INTRODUTION:

Livestock production is one of the country’s economic

growth initiatives.Poultry production contribute
significantly to a low country’s socioeconomic growth by
delivering proteins that help to ensure food security.farm
workers involved in poultry production are today facing a
number of health related implications.
All infectious agents, toxics, and nutritional imbalances
have an impact on the performance of the farm and
consequently on the local poultry industry. Additionally,
some diseases of birds, such as influenza virus, imply a
potential zoonotic risk to the population and the
notification of some strains related to high virulence
involves commercial restrictions (ban on poultry
imports/exports) and therefore reduce profitability (Yin
et al., 2013). Poultry in Ethiopia are potentially an
excellent animal protein supplier serving as an important
contributor for food and nutrition security, and they are
sources of cash income for a large part of the population
(Shapiro et al. 2015; Wubet et al. 2019). The use of
pesticides and insecticides adversely affect the quality of
nearby surface and ground water resources
(Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Poultry
Production, 2007). Odor emissions, due to release of
gases including ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulphide
(H2S), along with some volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), significantly affect the environment and health of
poultry workers (Donham et al., 2002). Contentment
areas with high concentration of poultry or other
livestock have been associated with frequent complaints
of odor nuisance, which has been linked with health
symptoms, including headache, irritation of eyes, nose
and throat, and drowsiness (Hartung & Schulz, 2011). The
main air pollutants – collectively referred as bio-aerosols
– present in poultry production and hatcheries include
poultry dust (mainly produced from microorganisms and
their metabolites), pathogens, endotoxins, as well as NH3
and carbon dioxide (CO2), as a consequence of excreta
decomposition, respiration of poultry and other
operations in the animal contentement buildings. These
and others factors like manure, litter, feather, fragments
and skin of animals are associated with adverse
environmental and health impacts (Health and Safety
Executive, 2009).
Epidemiological studies have shown that acute and
chronic respiratory disease symptoms are prevalent in
poultry-farm workers due to exposure to environmental
conditions and live birds in contentment buildings.
Hypersensitive lung diseases, such as extrinsic allergic
alveolitis, and other acute respiratory symptoms
(coughing, wheezing, and respiratory distress) have been
associated with the inhalation of organic dust for
prolonged exposure periods. Chronic respiratory
disorders are also prevalent among poultry-farm workers,
with ‘ODTS (organic dust toxic syndrome)’ and asthma
being the most common. The type of health response
depends on the level and frequency of exposure (Viegas
et al., 2013). It is reported that 20% of the poultry-farm
workers suffer from acute respiratory disorders,
exhibiting symptoms such as wheezing, cough, phlegm,
and sputum (Oppliger et al., 2008). India was free from
HPAI till 17th February, 2006. India experienced the first
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) outbreak in
Maharashtra and Gujarat on 18th February, 2006,
followed by the second outbreak in Madhya Pradesh in
March, 2006. Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute
and highly contagious viral disease in chickens,
characterized by inflammation and haemorrhage of the
larynx and trachea (Craig et al., 2017).An attempt was
made to analyze the influence of season on the mortality
pattern of poultry in Namakkal belt, where about 30
million layer type of chickens and one million broiler type
of chickens are reared in approximately 900 farms. The
disease diagnosis was based on history, gross and
microscopic lesions and isolation and other diagnostic
tests. The data analysed were obtained for three years
from 2002 to 2004. Occurrence of Newcastle disease
(15.07%, 14.22% and 17.98%) was higher in winter and
rainy seasons than other diseases. Incidence of chronic
respiratoy disease and colibacillosis was high among
bacterial disease and there was no influence of season on
their occurrence. Occurrence of gangrenous dermatitis
was higher (10.22%) in winter season than in rainy
season (2.88%). Incidence of necrotic enteritis was high
in winter (2.53%) and rainy season (1.84%) as compared
to summer season. Though prevalence of coccidiosis in
young and deep-litter reared birds was high, it was not
uncommon in birds that were adult and grown in cage
system.Balasubramanium A.,Dorairajan N.(2009).
Influence of season on occurrence of poultry diseases in
Namakkal region of South India.
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Public
Law 91-596) mandates that employers provide their
workers with a safe and healthful workplace. Farmers
discovered that antibiotics turbocharged the growth of
birds by enabling more efficient conversion of feed to
muscle. Antibiotics also enabled farmers to manage
disease and stock poultry at higher densities (Doron,
2023).ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar produced R2B strain vaccine
since 1940 and F strain Vaccine since 1953.

Antiviral medication and seasonal influenza vaccine:

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
recommends that workers involved in HPAI control and
eradication activities receive a prophylactic antiviral drug
daily for the entire time they are in direct contact with
infected poultry or with virus-contaminated materials or
environments, and for one week following their last
exposure.3 CDC also recommends the current season’s
influenza vaccine for workers involved in HPAI control
activities. Other poultry workers should also consider
getting the current season’s influenza vaccine on an
annual basis. Although this vaccine will not prevent AI
infection, including HPAI H5N1 infection, it could prevent
dual infection and possible reassortment of the virus.
Macmahon L., Delaney j., kullman, Gibbins D., Decker and
Kiefer j.(2008).Protecting poultry workers from exposure
to Avian influenza viruses.Public health Rep.123(3):316-
322.
REVIEW Of LITERATURE:
In many cases, the bacterial component of a respiratory
disease colonizes the respiratory system only after a
primary viral or environmental insult. Colonization of the
airsacs of a chicken by Escherichia coli following an
infectious bronchitis virus infection is an example of
secondary bacterial invasion. In other cases, the bacterial
component of the respiratory disease is the primary
initiating cause of the disease. Examples of primary
bacterial respiratory disease are infectious coryza in
chickens and fowl cholera in chickens and turkeys.
Glisson.,R.(1998). Bacterial respiratory diseases of
poultry.poultry science 77 (8), 1139- 1142.
Respiratory diseases caused by viruses continue to be a
major cause of economic loss to the poultry sector.
Losses are encountered in several ways, including
mortalities, reduced weight gain, loss of egg production
and quality, carcase downgrading, costs of vaccines,
antimicrobial treatment for secondaries and diagnosis.
The most important virus diseases are those caused by
Newcastle disease virus, influenza virus, infectious
bronchitis virus, infectious laryngotracheitis and avian
pneumovirus. Other viruses may be associated with
respiratory disease manifestations, such as poxviruses,
adenoviruses and reoviruses, but these will not be
covered.
Jones.,C. (2004). Respiratory viral diseases- lessons to be
learned.Int poultry prod 12, 11-15.
Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) is caused by
Mycoplasmas gallisepticum (MG) and is prevailing in
layer, broiler and breeder poultry flocks. The infected
birds showed sneezing, rales, coughing and exudates
from nostrils and eyes. Mycoplasma species were
recovered 27.3% overall, 39.3 per cent of the tracheal
swabs, 15.9 per cent of tracheal tissues, 27.4 per cent of
lung tissues and 25 per cent of air sacs. Polymerase chain
reaction confirmed the nucleic acid of the MG from
tracheal swabs (68.18%), tracheal tissues (42.47%), lung
tissues (31.85%) and air sacs (50%) using universal and
MG specific primer. Gondal MA., Rabbani M.,
Muhammad k (2015).Characterization of Mycoplasma
gallisepticum isolated from commercial poultry flocks.
JAPS: Journal of Animal & plant Sciences 25 (1).
Exposure to dust is known to produce a variety of clinical
responses, including asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic
airways obstructive disease (COPD), allergic alveolitis,
and organic dust toxic syndrome (ODTS). A study was
developed to determine particle contamination in seven
poultry farms and correlate this with prevalence rate of
respiratory defects and record by means of a
questionnaire the presence of clinical symptoms
associated with asthma and other allergy diseases by
European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Poultry
farm dust contamination was found to contain higher
concentrations of particulate matter (PM) PM5 and
PM10. Prevalence rate of obstructive pulmonary
disorders was higher in individuals with longer exposure
regardless of smoking status. In addition, a high
prevalence for asthmatic (42.5%) and nasal (51.1%)
symptoms was noted in poultry workers.
Viegas.,Faisca VM., Dias H.(2013).Occupational exposure
to poultry dust and effects on the respiratory system in
workers. Journal of toxicology and Environmental
Health,part A 76 (4-5),230-239.
Previously released in June 2004 and temporarily
withdrawn. Now available!) Keeping poultry
contributes substantially to household food security
throughout the developing world. One of the principal
constraints to increasing small-scale poultry
production is Newcastle Disease. This acute viral
disease can typically kill up to 80 percent of
unprotected poultry in rural areas and is found
throughout the developing world. This technology
review presents the latest understanding of Newcastle
Disease, its characteristics, epidemiology, symptoms,
and control. It will be of practical value to state and
private veterinarians, and to all those involved with
rural poultry production who wish to control this
Alexander John., Jonathan G.(2004).A technology
review: Newcastle disease, with special emphasis on its
effect on village chickens. Food & Agriculture Org.,
Avian influenza that infects poultry in close proximity
to humans is a concern because of its pandemic
potential. In 2004, an outbreak of highly pathogenic
avian influenza H7N3 occurred in poultry in British
Columbia, Canada. Surveillance identified two
persons with confirmed avian influenza infection.
Symptoms included conjunctivitis and mild influenza
like illness. Taweed S., Danuta M.(2004).
Columbia.Emerging infectious diseases 10 (12),2196.

OBJECTIVES:
• To identify how poultry birds get diseases in poultry
farms.
• To identify the impact of poultry diseases on farm
workers.
• To identify the impact of poultry diseases on
production of the flock.
• To identify the prevention of poultry disease on farm
workers.