =
e 2E
5. Electrometer or Ion collector (detector)
Ions of isotopes are made to fall on electrometer which develops electric current.
Modern mass spectrometer:
1. Amplifier
The ionic current is amplified and fed to the recorder.
2. Recorder
Makes a graph showing the relative abundance of isotopes plotted against the m/e ratio.

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CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

ANALYSIS OF COMPOUND
Qualitative analysis:
Technique used to determine the unknown elements present in the sample of a compound.
Quantitative analysis:
Technique used to determine mass of each element in the sample of a compound.
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
Definition:
Shows the simplest ratio between the atoms of the elements in a compound.
Example:
Empirical formula of benzene (C6H6) = CH and Glucose (C6H12O6) = CH2O
• Empirical formula from combustion analysis
mass of H 2 O 2.016
(i) % Hydrogen = × ×100
mass of organic compound 18
mass of CO2 12
(ii) % Carbon = × ×100
mass of organic compound 44
(iii)% Oxygen = 100 - (% of C + % of H) ----------- method of difference.

MOLECULAR FORMULA
Definition:
Based upon the actual ratio between the atoms in a molecule of a compound.
Example:
Molecular formula of benzene is C6H6
• Relationship between Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula
 Molecular mass 
Molecular formula = n x Empirical formula  n = Empiricalformula mass 
 

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 CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The height of the peaks in a mass spectrum shows (U.B)
a) Number of isotopes b) Mass number of isotopes
c) Relative abundance of isotopes d) Number of protons
2. The deflection of positive ions of the isotopes on the ion collector of mass spectrometer
depends upon (A.B)
a) Mass to charge ratio b) Strength of electric field
c) Strength of magnetic field d) All of the above
3. Empirical Formula of Benzene is (U.B)
a) CH2O b) C2HO
c) CH d) C3H3
4. During Combustion analysis CO2 gas formed, is absorbed in (K.B)
a) 50% KOH b) Al2O3
c) Mg(ClO4)2 d) SiO2
5. Which of the following compounds contain the highest percentage by mass of nitrogen? (U.B)
a) NH3 b) (NH2)2CO
c) N2H4 d) NH2CONH2
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. How do no individual Ne atom in the sample of the element has mass of 20.18 a.m.u
(GRW 2017, LHR 2018-A.B)
Ans: Yes, there is no individual atom in the sample with this atomic mass. Actually, 20.18 amu
is the average of atomic masses of all the isotopes ( 1020 Ne, 1021Ne and 1022 Ne ) and their relative
abundance (90.92%, 0.257%, 8.82%).

Average atomic mass =

( 20×90.92 ) + ( 21+0.527 ) + ( 22×8.82 )
100
Average atomic mass = 20.18amu
2. What is function of magnetic field in mass spectrometer (BWP 2022-A.B)
Ans: The cations of isotopes of an element have different masses and hence different mass to
charge ratio (m/e). The ions are separated by passing through strong magnetic field on the basis
of their m/e values. Actually magnetic field makes the ions to move in a circular path
(curvature).
Smaller the (m/e) ratio of cation of an isotope, smaller will be the radius of curvature in magnetic
field. Therefore, greater will be the deflection and vice versa. The positive ions of definite m/e
value will move in the form of groups one after the other and will fall on the electrometer. The
mathematical relationship for m/e ratio is:
m H 2r 2
=
e 2E
Where,
H is strength of magnetic field, E is strength of electric field, r is the radius of circular path.

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CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS
LECTURE NO. 3
PREVIEW OF TODAY’S TOPICS
 Concept of Mole, Avogadro’s Number and Molar volume  Stoichiometry
LONG QUESTION
Define the following terms and give two examples of each (DGK 2022-A.B)
(i) Gram Formula (ii) Gram ion (iii) Gram atom (iv) Percentage yield
SHORT QUESTIONS
• Calculate mass in grams of 2.74 moles of KMnO4 (FSD 2021-A.B)
• What is stoichiometry? Which laws are obeyed during stoichiometric calculations.
(MTN 2022-K.B)
CONCEPT OF MOLE
Definition:
The relative atomic mass, molecular mass, formula mass and mass of ionic specie when
expressed in grams is called gram atom, gram molecule, gram formula mass and gram ion
respectively or gram mole or simply mole.
Example: 1gram formula (1mole) of NaCl = 58.5 g
AVOGADRO’S NUMBER
Definition:
The number of particles (atoms, ions, molecules, formula units) present in one mole of the
respective substance
Symbol, Value: Denoted by NA. Its value is 6.022  1023
Example:
Na = 23g = 1mole = 6.022  1023 atoms.
H2O = 18g = 1mole = 6.022  1023 molecules.
NaCl = 58.5g = 1mole = 6.022  1023 formula units.
CO32- = 60g = 1mole = 6.022  1023 ions.
• Determination number of particles
(a) Determination of number of atoms
Number of atoms of an element = Mass of an element in ( g ) × N A
Atomic mass
(b) Determination of number of Molecules
Number of molecules of compound = Mass of compound in ( g ) × N A
Molecular mass
(c) Determination of number of Ions
Mass of ionic specie in ( g )
Number of ions = × NA
Formula mass
MOLAR VOLUME
Definition:
The volume occupied by one mole of an ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP) is
called molar volume. Its value is 22.414dm3 0.022414 m3.
Example:
2.016g of H2 = 1mole of H2=6.022x1023 molecules of H2 = 22.414dm3 of H2 at S.T.P.
STOICHIOMETRY
Definition:
Deals with the quantitative relationship of the reactants and the products in the balanced
chemical equation.
Example: C +O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → CO2

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 CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS
• Postulates/Assumptions
1. All the reactants (in stoichiometric amounts) are completely converted into the products
(Law of conservation of mass is obeyed).
2. No side reaction occurs.
3. The reaction must be irreversible.
• Limitations of a chemical equation
1. Does not show the rate of the reaction.
2. Does not tell about the conditions necessary for the reaction.
3. Can even be written to describe a chemical change that doesn’t occur.
• Stoichiometric Relation
1. Mass-mass relationship
2. Mass-mole relationship
3. Mass-volume relationship
4. Mole-mole relationship
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The number of moles of CO2 which contains 8.0g of Oxygen. (BWP 2022, FSD 2022-A.B)
a) 0.25 b) 0.50
c) 1.0 d) 1.5
2. The number of atoms in 1.79g of gold and ______ g of sodium are equal. (SGD 2021-U.B)
a) 0.023 b) 0.23
c) 23 d) 230
3. The mass of one mole of electron is (GRW 2019, LHR 2022, BWP 2022, D.G.K 2022, SWL 2019-U.B)
a) 1.008mg b) 0.55 mg
c) 0.184mg d) 1.673 mg
4. One mole of SO2 consists of (LHR 2019-22, BWP 2022, RWP 2022, SWL 2022-U.B)
a) 6.02 × 1023 atoms of oxygen b) 18.1×1023 molecules SO2
23
c) 6.02 × 10 atoms of sulphur d) 4gram atoms of SO2
5. The largest number of molecules are present in (GRW 2018, LHR 2019, MTN 2019-U.B)
a) 3.6g of H2O b) 4.8g of C2H5OH
c) 2.8g of CO d) 5.4g of N2O5
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. What are the conditions or assumptions for the stoichiometric calculations? Why are
these assumptions necessary? (GRW 2021, LHR 2021-U.B)
Ans: There are three conditions or assumptions for stoichiometric calculations.
• All the reactants are converted completely into products i.e. irreversible reaction
• No side reaction occurs.
• Law of conservation of mass and law of definite proportions are obeyed.
These assumptions are necessary because the chemical equations can be written for such
chemical changes which do not occur at all.
2. Define mole. Calculate the gram atoms (mole) in 0.1 g of sodium
(LHR 2021, MTN 2022-A.B)
Mass of element in gram
Ans: Number of gram atoms =
Atomic mass of element
Mass of sodium = 0.1g
Atomic mass of sodium = 23g/mol
Mass of substance
Number of moles (gram atoms) =
Atomic mass
0.1g
Number of gram atoms of sodium = −1
= 0.0043 = 4.3 × 10–3 mol
23gmol

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 CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS
LECTURE NO. 4
PREVIEW OF TODAY’S TOPICS
 Limiting reactant  Yield
LONG QUESTION
Define and explain limiting reactant with the help of two examples.
(MTN 2022, SWL 2019-K.B)
SHORT QUESTIONS
• Differentiate between theoretical yield and experimental yield (GRW 2021-K.B)
• How limiting reactant is identified? (GRW 2021, 19)
LIMITING REACTANT
Definition:
Reactant which is completely consumed earlier in a reaction.
2H 2 +O2 ⎯⎯ → 2H 2O
Example:
4g 64g
Limiting reactant = Hydrogen
• Identification of Limiting Reactant
1. Calculate the no. of moles from the given amount of reactant.
2. Find out the no. of moles of product formed by each reactant with the help of a balanced
chemical equation.
3. Identify the reactant which produces the least amount of product as limiting reactant.
YIELD
Definition:
The amount of the substance calculated from balanced chemical equation or produced as a result
of chemical reaction.
Types:
1. Theoretical yield
The maximum amount of product calculated from the balanced chemical equation.
2. Actual yield / Experimental yield
The amount of the product obtained experimentally as a result of chemical reaction.
• Reasons of Actual yield is mostly less than theoretical yield
1. Side reaction/ competing reaction.
2. Reversible reaction
3. Incomplete reaction
4. Inexperienced worker
5. Mechanical Loss of products during handling
Solvent extraction, Filtration, Distillation, Crystallization
Actual yield may be lesser due to inefficiency during the washing and drying of crystals.
• Percentage Yield
The ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield multiplied by 100 gives us percentage yield.
Actual Yield
Efficiency of reaction or % ageYield = × 100
Theoretical Yield

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 CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. A limiting reactant is the one which (LHR 2021, RWP 2022-U.B)
a) Is taken in lesser quantity in grams as compared to other reactants
b) Is taken in lesser quantity in volume as compared to the other reactants
c) Gives the maximum amount of the product which is required
d) Gives the minimum amount of the product under consideration
2. The actual yield is always less than the theoretical yield due to (U.B)
a) Rate of reactions are slow b) Products are stable
c) Side reaction d) Law of conservation of mass is not true
3. A mixture of 8g of hydrogen and 8 g of oxygen is ignited. What is the mass of water
formed? (A.B)
a) 9g b) 16g
c) 36g d) 72g
4. The amount of product obtained from balanced chemical equation is called (K.B)

a) Theoretical yield b) Experimental yield

c) Actual yield d) Percentage yield
5. Efficiency of chemical reaction can be checked by calculating (K.B)

a) Amount of limiting reactant b) %age yield

c) Amount of reactant in excess d) Amount of reactant left
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. How percentage yield is calculated? (LHR 2021, RWP 2022-K.B)

Ans: Percentage Yield (Efficiency of reaction):

The actual and theoretical yields are used to calculate the %age yield or efficiency of a reaction.

%age yield = × 100

2. How do many chemical reactions take place in our surroundings involve the limiting
reactant? (LHR 2018-22, FSD 2022-K.B)

Ans: Many chemical reactions in our environment take place involving limiting reactant.
Consider the example of burning of coal. Here coal is the limiting reactant while oxygen from air
is in excess.
Similarly the formation of oxides of nitrogen by lightening involves oxygen as limiting reactant
while nitrogen is in excess.

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CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS
LECTURE NO. 5
PREVIEW OF TODAY’S TOPICS
 Data of Numerical  Solution of Numerical
LONG QUESTION
When lime stone (CaCO3) is roasted, quicklime (CaO) is produced according to the
following equation. The actual yield of CaO is 2.5kg, when 4.5kg of lime stone is
roasted. What is the percentage yield of this reaction? (BWP 2021-U.B)
CaCO3(g) ⎯⎯ → CaO(g) + CO 2(g)
SHORT QUESTIONS
• 23g of sodium and 238g of uranium have equal number of atoms. Justify. (MTN 2019-U.B)
• Calculate mass in grams of 2.78×1021 molecules of CrO2Cl2 (MTN 2019-A.B)
NUMERICAL
Calculate the number of grams of K2SO4 and water produced when 14g of KOH are
reacted with excess of H2SO4. Also calculate the number of molecules of water
produced. (DGK 2021, SWL 2021-U.B)
Solution:
For doing such calculations, first of all convert the given mass of KOH into moles and then
compare these moles with those of K2SO4 with the help of the balanced chemical equation.
Mass of KOH = 14.0g
Molar mass of KOH = 39+16+1 = 56g/mol
14.0g
Number of moles of KOH = = 0.25
56gmol−1
Equation:
2KOH (aq) + H 2SO 4(aq) ⎯⎯
→ K 2SO 4(aq) + 2 H 2O ( )

To get the number of moles of K2SO4 compare the moles of KOH with those of K2SO4.
KOH : K2SO4
2 : 1
1
1 :
2
0.25 : 0.125
So, 0.25 moles of K2SO4 is being produced from 0.25 moles of KOH
Molar mass of K2SO4 = 2×39+96
= 174g/mol
Mass of K2SO4 produced = Number of moles × molar mass
= 0.125 moles × 174g mol–1
= 21.75g
To get the number of moles of H2O, compare the moles of KOH will those of water
KOH : H2O
2 : 2
1 : 1

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CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS
0.25 : 0.25
So, the number of moles of water produced is 0.25 from 0.25 moles of KOH
Mass of water produced = 0.25 moles × 18gmol–1
= 4.50g
Number of molecules of water = Number of moles × 6.02×1023
= 0.25 moles × 6.02×1023
= 1.50×1023 molecules.
Mg metal reacts with HCl to give hydrogen gas. What is the minimum volume of HCl
solution (27% by weight) required to produce 12.1g of H2? The density of HCl solutions
is 1.14g/cm3. (MTN 2021, DGK 2021-U.B)
Mg (s) + 2HCl(aq) ⎯⎯→ MgCl 2(aq) + H 2(g)

Solution:
Mass of H2 produced = 12.1g
Molar mass of H2 = 2.016gmol–1
Mass of H 2 12.1g
Moles of H2 = =
Molar mass of H 2 2.016gmol−1
= 6.0 moles
To calculate the number of moles of HCl, compare the moles of H2 with those of HCl.
H2 : HCl
1 : 2
6 : 12
So, 12 moles of HCl are being consumed to produce 6 moles of H2.
Mass of HCl = Moles of HCl × Molar mass of HCl
= 12 moles × 36.5gmol–1
= 438 grams
We know that HCl solution is 27% by weight, it means that
27g of HCl are present in HCl solution = 100g
100
1g is present in HCl solution =
27
100
438g are present in HCl solution =  438 = 1622.2g
27
Density of HCl solution = 1.14g/cm3
Mass of HCl solution
Volume of HCl =
Density of HCl
1622.2g
= 3
= 1423cm3
1.14gcm

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 CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. A ring is made up of 6.0g diamond. Diamond is pure carbon. How many carbon atoms
are present in the ring? (U.B)

a) 6.02 ×1023 b) 12.04 ×1023

c) 1.003 × 1023 d) 3.01×1023
2. 27g of Al will reacts of O2 to produce Al2O3 (MTN 2019-A.B)

a) 8g of oxygen b) 16g of oxygen

c) 24g of oxygen d) 32g of oxygen
3. The number of moles in 11g of CO2 gas is: (MTN 20219-A.B)

a) 0.2 mole b) 0.25 mole

c) 0.3 mole d) 0.5 mole
4. Equal volume of CO and N2 are taken in identical condition, the correct relationship
between masses of two gases is (U.B)

a) CO = N2 b) CO < N2
c) N2 < CO d) CO ≥ N2
5. The percentage of Nitrogen in Ammonia is (A.B)

a) 82.35% b) 46.67%
c) 92% d) 78%
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. One mole of H2SO4 should completely react with two moles of NaOH. How does
Avogadro’s number help to explain it? (A.B)

Ans: H2SO4 + 2 NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

2OH − + 2H + ⎯⎯
→ 2H 2O
One mole of H2SO4 gives 2NA hydrogen ions in the solution. To completely react with 2NA
hydrogen ions, we need 2NA hydroxide ions which are given by two moles of NaOH.
2. 23 grams of sodium and 238 grams of uranium, have same number of atoms. Explain with
reason. (A.B)
Ans: 23g of sodium and 238g of uranium, have same number of moles, so that’s why they have
same number of atoms.
23g of Na = 1 mole
238g of U = 1 mole
So,
Number of atoms of Na = Number of atoms of U
However,
The size of Na atom is smaller than size of U atom.

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