Disaster Management

Disaster Management
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COURSE FILE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
(Subject Code: 18CE4241)
IV Year B.TECH. (Civil engineering) II Semester
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
CHEERYAL (V), KEESARA (M), MEDCHAL DIST. - 501 301
(Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE, NEW DELHI , ACCREDITED BY NAAC)
2021 -2022

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Name of the Subject: DM
(SUBJECT CODE: 18CE4241) Program: UG

Branch: Civil engineering Version No:
01
Year: IV Updated on:
Semester: II No. of pages:
Classification status (Unrestricted)
Distribution List:
Prepared by:
1) Name : V. Anusha
2) Sign. :
3)Design : Asst. Professor
4) Date :
Verified by: * For Q.C Only.

1) Name : 1) Name :
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3) Design : 3) Design :
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Approved by:
1) Name : Mr V.Abdul Raffi

2) Sign :
3) Design : Incharge HoD
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Syllabus
3. Vision of the Institute
4. Mission of the Institute
5. Vision of the Department
6. Mission of the Department
7. Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
8. Program Outcomes (POs)
9. Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
10. Course objectives and Course Outcomes (COs)
11. Brief note on the importance of the course
12. Prerequisites
13. Instructional Learning outcomes
14. COs mapping with POs and PSOs
15. Class Time Table
16. Individual Time Table
17. Lecture schedule with methodology being used
18. Detailed Notes
19. Mid Exam/ End Exam Question Papers
20. Question Bank
21. Assignment questions
22. Unit wise quiz questions
23. References, Websites and E links
24. Quality measurement sheet
25. Student List

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJECT
A disaster is a consequence of a sudden disastrous event which seriously disrupts the
normal function of the society or the community to the extent that it cannot subsist
without outside help.A disaster is not just the occurrence of an event such as an
earthquake, flood, conflict, health epidemic or an industrial accident; a disaster occurs if
that event/process negatively impacts human populations. Disasters combine two
elements: hazard, and the vulnerability of affected people. “A disaster occurs when a
hazard exposes the vulnerability of individuals and communities in such a way that their
lives are directly threatened or sufficient harm has been done to their community’s
economic and social structure to undermine their ability to survive. A disaster can be
defined as any tragic event stemming from events such as earthquakes,
floods,catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions.
Depending on the intensity and severity of the disaster the normal needs and processes
are badly affected and deteriorated. Disasters are the effect of hazard on vulnerable or
defenseless areas. Hazards that occur in areas with low vulnerability do not result in a
disaster.
2. SYLLABUS
UNIT–I Understanding Disaster:Concept of Disaster – Different approaches – Concept

of Risk – Levels of Disasters – Disaster Phenomena and Events (Global, national and
regional) Hazards and Vulnerabilities: Natural and man-made hazards; response time,
frequency and forewarning levels of different hazards – Characteristics and damage
potential or natural hazards; hazard assessment – Dimensions of vulnerability factors;
vulnerability assessment – Vulnerability and disaster risk – Vulnerabilities to flood and
earthquake hazards.
UNIT–II Disaster Management Mechanism: Concepts of risk management and crisis

management – Disaster Management Cycle – Response and Recovery – Development,
Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness – Planning for Relief .
UNIT–III Capacity Building: Concept – Structural and Non-structural measures –

Capacity Assessment; Strengthening Capacity for Reducing Risk – Counter – Disaster
Resources and their utility in Disaster Management – Legislative Support at the state and
national levels .

UNIT–IV Coping with Disaster: Coping Strategies; alternative adjustment process –
Changing concepts of disaster management – Industrial Safety Plan; Safety norms and
survival kits – Mass media and disaster management.
UNIT–V Planning for disaster management: Strategies for disaster management

planning – Steps for formulating a disaster risk reduction plan – Disaster management
Act and Policy in India – Organizational structure for disaster management in India-
Preparation of state and district disaster management plans.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Disaster Management, Dr. Mrinalini Pandey, Wiley India Pvt Ltd., 2014
. 2. Disaster Science and Management, Tushar Bhattacharya, McGraw Hill Education,
2015.
3. Manual on Disaster Management in India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of
India https://www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/disaster_management_in_india.pdf
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Disaster Mitigation: Experiences and Reflections, PardeepSahni, PHI Learning, 2010.

2. Disaster Management Global Challenges and Local Solutions, Rajib, S and Krishna
Murthy, R.R, Universities Press Hyderabad, 2012.
3. Earth and Atmospheric Disaster Management: Nature and
Manmade,NavalePandharinath& C.K. Rajan, B.S. Publications, Hyderabad, 2009.
4. Manual on National Disaster Management Plan, National Disaster Management
Authority, Ministry of Home affairs, Government of India
(http://ndma.gov.in/images/policyplan/dmplan/National%20Disaster%20Management%2
0Plan%20 May%202016.pdf)
https://ndma.gov.in/images/pdf/NDMP-2018-Revised-Draft-1-2018OCT16-A.pdf
3. VISION OF THE INSTITUTE

Geethanjali visualizes dissemination of knowledge and skills to students, who eventually contribute
to the well-being of the people of the nation and global community.
4. MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE
1. To impart adequate fundamental knowledge in all basic sciences and engineering, technical
and Inter - personal skills to students.
2. To bring out creativity in students that would promote innovation, research
and entrepreneurship.

3. To Preserve and promote cultural heritage, humanistic and spiritual values promoting
harmony in society.
5. VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT
The Civil Engineering Department is committed to excellence, quality, and sustained growth while
offering our students an outstanding and rigorous education in an environment that supports
intellectual growth while meeting 21st century demands.
6. MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

1. To provide a high-quality educational experience for students in the field of Civil
Engineering with strong emphasis on professional ethics, social and environmental responsibilities.
2. To provide infrastructure and facilities to meet the latest technological requirements.
3. To provide research opportunities for faculty and students.
4. To have a continuous interaction with Industry with an emphasis on R&D.
5. To produce engineers capable of critical thinking, devoted to a lifetime of learning, and
highly sought after by employers.
7. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) are broad statements that describe the career and
professional accomplishments that the program is preparing the graduates to achieve within three to
five years of graduation. The PEOs for Civil Engineering program are:
PEO 1: Graduates will be technically adept in mathematical, scientific, and engineering

fundamentals to pursue their chosen profession or pursue advanced study with a commitment to
lifelong learning for professional development.
PEO 2:Graduates would be able to apply problem-solving skills to various engineering problems
including civil engineering that involves management of medium-sized projects to large-scale
projects using modern equipment or systems, and work on multidisciplinary projects in
multicultural environment demonstrating interpersonal skills.
PEO 3: Graduates will exhibit creativity, innovation, and professional ethics with leadership
qualities towards societal development.

8. PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs):
Program Outcomes (POs) describe what students are expected to know and be able to do by the
time of graduation to accomplish Program Educational Objectives (PEOs). The Program Outcomes
for Civil Engineering students are:
PO 1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO 2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyse complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO 3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO 4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO 5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
PO 6: The Engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant
to the professional engineering practice.
PO 7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO 8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO 9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO 10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
PO 11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO 12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

9. PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)
PSO 1: Apply knowledge in core areas of Civil Engineering such as Structural, Geotechnical,
Water Resources, Transportation and Environmental Engineering to Civil Engineering practice.
PSO 2: Utilize Civil Engineering principles that are appropriate to produce detailed drawings,
design reports, quantity and cost estimates, specifications, contracts and other documents
appropriate for the design, construction, operations and maintenance of Civil Engineering projects.
PSO 3: Shall interact and collaborate with stakeholders; execute quality construction works
applying Civil Engineering tools namely, Total Station, Global Positioning System (GPS), ArcGIS,
AutoCAD, STAAD and other necessary tools.
10. Course Objectives: Develop ability to

1. Understand the concept of disaster Hazards and Vulnerabilities.
2.Understand the Disaster Management Mechanism.
3. Understand the concept of Capacity Building.
4. Understanding the concept of Coping with Disaster.
5. Understand the Planning for disaster management.
11. Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, student would be able to
CO1. Define the Concept of Disaster and Disaster Phenomena and Events.
CO2. Explain Disaster Management Cycle and Response and Recovery .
CO3. Explain Capacity Assessment and Disaster Resources and their utility in Disaster
Management.
CO4. Explain Changing concepts of disaster management.
CO5. Explain Strategies for disaster management planning.
12. Pre-requisites:
● None
13. Instructional Learning outcomes:
CO1. Define the Concept of Disaster and Disaster Phenomena and Events.
CO2. Explain Disaster Management Cycle and Response and Recovery .
CO3. Explain Capacity Assessment and Disaster Resources and their utility in Disaster
Management.
CO4. Explain Changing concepts of disaster management.
CO5. Explain Strategies for disaster management planning.
14. COs mapping with POs and PSOs:

Mapping of Course Outcomes (COs) with Program Outcomes (POs) and Program specific
outcomes (PSOs)

15. CLASS TIME TABLE:
EEE

ECE

ME

CSE

12. Individual Time Table:

17. LECTURE SCHEDULE WITH METHODOLOGY BEING USED
No of No of LCD/B
Class Unit Topics to be covered Periods B
Understanding Disaster
1 Concept of Disaster 1 OHP
2 Different approaches 1 BB
3 Concept of Risk 1 BB
4 Levels of Disasters 1 BB
Disaster Phenomena and Events (Global, national and
5 regional) Hazards and Vulnerabilities: 1 OHP
6 Natural and man-made hazards 1 OHP
I Response time, frequency and forewarning levels of
7 different hazards 2 OHP
Characteristics and damage potential or natural hazards;
8 hazard assessment 1 BB
Dimensions of vulnerability factors; vulnerability
9 assessment 1 BB
10 Vulnerability and disaster risk 1 BB
11 Vulnerabilities to flood and earthquake hazards. 1 BB
Total 12
Disaster Management Mechanism
12 Concepts of risk management 1 BB
13 Crisis management 1 OHP
14 Disaster Management Cycle 2 OHP
15 Response and Recovery 2 OHP
II
16 Development 1 BB
17 Planning for Relief 2 BB
18 Prevention, 1 BB
19 Mitigation 1 BB
20 Preparedness 1 BB
Total 12
Capacity Building
21 Concept 1 BB
22 Capacity Assessment; 2 BB
23 III Strengthening Capacity for Reducing Risk 2 OHP
24 Counter 1 OHP
25 Structural and Non-structural measures 2 OHP

Disaster Resources and their utility in Disaster
26 Management 2 BB
27 Legislative Support at the state and national levels . 2 BB
Total 12
Coping with Disaster
28 Coping with Disaster Introduction 1 BB
29 Coping Strategies 2 OHP
30 Alternative adjustment process 2 OHP
IV
31 Changing concepts of disaster management 2 OHP
32 Industrial Safety Plan 2 BB
33 Safety norms and survival kits 1 BB
34 Mass media and disaster management. 2 BB
Total 12
Planning for disaster management
35 Planning for disaster management: 2 OHP
36 Strategies for disaster management planning 2 OHP
37 Steps for formulating a disaster risk reduction plan 2 OHP
38 V Disaster management Act and Policy in India 2 OHP
Organizational structure for disaster management in
39 India 2 BB
Preparation of state and district disaster management
40 plans. 2 BB
Total 12

UNIT-1
Disaster
The term disaster owes its origin to the French word ―Desastre‖ which is a combination of
two words ‗des‘ meaning bad and ‗aster‘ meaning star. Thus the term refers to ‗Bad or Evil
star‘.
A disaster can be defined as
 ―A serious disruption in the functioning of the community or a society causing wide
spread material, economic, social or environmental losses which exceed the ability of
the affected society to cope using its own resources‖.
 A disaster is a result from the combination of hazard, vulnerability and insufficient
capacity or measures to reduce the potential chances of risk.
 A disaster happens when a hazard impacts on the vulnerable population and causes
damage, casualties and disruption. Any hazard – flood, earthquake or cyclone which is
a triggering event along with greater vulnerability (inadequate access to resources,
sick and old people, lack of awareness etc) would lead to disaster causing greater loss
to life and property.
 The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Disaster as "any occurrence that
causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and
health services, on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside
the affected community or area‖.
Some Points -
 Disaster is a serious, dangerous and intolerable phenomena frequently occurring on
the planet earth in which thousands of people die in a moment. Huge infrastructures
get damaged within a few seconds or minutes.
 Disasters are the catastrophic events shocking the whole world and making the
humanity to feel very sad and depressed.
 A disaster occurs when a hazard exposes the vulnerability of individuals and
communities in such a way that their lives are directly threatened or sufficient harm
have been done to their community's economic and social structure to undermine their
ability to survive.
 A disaster can be defined as any tragic event stemming from events such as
earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents.

Characteristics of Disasters
In order to be able to identify that a situation is a disaster, the following characteristics must
be eminent and must seem to resonate with the eventsleading to the situation:
 It is an extra-ordinary event
 Usually occurs because of one of the danger sources, whether caused bynature or
human action.
 Seriously and substantially impact the most vulnerable groups
 Results in serious imbalance in the community functions
 Results in significant losses in human lives, materials and environment
 Exceeds the ability of an affected community to cope with using its ownresource
In reporting disasters and recording the same, the word disaster size comes into mind and the
disaster size takes into considerations the following aspects:
1. Scope can be thought of as a measure of the breadth of damage caused by a disaster. It

describes how extensively the larger community is impacted, including the rescue and
support infrastructure, which in turn predicts how much help, is available and how quickly
recovery can proceed. In an event witha large scope, survivors may be unable to turn to
their normal support systems of friends, family, and neighbors as they would after a
smaller scale traumatic event, since those people may be dealing with their own recovery
needs. Very large scope events, like Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy, or the 2010

earthquakesin Haiti and Chile, may leave survivors without a place to shop, work, go to
school, or pray. Many may be forced to relocate in order to find housing, work, and
schools, which add the emotional stress of resettling and losing one‘scommunity on top of
the direct disaster losses.
2. Intensity refers to level of damage in terms of injuries and deaths—the event‘s human
cost. Of course, any serious injury or loss of life will feel tragic for those directly affected,
but disasters that cause multiple losses can compound distress for everyone involved,
including professional responders who may suffer secondary trauma from exposure to
many injured people or dead bodies. The effect of losing multiple loved ones goes beyond
pure addition: Someone whose child and spouse were both killed in a disaster is not only
grieving two deaths at once, but he or she may have lost what would havebeen the main
source of comfort in grappling with the death of a child, as well as a chief reason to keep
on going in coming to terms with the sudden loss of a partner. As a result, people who
experienced multiple losses are at the highest risk of a difficult bereavement process and
readjustment and should be a focusof early mental health attention.
3. Scope and intensity are often linked, but not always. An event may be large inboth, or
large in one measure and small in the other. For example, a hurricane or ice storm may
cause extensive property damage, but if warnings were provided and complied with, the
human cost may be minimal. In contrast, an event like a fire in a nightclub can cause
extensive casualties but affect only one building, leaving the rest of the community‘s
physical infrastructure intactas it copes with the human loss.
4. Duration may be thought of in multiple ways. First, it can refer to the length of the
disaster itself, which could range from seconds for an earthquake or explosion, to hours or
days for a hurricane or blizzard, and even to weeks for a slowly advancing and receding
flood. Or we can think of duration as the lengthof time people are affected by a disaster,
including the recovery period as physical damage is repaired and losses are adjusted to
emotionally. In the caseof very large scope events that could take years, or could never be
fully completed.
Levels of Disaster:
There are four levels used to describe the severity of disasters:
Level I: A small local disaster usually affecting one to thirty households, which is within the
capabilities of local community resources to handle.
Level II: A medium-sized disaster usually affecting 40 to 150 households, which is beyond
the capabilities of local community resources to handle.
Level III: These are large disasters in terms of severity or geography which cause significant
damage and destruction and will usually receive a presidential declaration. A disaster this size
within the conference area requires full mobilization of the Conference Disaster Response
Center.

Level IV: A catastrophic disaster is defined as: "An event resulting in a large number of
deaths and injuries; extensive damage or destruction of facilities that place an overwhelming
demand on state and local response resources and mechanisms; a severe impact on national
security facilities and infrastructures that sustain them; a severe long-term effect on general
economic activity and severe effects on state, local and private sector initiatives to begin and
sustain initial response activities."
Approaches to Disaster Analysis

Alexander (1993) has identified six different approaches that social scientists researcher have
used to study disaster. They are:
(a) Sociological Approach
(b) Anthropological Approach
(c) Development Studies Approach
(d) Disaster Medicine and Epidemiology Approach
(e) Geographical Approach
(f) Technical Approach
Disaster: A Sociological Approach

Over the years Sociologists have agreed on the definition of disaster. They have ―interpreted
disasters as special types of social phenomena, in part because they are dramatic historical
happenings (events), and also because they compel collective reactions (social catalysts)‖.
The sociologists study a range of different types of events. They are natural hazards
(tornadoes, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions), accidents (air disasters,
explosions, large scale fires, breaking of dams). Not lots of sociological disaster studies have
been done on famines, epidemics, economic depressions, political revolutions and wars. 11
According to the sociologists, disasters are not more important than other social phenomenon.
However, they are different. According to them the key dimensions are -
(a) Examining how social systems react to physical harm and social disruption after the
occurrence of an event?
(b) Examining what social systems do to increase or mitigate the risk of physical harm and
social disruption before the occurrence of an event?
However, there are other dimensions as well. According to the sociologists, there are different
dimensions in thinking disaster as events.
(a) Length of Forewarning: This is the gap between the identification of hazardous
conditions and the actual effects on a particular location. This gap in time can be very short or
long.
(b) Magnitude of Impact: This is the magnitude of social disruption and physical harm. (c)
Scope of Impact: This is the geographical and social boundaries of the physical harm and
social disruption. The scope can be a regional one or a global one.
(d) Duration of Impact: This is the time between the staring of social disruption and physical

harm to the end. This duration can be short or long.
Disaster: An Anthropological Approach

According to the Anthropologist ―Disaster is seen as a process leading to an event that
involves a combination of a potentially destructive agent from the natural or technological
sphere and a population in a socially produced condition of vulnerability‖ (Oliver-Smith and
Hoffman, 1999). Henry (2005) has given an anthropological contribution to the complete life
cycle of disaster, from issues of vulnerable and perceived risk, to individual and social
responses and coping strategies, to relief and recovery efforts.
(a) Pre-Disaster Risk and Vulnerability: Within the same social system, a group of people
are more vulnerable to disasters than others. This inequality increases discrimination as well
as tensions both during the times of crisis and relief. The severity of disaster impact is
increased by conditions like poverty, racism, gender inequality, history of colonial
exploitation, global inequities, imbalances of trade and underdevelopment.
(b) Responses to Disaster: The anthropology of disaster has focused on changes occurring
within cultural institutions like religion, ritual, economic organization, politics (local
cooperation or conflict), the ability of local institutions to mitigate the impact of a disaster ,
and the differential capabilities of response due to ethnicity, gender, age and socioeconomic
status (Henry, 2005). They have shown adaptive coping strategies that have been used
traditionally to cope with disasters. They have noted how disasters change political
organizations and power relations between individuals, the state and international actors. They
have also looked at the changes that disasters bring to economic system in the form of
employment, sharing etc.
(c) Providing Relief: Development and Power: They supported a more developmental
approach to prevent future disasters than a top-down strategy.
Disaster: A Development Studies Approach
This approach looks at the problems of providing aid and relief to Third World Countries.
Mainly it addresses the problems of refugee management, health care and the avoidance of
starvation. Most of the disaster impact occurs in developing countries. This increases poverty
and human vulnerability. This approach is more concerned about the issues of vulnerability
and livelihood security.
Disaster: A Medicine and Epidemiology Approach
This approach mainly focuses on the management of mass causalities, treatment of physical
trauma and the epidemiological surveillance of communicable diseases. The incidence of such
disease generally increases after a disaster as there is a disruption of public health (Alexander,
1993). Medical support is the first priority after initial search and rescue phase (Beinin, 1985).
For example disasters like floods can create epidemic in the form of diarrhea, respiratory and

infectious diseases. Disasters like earthquakes and technological accidents create problems
like bone fractures and psychological trauma. If medical facilities are delivered to the victims
in the first few hours of disaster, that saves more number of lives (Smith, 2001)
Disaster: A Technical Approach
This is the approach of physical and natural scientists. They give more stress to seismology,
volcanology, geomorphology and other geophysical approaches (Alexander, 1993). The
emphasis here is on nature, scale, intensity and impacts on human structure or engineering. It
may have some elements of human ecology. 6:
Disaster: A Geographical Approach
This approach has used the social science methods and emphasis is given to the spatio-
temporal distribution of hazards, impacts and vulnerability. They have discussed how choices
are made between different types of adjustment to natural hazards.
A natural disaster is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or
other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic
disruption, or environmental damage.
Disaster phenomena and events

Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods, hurricanes,
tornadoes, blizzards, tsunamis, cyclones, wildfires, and pandemics are all natural hazards that
kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year. \
Here is a list of the major disasters that have taken place in India up till now.
1. Kerala Flood

Occurrence- 2018
Fatalities- 483
Kerala received 310mm of heavy rainfall in the first 48 hours. This led to the overflowing of
dams.
2. Kashmir Flood
Occurrence- 2013
Fatalities- 550+
Continuous rainfall and swelling of the Jhelum river caused a major flood in Kashmir. It
caused damage worth ₹6000 crores.
3. Uttarakhand Flood
Occurrence- 2013
Fatalities- 5700+
A huge cloudburst caused landslides and flash floods in Uttarakhand from 14th June to 17th
June. More than 1 lakh pilgrims were struck in the Kedarnath shrine.
4. Tsunami
Occurrence- 2004
Fatalities- more than 227,898
An earthquake with a magnitude of 9.1 to 9.3 caused this disaster. The tsunami had a major
impact on people‘s lives. Most households in India, Andaman 7 Nicobar Islands and Sri
Lanka were affected.
5. Gujarat Earthquake
Occurrence- 2001
The Richter scale showed 7.6 magnitudes. It damaged nearly 4 lakh homes. This earthquake
lasted for 120 seconds.
6. Odisha Super Cyclone

Occurrence- 1999
It was marked as the most dangerous tropical cyclone in the North Indian ocean.The cyclone
moved at an intensity of 260 km/h. It destroyed nearly 2.57 lakh houses.
7. Bengal Famine
Occurrence- 1770
Fatalities- Approximately 1 crore

This famine was caused due to a failed monsoon in 1769 and continued for two centuries. The
British East India Company‘s exploitive policy and weather conditions lead to this disaster.

Some of the major disaster of the world are mentioned below –
Haiti Earthquake (2010)
Even before the magnitude 7.0 earthquake, political conflict and a faltering economy had left
more than 70% of Haitians in poverty – a cycle of instability that continues today.
Infrastructure was weak, with many living in shantytowns.
But the earthquake‘s impact was hard to fathom. More than 220,000 people – two percent or
more of the population – were killed. One and a half million were displaced.
Ōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami, Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster (2011)

A magnitude 9.0 earthquake off the coast of Japan triggered a tsunami wave that rose 133 feet
at its highest and traveled as far as six miles inland – much larger and more powerful than
expected.
That alone would have been cataclysmic enough, but the event also triggered a technological
disaster on the scale of the infamous 1986 Chernobyl crisis: a series of nuclear meltdowns and
a large-scale release of radioactive material from the Fukushima Daiichi power plant.
Although estimates of the death toll vary, as many as 20,000 people were killed, in a country
whose wealth and well-developed infrastructure made that number feel impossible.
Hurricane Sandy (2012)

A predicted Category 1 storm quickly morphed into the largest hurricane on record (at the
time), causing widespread havoc through the Caribbean before crashing into the United
States‘ eastern seaboard, taking large swathes of New Jersey and New York, including New
York City, offline.
People were choked off from power and heat for days, with many trapped in high-rise
buildings, unable to evacuate or procure supplies. Over 100 people died in the United States
alone, many from exposure or related conditions.
The event challenged the sense of security felt by many Americans, and frenzy of media
attention on seemingly invincible New York City – itself one of the media centers of the
world – was unprecedented.
Typhoon Haiyan (2013)

This Category 5 ―super typhoon‖ crashed into the Philippines with wind speeds hovering near
200 miles per hour – at the time, the strongest cyclone ever. No matter what, Haiyan was
going to be deadly.
But the sheer scale of disaster was difficult to fathom. The storm surge – rising above 20 feet
in some areas – shocked the world. It swept through densely populated areas, including the
major city of Tacloban, leaving devastation in its wake.
The storm killed approximately 7,000 people and displaced more than 4 million.

West Africa Ebola Outbreak (2014-2016)
The deadliest Ebola outbreak in recorded history. The outbreak began in Guinea and quickly
spread to Sierra Leone and Liberia – and striking heavily in urban centers. Ebola killed more
than 11,000 people – approximately 40% of those who fell ill – over the course of two years.
The world was horrified by the deadliness and scope of the outbreak, and developed countries
were concerned for their own safety – Ebola cases even reached the United States and Europe.
The international community dove in to bolster local efforts.
Concern over the deadliness of the disease also spurred more concentration on vaccines and
treatments, some of which are being used in the fight against the Democratic Republic of
Congo‘s current outbreak.
Nepal Earthquake (2015)

This magnitude 7.8 earthquake destroyed homes throughout much of the country and toppled
tall buildings in Kathmandu, the capital.
Nepal‘s weak infrastructure made the earthquake especially dangerous, but the timing of the
earthquake was lucky: Because it was a Saturday afternoon, many people were outside their
homes. It‘s thought that the death toll – nearly 9,000 – could have been much higher.
Nepal‘s mountainous terrain made it difficult to access remote areas, which left many of the
injured stranded while rescue workers struggled to reach them.
Hurricane Harvey (2017)

At its strongest, Harvey was a Category 4 storm with 130-mile-per-hour winds.
But the storm brought home an important truth: It‘s water, not wind, that‘s the most perilous
part of a hurricane. Harvey brought trillions of gallons of rain to the southern coast, causing
levels of flooding in some places that scientists only expect to see once every 500,000 years.
Tens of thousands were displaced, critical access to health care was cut off, and 88 people
died.
Hurricane Maria (2017)

When the devastating storm hit first Dominica (as a Category 5 hurricane) and then Puerto
Rico (as a Category 4), it left devastation in its wake. Both countries were plunged into
darkness – in Puerto Rico‘s case, for up to a year in some places.
But the storm drew particular attention to Puerto Rico‘s status as a United States territory. 3.4
million citizens of one of the most developed countries in the world went without power for
months. The loss of power is also thought to be a major factor in many of the 3,000 deaths
attributed to the storm.
In addition, federal aid was and remains slow in coming, sparking concerns about unequal
treatment.

Cyclone Idai (2019)
The Category 3 storm crashed into southern Africa in March of this year, leaving devastation
behind in Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Malawi. 1,300 people were killed; infrastructure,
including many health facilities, was destroyed; and agricultural land was flooded with salty
water.
While all three countries struggle with economic and other issues, severe tropical storms – the
kind that regularly plague the Caribbean – have not historically been a problem in southern
Africa. Idai made it clear that, as the climate changes, sub-Saharan African countries will
have to be aware of tropical storms and have measures in place to protect against them.
Global Wildfires (2019)

Slash-and-burn agriculture caused massive, devastating wildfires in both the Amazon and
Indonesia, sickening hundreds of thousands and destroying treasured forest and rainforest
lands.
The blazes pitted palm oil farmers and beef ranchers against the international community,
raising the question of how to meet individual needs as the world works to fight climate
change and conserve valuable spaces.
And months after the Camp Fire killed 85 people in California and sent shock waves through
the United States, a spate of wildfires erupted across the state, displacing hundreds of
thousands and threatening a future of large-scale, climate-fueled blazes.
Risk:
Risk is a ―measure of the expected losses due to a hazard event occurring in a given area over
a specific time period. Risk is a function of the probability of particular hazardous event and
the losses each would cause.‖
The level of risk depends upon:
 Nature of the hazard
 Vulnerability of the elements which are affected
 Economic value of those elements
A community/locality is said to be at ‗risk‘ when it is exposed to hazards and is likely to be
adversely affected by its impact.
Concept of Risk:
 A Risk matrix is a matrix that is used during risk assessment to definethe various
levels of risk as the product of the harm probability categories and harm severity
categories

 Generally everyone has some understanding of the meaning of the word 'risk'.
 We are taught that something is risky, or we are told not to take risks. But what
exactly is 'a risk'?
 In fact we all take risks everyday quite happily. We do things knowingly that there is a
risk involved.
 For example, we know that there is a risk involved in driving a car, or riding a bike, or
going on a skiing holiday.
 We accept the level of risk because in our minds, although the potential consequences
can be death or serious injury, we think that if we are careful, the chance of
something dreadful happening is very low.
 When we evaluate a risk, we take into account two factors - the probability of
something happening that we don't want, and the consequences if it does.
 An airplane flight is a very good example. The consequence of a airplane crash is
usually the loss of most, if not all life on board - dreadful.
 This very low probability makes the risk very acceptable.
 So whether we choose to accept or decline a risk depends on the mixof two factors:
probability; and consequence
 Identifying, evaluating and understanding risks is a very importantaspect of disaster
management.
 We suffer dreadful consequences if risks are not appropriatelymanaged.
 The most widely understood risks are occupational health and safetyrisks.
 Most people generally associate the word 'risk' with injury, health risksand death.
 It is useful to think or risks as falling into two categories:
Risk of harm
Risk of detriment
 The risk of "harm" is the type of risk that we mostly think about.
 The word 'harm' is employed in relation to something living, usually aperson or the
natural environment
 The risk of "detriment" does not involve injury to something living.
 It generally means some form of economic loss, which might indeed include a
valuation of harm to living things but which also includes damage of a much wider

kind.
There are different ways of dealing with risk, such as:

 Risk Acceptance: an informed decision to accept the possible
consequences and likelihood of a particular risk.
 Risk Avoidance: an informed decision to avoid involvement in activitiesleading to
risk realization.
 Risk Reduction: refers to the application of appropriate techniques toreduce the
likelihood of risk occurrence and its consequences.
 Risk Transfer :involves shifting of the burden of risk to another party.
 One of the most common forms of risk transfer is Insurance.
Disaster Risk Reduction:

Disaster Risk Reduction can take place in the following ways:
1. Preparedness: This protective process embraces measures which enable governments,
communities and individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situations to cope with them
effectively. Preparedness includes the formulation of viable emergency plans, the
development of warning systems, the maintenance of inventories and the training of
personnel. It may also embrace search and rescue measures as well as evacuation plans for
areas that may be at risk from a recurring disaster. Preparedness therefore encompasses those
measures taken before a disaster event which are aimed at minimizing loss of life, disruption
of critical services, and damage when the disaster occurs.
2. Mitigation: Mitigation embraces measures taken to reduce both the effect of the hazard and
the vulnerable conditions to it in order to reduce the scale of a future disaster. Therefore
mitigation activities can be focused on the hazard itself or the elements exposed to the threat.
Examples of mitigation measures which are hazard specific include water management in
drought prone areas, relocating people away from the hazard prone areas and by strengthening
structures to reduce damage when a hazard occurs. In addition to these physical measures,
mitigation should also aim at reducing the economic and social vulnerabilities of potential
disasters.
Environmental Hazards:
Hazard is any substance, phenomenon or situation, which has the potential to cause disruption
or damage to people, their property, their services and their environment.
The word hazard originated from French ‗hazard‘ and ‗az-zhar‘ in Arabic meaning chance or
luck. Hazard defines as ―a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the potential for
causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.
It is divided into two groups natural and manmade hazards.

Classification of Natural Hazards
Classification A
Geologic Hazards:
 Earthquakes
 Volcanic Eruptions
 Tsunami
 Landslides
 Floods
 Subsidence
 Impacts with space objects
Atmospheric Hazards:
These are also natural hazards which occur due to processes operatingin the atmosphere.
 Tropical Cyclones
 Tornadoes
 Droughts
 Severe Thunderstorms
 Lightening
Other Natural Hazards:
These are hazards that may occur naturally, but don't fall in to either of the categories above.
They will not be considered to any great extent in this course, but include:
 Insect infestations
 Disease epidemics
 Wildfires
Natural Hazards can also be divided into catastrophic hazards, which have devastating
consequences to huge numbers of people, or have a worldwide effect, such as impacts with
large space objects, huge volcanic eruptions, world-wide disease epidemics, and world-wide
droughts.
Such catastrophic hazards only have a small chance of occurring, but can have devastating
results if they do occur.
Man-made Hazard (Anthropogenic Hazards)
These are hazards that occur as a result of human interaction with the environment. They
include Technological Hazards, which occur due to exposure to hazardous substances, such
as radon, mercury, asbestos fibers,and coal dust.
They also include other hazards that have formed only through human interaction, such as

acid rain, and contamination of the atmosphere or surface waters with harmful substances, as
well as the potential for human destruction of the ozone layer and potential global warming.
Examples of some Man-Made hazards are:
 Global Warming: Projected increases in the Earth‘s atmosphere‘s average
temperature. In the 20th century the Earth‘s average temperature rose about 0.6
degree Celsius.
 Crime: It is a kind of Sociological hazard. Crime is a breach of laws and rules. For
example Breach of contract.
 Industrial Hazard: It is a kind of Technological hazard. Industrial hazards often
have an environmental impact. For example Bhopal Disaster (worst industrial
disaster to date).
Classification B Natural Hazards can also be divided into

Rapid onset hazards, such as Volcanic Eruptions, Earthquakes, Flash floods, Landslides,
Severe Thunderstorms, Lightening, and wildfires, which develop with little warning and strike
rapidly.
Slow onset hazards, like drought, insect infestations, and disease epidemics take
years to develop.
Classification C
1) Dormant Mode:
The situation that has the potential to be hazardous, but no people, orenvironment is currently
affected by this. For example: An unstable hillside, has a potential for a landslide but there is
nothingbelow or on the hillside that could be affected.
2) Active Mode:
An incident in which hazard has actually occurred, creating anEmergency situations or
Disasters.
Frequency:
The frequency of a natural hazard event is the number of times it occurswithin a specified
time interval.
Magnitude:
The magnitude of a natural hazard event is related to the energy released by the event. It is
distinguished from intensity which is related to the effects at a specific location or area.
The Return Period

Majority of hazards have return period on a human scale.eg: five-year flood, fifty-year flood
etc. This reflects a statistical measure of how often a hazard event of a givenMagnitude and
intensity will occur. The frequency is measured in terms of a hazard‘s recurrence interval.
Effects of HazardsPrimary Effects:

These occur as a result of the process itself. For example water damage during a flood or
collapse of buildings during an earthquake, landslide, or hurricane.
Secondary Effects:
These occur only because a primary effect has caused them. For example, fires ignited as a
result of earthquakes, disruption of electrical power and water service as a result of an
earthquake, flood, or hurricane, or flooding caused by a landslide into a lake or river.
Tertiary Effects:
These are long-term effects that are set off as a result of a primary event. These include
things like loss of habitat caused by a flood, permanent changes in the position of river
channel caused by flood, crop failure etc.
Forewarning levels of different hazards:
Early warning systems have been around for a long time. Ancient tribes in the Pacific
observed the precursory signs of tsunamis in the ocean to warn their communities. In a similar
fashion, tribes in Africa and in the Americas watched the skies to warn about potentially
catastrophic weather. In the recent past, an improved understanding of the natural hazards that
trigger disasters and the deployment of improved sensors and means of communication to
transmit the data to observatories in countries have allowed for the improvement of early
warning systems and to extend the list of hazards under surveillance.
The relevance of early warning systems has been recognized by the disaster management
community and is mentioned explicitly in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015-2030 in Priority 4 (Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to
"Build Back Better" in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction) and in Target G
(Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems
and disaster risk information and assessments to the people by 2030).
The climate change community also recognized the relevance of early warning systems and
included the need to conduct such efforts in the Paris Climate Agreement (Article 7,
paragraph 7c).
Early warning systems have been implemented and are now operated at the local level for
some hazards such as floods; and at the national level to address a variety of hazards. In
addition, efforts have been carried out under the umbrella of the United Nations since the
nineties to promote the implementation or improvement of early warning systems around the
world, including through international cooperation.

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) defines an early warning
systems as "an integrated system of hazard monitoring, forecasting and prediction, disaster
risk assessment, communication and preparedness activities systems and processes that
enables individuals, communities, governments, businesses and others to take timely action to
reduce disaster risks in advance of hazardous events".
Four levels of early warning system.

Image: UNDRR.
In 2003, experts taking part in the 2nd International Early Warning Conference introduced the
current concept of efficient or people-centred early warning systems based on four elements:
1. Disaster risk knowledge based on the systematic collection of data and disaster risk
assessments
2. Detection, monitoring, analysis and forecasting of the hazards and possible consequences
3. Dissemination and communication, by an official source, of authoritative, timely, accurate and
actionable warnings and associated information on likelihood and impact
4. Preparedness at all levels to respond to the warnings received
In recent years, the concept of multi-hazard early warning systems has been promoted at the
international level. Such systems address several hazards and/or impacts of similar or
different type in contexts where hazardous events may occur alone, simultaneously,
cascadingly or cumulatively over time, considering the potential interrelated effects. During
the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held in Sendai, Japan, in March
2015, various UN organizations, including UNOOSA, and other regional and national
organizations joined forces to launch the International Network on Multi-Hazard Early
Warning Systems (IN-MHEWS).
Space technologies are playing their role in contributing to early warning systems including
through satellite telecommunications, Earth observation and research efforts that are
underway to implement the use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). In addition,
the space community began is dedicating efforts towards the implementation of early warning
systems for space weather and Near-Earth Objects (NEOs).
UN-SPIDER contributes to early warning efforts by raising awareness about the applications
of the different types of space technologies in combination with in situ data to improve
existing early warning systems. In addition, it is a member of the International Network on
Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (IN-MHEWS).
Types of early warning systems

There are various ways of classifying early warning systems.

By type of hazard
Early warning systems have been developed and implemented for:
 Geological hazards like tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic activity, and landslides

 Hydrometeorological hazards including severe weather in land and at sea, floods, droughts,
hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones, tornados, cold and heat waves, etc.
 Forest fires
 Biological hazards including insect plagues like locust outbreaks and harmful algae blooms
 Health hazards including vector-borne diseases, viruses and other types of diseases
 For pests and diseases on crops and livestock
Characteristics and Damage Potential of Natural Hazards; Hazard

Assessment -
Following are the steps in hazard assessment:
1. Identification of the Type of Hazard: The first stage in hazard analysis is to identify the
types of hazards. Depending on the types of hazards identified, the process may need to
continue on a separate basis for each type of hazard or group of hazard types. Earthquakes,
for example, require different instruments and specializations for analysis than e.g.
landslides or floods. There are many ways to classify hazard types, e.g. natural events
occurring suddenly or gradually, of an atmospheric, seismic, geological, volcanic,
biological and hydrological nature while others summarize mass movements under the
heading of ―geomorphological hazards‖.
2. Frequency: This investigation aims at finding the seasonality of the occurrence of
hazards like how frequent and in which seasons which kinds of hazards are expected. For
instance Monsoon Rainfall
3. Risk and Coverage: Afterwards the identification and characterization of hazard prone
locations is undertaken and then identification and determination of the probabilities of
occurrence on an ordinal scale (high – medium – low) is completed.
4. Magnitude: The next step is to estimate or calculate the scale (strength, magnitude) of
the hazardous event, also on an ordinal scale.
5. Causes of the Hazards: Then identify the factors influencing the hazards, e.g. climatic
change, environmental destruction and resource degradation, major infrastructural facilities
such as dams etc.
6. Likelihood of new hazards emerging The study should also investigate possible
reasons for new hazards due to the following factors:
a) Natural factors - changes in the pattern of weather leading to new hazards like
drought, frequent and extreme flood events.
b) Economic - Fluctuations in the value of currency affecting livelihoods, trade related

policy changes, loss of raw materials, industrial damages and destruction.
c) Social and political trends - Changes in policies, Re-locations of people, Conflicts.
d) Industrial hazards - chemical accidents, poisoning.
e) New forms of epidemics and diseases - Bird Flu, AIDS, Hepatitis B & C, Ebola and
CORONA.
Hazard Assessment Approaches:

These studies rely heavily on Available scientific information, including geologic,
geomorphic, and soil maps; climate and hydrological data; and topographic maps, aerial
photographs, and satellite imagery. Historical information, both written reports and oral
accounts from long- term residents. These may include myths and legends.
Quantitative Approach:
 Here mathematical functions are used to denote relationships between variable
considered to quantify the hazard. Numerical data can be fed in to assess the impact
of the hazard event.
 The mathematical expression so derived could be used to forecast future events.
 However, quantitative assessment may not be possible for all hazardevents.
Qualitative Approach:
 This method uses ranking such as ‗high‘, ‗moderate‘ and ‗low‘ to assess a hazard
event.

 Where there is a lack of sufficient data for quantitative evaluation, or where certain
variables cannot be expressed numerically, this qualitative ranking may be
appropriate to take hazard mitigation decisions.
Deterministic approach:
 A past event is selected and associated characteristics and the consequences are
described.
 Past impact data can be combined with current conditions and possible exposure
levels and impact. This would be adequate to visualize therecurrence of an event for
community awareness but leaves room for inaccuracies.
Probabilistic approach:
 After identifying the hazards that affect the planning area and assessment of the
impacts from those hazards, a probability analysis is undertaken. It provides an
estimate of the probability of each hazard affecting an area or region.
 Probability for each hazard may be categorized as ‗high‘, ‗moderate‘ or ‗low‘.
 Probability of occurrence can be calculated through research on pastevents.
Hazard Control:
When evaluating the risks associated with specific hazards, the results of this evaluation
should guide in the selection of risk management techniques including elimination,
substitution, engineering controls,administrative controls, and personal protective equipment.
This is known as the Hierarchy of Controls.
Elimination and Substitution:
The most preferred method of controlling risk is to eliminate the hazard altogether. In most

cases, elimination is not feasible and when possible, substitution is the best approach to
hazard mitigation. When possible, substitute less hazardous agents in place of their more
hazardous counterparts. This also applies to conditions and activities. Examples include
substituting toluene for benzene, non-leadbased paints for lead-based ones, or Saw Stop table
saws for existing traditional table saws
Engineering Controls:
Engineering controls consist of a variety of methods for minimizing hazards, including
process control, enclosure and isolation, and ventilation. Process controls involve changing
the way that a job activity is performed in order toreduce risk. Examples of this include using
wet methods when drilling or grinding or using temperature controls to minimize vapor
generation. Enclosure and isolation are targeted at keeping the chemical in and the researcher
out, or vice versa. Glove boxes are a good example of enclosure and isolation. Interlock
systems for lasers and machinery are other good examples of isolating processes. The most
common method for ventilation in research laboratories is localized exhaust systems.
Administrative Controls:
Administrative controls are controls which alter the way work is performed. They may
consist of policies, training, standard operating procedures/guidelines, personal hygiene
practices, work scheduling, etc. These controls are meant to minimize the exposure to the
hazard and should only be used when the exposure cannot be completely mitigated through
elimination/substitution or engineering controls.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) :

PPE should always be used as a last line of defense and is an acceptable controlmethod when
engineering or administrative controls cannot provide sufficient protection. PPE may also be
used on a temporary basis while engineeringcontrols are being developed.
Vulnerability
Vulnerability is a concept which describes factors or constraints of an economic, social,
physical or geographic nature, which reduces the ability to prepare for and cope with the
impact of hazard.
Vulnerability describes the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or
asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. There are many aspects of
vulnerability, arising from various physical, social, economic, and environmental factors.
There are four types of vulnerability:

 Physical vulnerability
 Social vulnerability
 Economic vulnerability

 Environmental vulnerability
Physical vulnerability:
It includes who and what may be damaged or destroyed by natural hazard such as earthquakes
or floods. It is based on the physical condition of people and elements at risk, such as
buildings, infrastructure etc; and their proximity, location and nature of the hazard. It also
relates to the technical capability of building and structures to resist the forces acting upon
them during a hazard event.
Social Vulnerability:
It refers to the inability of people, organizations and societies to withstand adverse impacts to
hazards due to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions and systems of
cultural values. It is linked to the level of well-being of individuals, communities and society.
It includes aspects related to levels of literacy and education, the existence of peace and
security, access to basic human rights, systems of good governance, social equity, positive
traditional values, customs and ideological beliefs and overall collective organizational
systems.
Example: When flooding occurs some citizens, such as children, elderly and differently-able,
may be unable to protect themselves or evacuate if necessary.
Economic Vulnerability.
The level of vulnerability is highly dependent upon the economic status of individuals,
communities and nations The poor are usually more vulnerable to disasters because they lack
the resources to build sturdy structures and put other engineering measures in place to protect
themselves from being negatively impacted by disasters.
Example: Poorer families may live in squatter settlements because they cannot afford to live
in safer (more expensive) areas.
Environmental Vulnerability:
Natural resource depletion and resource degradation are key aspects of environmental
vulnerability.
Example: Wetlands are sensitive to increasing salinity from sea water, and pollution from
storm water runoff containing agricultural chemicals, eroded soils, etc.
Vulnerability to a given hazard depends on:

 Proximity to a possible hazardous event.
 Population density in the area proximal to the event.
 Scientific understanding of the hazard.
 Public education and awareness of the hazard.
 Existence or non-existence of early-warning systems and lines of communication.
 Availability and readiness of emergency infrastructure.
 Construction styles and building codes.

 Cultural factors that influence public response to warnings.
In general, less developed countries are more vulnerable to natural hazards than are
industrialized countries because of lack of understanding, education, infrastructure, building
codes, etc. Poverty also plays a role - since poverty leads to poor building structure, increased
population density, and lack of communication and infrastructure.
Human intervention in natural processes can also increase vulnerability by

Development and habitation of lands susceptible to hazards, For example, building on
floodplains subject to floods, sea cliffs subject to landslides, coastlines subject to hurricanes
and floods, or volcanic slopes subject to volcanic eruptions.
Increasing severity or frequency of a natural disaster for example: overgrazing or
deforestation leading to more severe erosion (floods, landslides), mining groundwater leading
to subsidence, construction of roads on unstable slopes leading to landslides, or even
contributing to global warming, leading to more severe storms.
Vulnerability Profile of India

 India is vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large number of disasters.
 More than 58.6 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high
intensity
 Over 40 million hectares (12%) of its land is prone to floods and river erosion
 Close to 5,700 kms, out of the 7,516 kms long coastline is prone to cyclones and tsunamis
 68% of its cultivable area is vulnerable to droughts; and, its hilly areas are at risk from
landslides and avalanches.
 India is also vulnerable to Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN)
emergencies and other man-made disasters.
 Disaster risks in India are further compounded by increasing vulnerabilities related to
changing demographics and socio-economic conditions, unplanned urbanization, and
development within high-risk zones, environmental degradation, climate change,
geological hazards, epidemics and pandemics.
 All these contribute to a situation where disasters seriously threaten India‘s economy, its
population and sustainable development.
Dimensions of vulnerability factors; vulnerability assessment:

 There are three dimensions of vulnerability: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive
capacity.
 Exposure is the degree to which people and the things they value could be affected or
"touched" by coastal hazards;
 sensitivity is the degree to which they could be harmed by that exposure; and

 Adaptive capacity is the degree to which they could mitigate the potential for harm by
taking action to reduce exposure or sensitivity.
Factors affecting vulnerability:

 Education : Education is important in many ways. Firstly if you are educated you will
probably have a good job and earn a good salary. This means that you can then live in
a safer house in a safer location. Also if you are literate you can understand the risks
posed by hazards and how to react to them. You are also more likely to have better
communications and transport in order to hear about and escape from a possible
hazard.
 Building Design :(Electrics, plumbing, foundations, structure) If your house is built
to latest earthquake-proof standards, then you are less vulnerable than someone living
in an informal settlement or a house that has disobeyed guidance. If your house has
proper electricity connections and proper plumbing you are less vulnerable to fires,
electrocution, flooding and diseases.
 Home Preparation : By preparing your home from hazards e.g. screwing pictures
and furniture to the wall so they don't fall during earthquakes, covering windows
during hurricanes or surrounding with sandbags during floods, then you are less
vulnerable to the risk of hazards.
 Building and Settlement Location :Houses that are built on flat land and secure
bedrock are going to more secure and less vulnerable than houses built on steep hills
and unstable rock. Houses built in coastal areas or on floodplains or near volcanoes are
obviously going to be more at risk than ones built in areas that don't suffer from
hazards. Settlements that are not accessible will be more vulnerable because people
will not be able to escape hazards and people will not be able to help hazard victims.
 Defenses and Shelters: Regions that have sophisticated defenses like levees, sea
walls and flood channels are going to protect populations and make them less
vulnerable. Also areas with flood shelters, avalanche shelters or even nuclear shelters
are going to protect their populations and make them less vulnerable.
 Transport and Communication: Countries with good reliable communication e.g.
mobile phone network,broadband connection are going to be better able to inform and
warn citizens making them less vulnerable. Also countries with good transportroads,
rail, etc. will allow citizens to escape potential hazards making them less vulnerable.
 Insurance If communities or individuals are insured it allows them to rebuild and
become less vulnerable to secondary hazards or future hazards. If people are not
insured they might not be able to rebuild their house and are therefore exposed to
secondary hazards like disease and exposure. They might also be forced to build
informal settlements which are vulnerable to other hazards like flooding, hurricanes
and landslides.
 Sex, age and health Young and old people are often more vulnerable to hazards
because they are unable to escape or are more susceptible to disease/famine. Also
young, old and the ill will find it hard to evacuate from hazards. In the Indian Ocean
tsunami more women than men died. One reason is that many men were at sea fishing
and avoided the tsunami, but on landmany women were working indoors and had no

warning or were not physically quick enough to run away.
 Aid Countries that receive aid or accept aid are better able to cope with the after
effects of a hazard. For example Turkey has recently accepted foreign help which
should mean more people are rescued from collapsed buildings and treated for their
injuries or protected from secondary hazards.
 Number, Type and Regularity of Hazards Countries or regions that suffer from
multiple hazards e.g. El Salvador, Philippines, Indonesia and Japan potentially suffer
from earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods and landslides are going to
be more vulnerable than countries like the UK that suffer from very few major
hazards.
Vulnerabilities to Flood Hazards:

Vulnerability is a term that can be used to cover many aspects of the human side of the hazard
equation.
The flood hazard has a varied impact on people, which is partly controlled by the socio-
economic system they live in. Within a country or region, some communities are more
vulnerable than others, and within some communities, individuals may be more or less
vulnerable. Those who are most vulnerable to the flood hazard may be unable to escape the
risk due to limited resources (money, knowledge, work flexibility etc.).
The UNESCO Institute for Water Education has attempted to quantify flood vulnerability
using the following equation -
Vulnerability = Exposure + Susceptibility – Resilience
An alternative way of looking at vulnerability is to categories it according to population,
social, economic and environmental factors (figure below).
There may be other more complex and interrelated human vulnerability factors that should be
included in flood hazard vulnerability models. These may include gender: economic and
cultural systems are male-dominated and tend to allocate power and resources in favor of
men, which may impact on local vulnerability. Ethnic divisions, although often linked to
socioeconomic status, may be a factor controlling vulnerability. There may be unequal access
to/possession of resources, or differences in lifestyles because of racial or cultural differences.

Developing, testing and implementing indicators to assess vulnerability to floods and coping
capacity is an important element of effective disaster risk reduction. This has meant a move
away from scientists just studying the flood hazard itself and technical solutions, towards the
identification and assessment of the various vulnerabilities of societies, their economy and
environment
Vulnerabilities to Earthquake Hazards:

The vulnerability of a region in case of earthquakes is determined by the inventory of material
assets (buildings, infrastructure), ecological values, and social structures as well as of the
susceptibility of these objects to earthquakes.
Within minutes of shaking, the earthquake reveals the vulnerabilities of buildings,
households, communities, and of a country. The consequences expose flaws in governance,
planning, sitting of physical structure, design, construction, and use of the built environment
in country with seismic hazard.
Hazard Identification and Vulnerability Assessment

 Hazard Identification and Vulnerability Assessment (HIVA) is the initial step
supporting the emergency management process of hazard preparedness, response,
recovery, and mitigation.
 Hazard identification refers to the systematic use of all available information to
determine which types of hazards might affect a community, along with their driving
forces and typical effects.
 Vulnerability assessment refers to the estimation of scale and severity these hazards
may have on the people, property, environment, and economy of a community.

UNIT – 2
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Syllabus
 CONCEPTS OF RISK MANAGEMENT
 CRISIS MANAGEMENT
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
a) RESPONSE
b) RECOVERY
c) DEVELOPMENT
d) PREVENTION
e) MITIGATION
 PREPAREDNESS – PLANNING FOR RELIEF
CONCEPTS OF RISK MANAGEMENT

Risk: Risk is an uncertain event that may have positive or negative impact on the society,
environment, etc.
Risk Management: Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing and controlling
threats to an organization's capital and earnings. These risks stem from a variety of sources
including financial uncertainties, legal liabilities, technology issues, strategic management errors,
accidents and natural disasters.
Why is it important?
 Risk affects all aspects of your project – your budget, your schedule, your scope, the
agreed level of quality, and so on.
 Increase probability of positive event.
 Reduce the occurrence of negative event.
What does it include?
 Risk management planning

 Risk identification
 Qualitative risk analysis
 Quantitative risk analysis
 Risk response planning
 Risk monitoring and control
How is it done?
 Identify the risk associated with the disaster
 Communicate about the risks
 Consider both threats and opportunities
 Prioritise risks
 Analyse risks
 Make risk management plan
 Implement risk responses
In project Risk Management and the Elements of Risk Management Implementation, we looked at what
risk management is and the essential elements for implementing risk management into your organization.
In this article, we look at the process of risk management and how to identify, assess, and respond to
project risks.
The Risk Management Process is a clearly defined method of understanding what risks and opportunities
are present, how they could affect a project or organization, and how to respond to them.
The 4 essential steps of the Risk Management Process are:

1. Identify the risk.
2. Assess the risk.
3. Treat the risk.
4. Monitor and Report on the risk.
Step 1: Risk Identification

The first step in the risk management process is to identify all the events that can negatively (risk) or
positively (opportunity) affect the objectives of the project:

 Project milestones
 Financial trajectory of the project
 Project scope
These events can be listed in the risk matrix and later captured in the risk register.
A risk (or opportunity) is characterized by its description, causes and consequences, qualitative
assessment, quantitative assessment and mitigation plan. It can also be characterized by who is
responsible for its action. Each of these characteristics are necessary for a risk (or opportunity) to be
valid.
In order to be managed effectively, the Risks and Opportunities (R&O) identified must be as precise and
specific as possible. The title of the risk or opportunity must be succinct, self-explanatory and clearly
defined.
All members of the project can and should identify R&O, and the content of these is the responsibility of
the Risk (or Opportunity) Owners. Risk Managers are responsible for ensuring that a formal process for
identifying risks and developing response plans are conducted through exchanges with risk owners.
Below are examples of tools to help identify R&O:
 Analysis of existing documentation

 Interviews with experts
 Conducting brainstorming meetings
 Using the approaches of standard methodologies – such as Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality
Analysis (FMECA), cause trees, etc.
 Considering the lessons learned from R&Os encountered in previous projects
 Using pre-established checklists or questionnaires covering the different areas of the project (Risk
Breakdown Structure or RBS).
Step 2: Risk Assessment

There are two types of risk and opportunity assessments: qualitative and quantitative. A qualitative
assessment analyzes the level of criticality based on the event’s probability and impact. A quantitative
assessment analyzes the financial impact or benefit of the event. Both are necessary for a comprehensive
evaluation of risks and opportunities.
Qualitative Assessment
The Risk Owner and the Risk Manager will rank and prioritize each identified risk and opportunity by
occurrence probability and impact severity, according to the project’s criticality scales.
Evaluating occurrence probability (P):

This is determined preferably based on experience, the progress of the project, or else by speaking to a
risk expert, and is on a scale of 1 to 99%.

For example, suppose the risk that: “the inability of supplier X to conduct studies on a modification Y by
the end of 2025” is 50% probable. This could be determined from feedback and analysis of the supplier’s
workload.
Evaluating impacts severity (I):

To assess the overall impact, it is necessary to estimate the severity of each of the impacts defined at the
project level. A scale is used to classify the different impacts and their severities. This ensures that the
assessment of the risk and opportunity is standardized and reliable.
The criticality level of a risk or opportunity is obtained by the equation: Criticality = P x I
The purpose of the qualitative assessment is to ensure that the risk management team prioritizes the
response on critical items first.
Quantitative Assessment
In most projects, the objective of the quantitative assessment is to establish a financial evaluation of a
risk’s impact or an opportunity’s benefit, should it occur. This step is carried out by the Risk Owner, the
Risk Manager (with support of those responsible for estimates and figures), or the management controller
depending on the organizational set up in the company. These amounts represent a potential additional
cost (or a potential profit if we are talking about an opportunity) not anticipated in the project budget.
For this, it is therefore necessary:
 To evaluate the additional costs incurred by financially reviewing:

 Hours of internal engineering
 Hours of subcontracting
 Additional work to do
 Amendments and/or claims made to contracts
 Etc.
 To calculate the cost of the undesired event’s consequences by adding these values.
This step will make it possible to estimate the need for additional budget for risks and opportunities of the
project.
Step 3: Risk Treatment

In order to treat risks, an organization must first identify their strategies for doing so by developing a
treatment plan. The objective of the risk treatment plan is to reduce the probability of occurrence of the
risk (preventive action) and/or to reduce the impact of the risk (mitigation action). For an opportunity, the
objective of the treatment plan is to increase the likelihood of the opportunity occurring and/or to increase
its benefits. Depending on the nature of the risk or opportunity, a response strategy is defined for the
project. The following 7 strategies are possible:

7 Risk Response Strategies
 Accept: Do not initiate any action but continue to monitor.
 Mitigate/Enhance: Reduce (for a risk) or increase (for an opportunity) the probability of
occurrence and/or the severity of impact.
 Transfer/Share: Transfer responsibility of a risk to a third party who would bear the
consequences of the problem (share the benefits of a realized opportunity).
 Avoid/Exploit: Entirely eliminate uncertainty / take advantage of the opportunity.
Monitoring the progress of the treatment plan is the responsibility of the risk owner. They must report
regularly to the risk manager, who must keep the risk register up to date.
Note: The cost of a risk mitigation plan must be integrated into the budget of the project.
When defining a treatment plan:
 Each action begins with an action verb and has a clear purpose.
 Each action has an actionee and a deadline.
 Actions that could generate costs must be tracked and considered in the project.
 For example: to reduce the risk of my car breaking down, a treatment plan could be to have it
checked annually by a repair shop.
When does risk become an issue?
It is possible that, despite the actions put in place to mitigate or prevent it, a risk probability could
increase and reach 100%. Once a risk is confirmed, we no longer refer to it as a risk but as an issue. The
Risk Manager must then inform the various project stakeholders who will relay that a risk has become an
issue and transfer it to the issue log.
Step 4: Risk Monitoring and Reporting

Risks and opportunities and their treatment plans need to be monitored and reported on. The frequency of
this will depend on the criticality of risk/opp. By developing a monitoring and reporting structure it will
ensure there are appropriate forums for escalation and that appropriate risk responses are being actioned.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
CRISIS: Is any event that is expected to lead to an unstable dangerous situation affecting an
individual, group or whole organization.
 The word crisis come from two Chinese words danger and opportunity.

Crisis Management is the process by which an organization deals with a major event that
threatens to harm the public, environment, infrastructure, etc.
 Crisis is the emergency situation where as disaster is a sudden event by naturally

or by anthropogenic factors.
Crisis Management Cycle:
First stage of crisis Management: is identifying the crisis nature.

Crisis can be classified into
 Natural crisis: occur due to natural disasters

 Organizational misdeed crisis: occur when management take actions that harm
stakeholders without suitable precautions.
 Deception crisis: occur due to lack of transparency from the management about
certain information.
 Workplace violence crisis: occur when a member commit violence to other
members.

 Skewed valued crisis: occur when short term gain is favored and values are
neglected.
 Rumors crisis: occur when false information about an organization and it’s
product hurt the organization’s reputation.
Second Stage of crisis Management : is preparing for the crisis

Crisis preparation is done by
a) Vulnerability assessment
Determines current and potential areas of operational and communications
weakness.
b) Crisis planning are two types
 Operational: what we do , who does it, and when it is done.
 Communications: what do we say , who says it, how do we get the message
out.
Third stage is preventing the crisis from happening
Fourth Stage is responding to the crisis

 Effective crisis response includes
 Set of planning scenarios
 Set of response modules
 Preset activation protocols
 Clear communication channels
Fifth stage is recovering from the crisis.

 Organizations must be able to carry on with their business in the middle of the crisis.
 While simultaneously planning for how they will recover from the damage the crisis
caused.
 Crisis handlers must engage in the recovery plan while pursuing the goal.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 Disaster management is how we deal with the human, material, economic or
environmental impacts of said disaster, it is the process of how we “prepare for,
respond to and learn from the effects of major failures”. Though often caused by nature,
disasters can have human origins.
 A continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and
implementing measures which are necessary for

 Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster
 Reduction of risk of any disaster or severity of any consequences
 Capacity building
 Preparedness to deal with any disaster.
 Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation
 Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster
 Evacuation, rescue, relief
 Rehabilitation and reconstruction
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
Disaster management aims to reduce, or avoid, the potential losses from hazards, assure prompt
and appropriate assistance to victims of disaster, and achieve rapid and effective recovery. The Disaster
management cycle illustrates the ongoing process by which governments, businesses, and civil society
plan for and reduce the impact of disasters, react during and immediately following a disaster, and take
steps to recover after a disaster has occurred. Appropriate actions at all points in the cycle lead to greater
preparedness, better warnings, reduced vulnerability or the prevention of disasters during the next
iteration of the cycle. The complete disaster management cycle includes the shaping of public policies and
plans that either modify the causes of disasters or mitigate their effects on people, property, and
infrastructure.
The mitigation and preparedness phases occur as disaster management improvements are made in
anticipation of a disaster event. Developmental considerations play a key role in contributing to the
mitigation and preparation of a community to effectively confront a disaster. As a disaster occurs, disaster
management actors, in particular humanitarian organizations, become involved in the immediate response
and long-term recovery phases. The four disaster management phases illustrated here do not always, or

even generally, occur in isolation or in this precise order. Often phases of the cycle overlap and the length
of each phase greatly depends on the severity of the disaster.
 Mitigation - Minimizing the effects of disaster.

Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.
 Preparedness - Planning how to respond.
Examples: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems.
 Response - Efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster.
Examples: search and rescue; emergency relief .
 Recovery - Returning the community to normal.
Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care.
Sustainable Development
Developmental considerations contribute to all aspects of the disaster management cycle. One of the main
goals of disaster management, and one of its strongest links with development, is the promotion of
sustainable livelihoods and their protection and recovery during disasters and emergencies. Where this
goal is achieved, people have a greater capacity to deal with disasters and their recovery is more rapid and
long lasting. In a development oriented disaster management approach, the objectives are to reduce
hazards, prevent disasters, and prepare for emergencies. Therefore, developmental considerations are
strongly represented in the mitigation and preparedness phases of the disaster management cycle.
Inappropriate development processes can lead to increased vulnerability to disasters and loss of
preparedness for emergency situations.
Mitigation
Mitigation activities actually eliminate or reduce the probability of disaster occurrence, or reduce
the effects of unavoidable disasters. Mitigation measures include building codes; vulnerability analyses
updates; zoning and land use management; building use regulations and safety codes; preventive health
care; and public education.
Mitigation will depend on the incorporation of appropriate measures in national and regional
development planning. Its effectiveness will also depend on the availability of information on hazards,
emergency risks, and the countermeasures to be taken. The mitigation phase, and indeed the whole
disaster management cycle, includes the shaping of public policies and plans that either modify the causes
of disasters or mitigate their effects on people, property, and infrastructure.
Preparedness
The goal of emergency preparedness programs is to achieve a satisfactory level of readiness to
respond to any emergency situation through programs that strengthen the technical and managerial
capacity of governments, organizations, and communities. These measures can be described as logistical
readiness to deal with disasters and can be enhanced by having response mechanisms and procedures,
rehearsals, developing long-term and short-term strategies, public education and building early warning
systems. Preparedness can also take the form of ensuring that strategic reserves of food, equipment,
water, medicines and other essentials are maintained in cases of national or local catastrophes.

During the preparedness phase, governments, organizations, and individuals develop plans to
save lives, minimize disaster damage, and enhance disaster response operations. Preparedness measures
include preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems; emergency communications
systems; evacuations plans and training; resource inventories; emergency personnel/contact lists; mutual
aid agreements; and public information/education. As with mitigations efforts, preparedness actions
depend on the incorporation of appropriate measures in national and regional development plans. In
addition, their effectiveness depends on the availability of information on hazards, emergency risks and
the countermeasures to be taken, and on the degree to which government agencies, non-governmental
organizations and the general public are able to make use of this information.
Humanitarian Action
During a disaster, humanitarian agencies are often called upon to deal with immediate response
and recovery. To be able to respond effectively, these agencies must have experienced leaders, trained
personnel, adequate transport and logistic support, appropriate communications, and guidelines for
working in emergencies. If the necessary preparations have not been made, the humanitarian agencies will
not be able to meet the immediate needs of the people.
Response
The aim of emergency response is to provide immediate assistance to maintain life, improve
health and support the morale of the affected population. Such assistance may range from providing
specific but limited aid, such as assisting refugees with transport, temporary shelter, and food, to
establishing semi-permanent settlement in camps and other locations. It also may involve initial repairs to
damaged infrastructure. The focus in the response phase is on meeting the basic needs of the people until
more permanent and sustainable solutions can be found. Humanitarian organizations are often strongly
present in this phase of the disaster management cycle.
Recovery
As the emergency is brought under control, the affected population is capable of undertaking a
growing number of activities aimed at restoring their lives and the infrastructure that supports them. There
is no distinct point at which immediate relief changes into recovery and then into long-term sustainable
development. There will be many opportunities during the recovery period to enhance prevention and
increase preparedness, thus reducing vulnerability. Ideally, there should be a smooth transition from
recovery to on-going development.
Recovery activities continue until all systems return to normal or better. Recovery measures, both
short and long term, include returning vital life-support systems to minimum operating standards;
temporary housing; public information; health and safety education; reconstruction; counseling programs;
and economic impact studies. Information resources and services include data collection related to
rebuilding, and documentation of lessons learned.
Disaster preparedness
disaster preparedness is ongoing multi sectoral activity. Integral part of the national system which is
responsible for developing plans and programmes for

Disaster management
prevention
mitigation
respone
rehabilitation and
reconstruction.
Co ordination of a variety of sectors is carried out to
evaluation of the risk
adopt standards and regulations
organize communication and response mechanisms
ensure all resources – ready and easily mobilised.
Develop public education programmes.
Co ordinate information with mass media
disaster simulation exercises
Medical preparedness
developing and capacity building of medical team for trauma & psycho – social care.
Mass casualty management and triage
determine casualty handling capacity of all hospitals
formulate appropriate treatment procedures
involvement of private hospitals
mark the care centres that can function as a medical units
identify structural integrity and approach routes

UNIT III
Capacity Building: Concept – Structural and Non-structural measures – Capacity
Assessment; Strengthening Capacity for Reducing Risk – Counter – Disaster Resources and their
utility in Disaster Management – Legislative Support at the state and national levels.
Capacity:
Capacity is the combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community,
society or organization that can reduce the level of risk or the effects of a disaster. These actions
can include: resource development, financial management (diversification of funding sources),
organizational learning, leadership development and other activities.
Capacity Buildinga contested concept sometimes used interchangeably with “institution

building”, “institutional and organizational development” and “institutional capacity building”.
The terms capacity development and capacity building are sometimes used interchangeably.
Capacity building activities like training, establishment of institutions, community bases training,
information and coordination sharing under the Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) programme
helped in establishment of a more interactive partnership between the different stakeholders
involved in development and disaster mitigation related activities of concerned area.
Structural and Non-structural Measures

Structural Measures: are any physical constructions to reduce or avoid possible impacts of
hazards, or the application of engineering techniques or technology to achieve hazard resistance
and resilience in structures or systems.
Common structural measures for disaster risk reduction include dams, flood levies, ocean wave
barriers, earthquake -resistant construction and evacuation shelters.
Non-Structural Measures: These are measures not involving physical construction which use
knowledge, practice or agreement to reduce disaster risks and impacts, in particular through
policies and laws, public awareness raising, training and education.
Common non-structural measures include building codes, land-use planning laws and their
enforcement, research and assessment, information resources and public awareness programmes.
The following are some of the structural & non – structural measures taken for different
disasters.
Structural Measures for Cyclone

 Engineering measures such as cyclone shelter is one of the key cyclone mitigation
measure adapted in Bangladesh.
 For effective employment and management of cyclone shelters, multipurpose versions
have been built in carefully selected locations, identifying uses for both normal and
disaster periods.
 Cyclone shelters demonstrate an excellent dual purpose use during non-disaster periods
and cyclones.
Structural Measures for Drought

 Deep tube wells in the region to increase agricultural productivity.
 Irrigation is necessary for many types of crops, especially for boro ricecultivation.
 Construction of Dams, reservoirs and channeling the water using canals, etc..

 Conservation of water for irrigation & drinking purpose.
 There isa significant development of irrigation systems nowadays.
Structural Measures for Flood

▪ Structural measure refers to those disasters management or mitigation tools which have
physical entity such as embankment, flood or cyclone shelter, dam etc.
▪ Structural measures aim at protecting an area up to certain level of flooding. It can be divided
into five categories:
▪ Storage reservoir or basins to restrict overflow.
▪ Retarding basins to lower the flow of flooding
▪ Levees and floodwalls to confine floodwaters
▪ Improvement of channel capacity
▪ Some structural measures such as Flood Embankment, Channel Improvement, River
Training, coastal Embankment etc. to combat the flood sufferings.
Non-Structural Measures for Earthquake

▪ Adequate sustainable land use planning with seismic micro zoning mapping.
▪ The link between land use master planning for earthquake protection and other
urbanplanning protection measures and the control of building quality are so interrelated.
▪ Very high resolution satellites are being used for the detection of tectonic movement of
the earth and earth‟s fault zones (Choudhury, 2001).
▪ Further to that, seismic vulnerability maps of the buildings and earthquake prevention
plan for urban areas are some other useful measures for earthquake prevention.
Non-Structural Measures for Flood

▪ Non-Structural Measure to reduce loss or damage by administrative measures. It does not
control or affect the process of inundation.
▪ Flood Plain Zoning & Management;
▪ Policies for infrastructure Planning and Development in the flood plains;
▪ Flood Proofing;
▪ Disaster Preparedness & Response Planning and
▪ Flood Forecasting and Warning.
▪ Flood fighting,
▪ Evacuation and shelter management,
▪ Flood insurance
Need for capacity building

• Comprehensive formulation of objectives.
• Conduct of Training Needs Analysis
• Preparation of Knowledge, Skills and Attitude
• Administration of Face-to-Face Training Programme (FFTP)
Various elements of capacity building

• Education on disaster prevention and response
• Training to vulnerable communities
• Collaboration with relief agencies
• Mock drill
• Household preparation

• Understanding warning/de-warning messages
• First aid preparedness
 Education on disaster prevention and response

It includes educating the vulnerable communities as well as the population of state to the
possible hazards and their impacts in their area. It also covers the preventive measures
and response strategies in case of a disaster strike to the surface.
 Training to vulnerable communities
It includes imparting the basic training of disaster management to the volunteers and
local people. It aims to teach the people that how they can survive and help others.
 Collaboration with relief agencies
It includes the collaboration between different government as well as non-government
agencies involved in the relief work through the state for all kind of disasters.
 Mock drill
It is a method of practicing how a building would be evacuated in the event of a fire or
other emergency. Usually, the building's existing fire alarm system is activated and the
building is evacuated as if the emergency had occurred.
 Household preparation
It covers the preparation of keeping all valuable items in waterproof bags, keeping
minimum clothing, and being ready with a plan for evacuation.
 Understanding warning/de-warning messages
Dissemination of early warning message to the vulnerable communities is the next task
which can be achieved through better training and involvement of all stakeholders.
 First aid preparedness
Along with all necessary things it‟s important to have a well-stocked first aid kit to deal
with minor accidents and injuries.
Factor of capacity building

1. Connect between Disasters and Development
2. Sustainable Development and Traditional Wisdom
3. Participation of all Stakeholders
4. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
5. Gender Mainstreaming
6. Psycho-social Support in Disaster Aftermath
7. Preparation of Training Manual
8. Unique Training Approach
1. Connect between Disasters and Development:

The “backward” and “forward” linkages between political, developmental, relief
andrehabilitation operations constitute a complex network of relationships.

CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA: A realistic National Capacity Development
Programme, commensurate with the intensity and extent of the hazard in India needs to be
evolved and implemented, keeping in view the available resources. This programme of resource
enhancement should encompass all institutions, organizations and individuals that have a role in
any part of the disaster management cycle.
TRAINING METHODOLOGY
1. Training Needs Analysis
2. Knowledge Skills and Attitudes (KSAs)
3. The Role of capacity building Functionaries towards Effective Conduct of FFTPs
1. Training Needs Analysis

2. Knowledge Skills and Attitudes (KSAs)
3. The Role of capacity building Functionaries Towards Effective Conduct of FFTPs

Training Tools
• The made use of many tools in its conduct of Workshops and FFTPs.
• Conventional Lectures.
• Simulations.
• Graphics, Pictures and Charts, Case Studies
• Hazard, Vulnerability, Risk and Capacity (HVRC) . A Situational Analysis.

Importance of Capacity Building to Future Success
These entities provide needed social services, education, health care and the arts that improve the
well-being of the community and on which many people depend.
Capacity Assessment: The ISDR(International Strategy for Disaster Reduction) views

capacity as the combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a
community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals. Capacity may
include infrastructure and physical means, institutions, societal coping abilities, as well as human
knowledge, skills and collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership and
management. Capacity also may be described as capability. Capacity assessment is a term for the
process by which the capacity of a group is reviewed against desired goals, and the capacity gaps
are identified for further action.
Strengthening Capacity for Reducing Risk

The adjustments or options leading to reduction in loss by in hazards includes,
1. Reducing Loss by Affecting the Cause of a Disaster
2. Modify the Physical Process of Hazards
3. Implementation of Non-structural Measures
4. Reducing the Impact of Hazard by Adjusting to Losses.
Reducing Loss by Affecting the Cause of a Disaster

For example, some of the ways to reduce flood flows is by afforestation, terracing,
contour ploughing in drainage basin areas and river dredging. Similarly, the risk of climate
change associated with global warming can be reduced by promoting measures to limit emission
of greenhouse gases and encourage the growth of oxygen producing plants in the environment.

2. Modify the Physical Process of Hazards
The main intention to modify the physical process of hazards is to lessen the damage
potential associated with a particular disaster.
For instance, dams are built across the rivers and streams to block or control the flow of
water in them. Construction of embankments and levees, parallel to the river flow, act as a
barrier to floods and protect the land. Likewise, afforestation activities should be promoted, as
forests act as buffering area against strong winds and flash floods.
Application of hazard-resistant designs by making structural modifications in the

buildings to prevent the impact of exigencies. For instance, raising the plinth level of buildings
make them less vulnerable to floods. Hazard-resistant designs can be accomplished by
implementing building codes that are established in consultation with builders, architects and the
public. The building codes are meant to improve the quality of new constructions in order to
resist catastrophes and thus protect life and property.
3. Implementation of Non-structural Measures

One of the ways to reduce loss incurred by a natural catastrophe is by implementation of
non-structural measures that includes early warning symptoms such as detection of signs of
impending catastrophe, analysis of symptoms and disseminating information to the concerned
people, increase public awareness 10 protect themselves in case of extreme natural events.
4. Reducing the Impact of Hazard by Adjusting to Lasses

Adjusting to losses can be achieved by the following ways,
(a) Insurance Measures: Insurance is a way of protecting fixed property against natural
hazards. It provides the funds that will cover the loss incurred in case of a disaster. However, the
two main imitations are:
(i) Insurance policies may not be available for all types of disasters.
(ii) Receiving compensation from insurance companies is not a hassle-free procedure.
(b) Plan for Losses
People should create reserve funds to bear the losses created by an extreme hazardous event.
Legal Provisions For Disaster Management.

Some of the major legal provisions for disaster management are mentioned below:
1 . The Water Act, 1974

According to the section 16 (1) of the Act, "Subject to the provisions of this Act, the main
function of the Central Board shall be b promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different a
states”.
Section 24 1 (b) states that, "No person shall knowingly cause or permit to enter any stream
or any other matter which may tend, either directly or in combination with simple matters, to

impede the proper flow of the water of the stream in a manner leading or likely to lead to a
substantial aggravation of pollution due to other cause or of its consequences".
Sedimentation is a natural physical process occurring in the aquatic areas (i.e., lakes, rivers,
estuaries, coastal zones, deep oceans) and land based areas. Sediments that clog the aquatic areas
and land-based areas originate from many sources such as stream banks, building lots,
construction sites, lawns and streets, agricultural fields, etc. The deposition of sediments can
create a variety of problems such as,
(i) Damage to agricultural lands due to reduced fertility and productivity of soils.
(ii) Its deposition in stream channels lowers the flood carrying capacity, therefore causing more
frequent overflows. Hence dredging is carried out to prevent overflow to the nearby areas.
The standard quality of water has to be maintained to be able to provide the same to the disaster
affected people.
According to section 17(1) (a) and (/), the functions of the State Board shall be. "To plan a
comprehensive
Programme for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution of streams and wells in the
state. The careless dumping of waste (including sewage and sanitation) needs to be strictly
prohibited to reduce the effect of disaster a environment. Section 24(2) (a, b, e and d) deal with
"Constructing, improving or maintaining across or on the bank or bed of any stream, any
building, bridge, weir, dam, sluice, dock, pier, drain or sewer or other permanent works" in order
to overcome the after effects of a disaster.
2. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980

Section 2 of the Act lay down restrictions on the reservation of forests or use of forest land for
non-forest purpose. The clause (iv) of the section 2 imposes restrictions on clearing of trees in
the forest which have grown naturally in that land.
Anthropogenic activities that cause flooding in rivers and other water bodies include
deforestation poor dams, hydraulic structure failure and its mismanagement. Deforestation is one
of the main reason for ecological imbalance resulting in environmental deterioration and
increased incidence of flooding. The plants in the forests provide an excellent protective
covering to prevent to soil erosion due to the impact of the rainfall. The leaves of the trees that
fall on the ground prevent water runoff so that water can percolate into the soil. Roots hold the
soil particles together thus preventing soil erosion. Clearing of forests result in soil to erosion.
The eroded soil settles to the bottom of water bodies, thus raising the level of water leading to
flooding.
3.Biological Diversity Act, 2002

According to section 2 (f) of the Act "Commercial Utilization means end uses of
biological resources for commercial utilization such as drugs, industrial enzymes, food flavours,
fragrance, cosmetics, emulsifiers, oleoresins, colours, extracts and genes used for improving
crops and livestock through genetic intervention".

Droughts are defined as a condition that arises from too little precipitation (rain and
snow) for an extended period of time for normal farming practices. Hence, drought resistant
varieties or drought tolerant varieties of crops with high yielding qualities should be developed to
tide over the food insecurity to large extent.
4. The Wetlands (Conservation and Management Rules), 2010
Section 4 (1) (1) of the Wetlands (Conservation and Management Rules), 2010 impose
restriction of activities like reclamation of wetlands.
The wetlands are one of the most fragile and productive habitats on the planet as they
provide : plethora of ecological services like flood mitigation and erosion control.
Section 4 (1) (vi) impose restriction on "Construction of a permanent nature except per
bout jetties within fifty meters from the mean high flood level observed in the past ten years
calculated from the date of commencement of these rules". Thus, rescue operations can be
carried out in the event of a flood situation.
During disaster, plying of motor boats can be carried out as part of rescue operations to
ferry the disaster victim to safer places.
Section 4 (2) (ix) allows construction of temporary pontoon bridges, to rescue the disaster
victims, with prior approval of the State Government. Section (4) (2) (1) "Withdrawal of water or
the impoundment, diversion or interruption of water sources within the local catchment area of
the wetland ecosystem" This is allowed with prior approval of the State Government as part of
post disaster activity.
Section 4 (2) (vi) "Dredging only if the wetland is impacted by siltation" with prior
approval of the State Government. The silting of rivers during floods is quite common. Desilting
and dredging of rivers by excavation of river bed levels is important to increase the carrying
capacity of the river, and reduce the impact of floods in future.
5. The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011

Section 3 (iv) (b) prohibits land reclamation, bunding or disturbing the natural course of
seawater that would involve measures for control of erosion, based on scientific including E1A
studies. Afforestation activities are considered as soft engineering options as they are
ecologically more sensitive and impact of disaster.
Section 4.2 (i) (d) deals withe procedures for clearance of permissible activities in CRZ
in connection with Disaster Management Report, Risk Assessment Report and Management
Plan.
Section 5 (iv) deals with the contour mapping of the coastline for preparation of coastal zone in
depicting floods caused by tides, waves and sea level rise.
Section 3 (i) (c) deals with, "Reconstruction, repair works of dwelling units of local
communities including fishers in accordance with local town and country planning regulations".
Cyclone, like other natural disasters cause tremendous loss to the lives and property wherever
they strike. The coastal areas are significantly affected. The buildings collapse, houses get blown
away, destroying infrastructure. Multipurpose cyclone shelters must be constructed, as the
building need to be repaired as per the standards laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
codes.

According to section 8 1 (Hi) (b), Construction of dispensaries, schools, public rain
shelter, community toilets, bridges, roads, jetties, water supply, drainage, sewerage which are
required for traditional inhabitants is a allowed by coastal zone management authority.
Section 8.1 (i) (d) permits installation of weather radar for monitoring of cyclones
movement and prediction by Indian Meteorological Department.
6. Indian Penal Code

The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is an exhaustive legal document comprising of 23 chapters
and 511 sections. Following the insertions and deletions of some sections during the course of
time, it has currently a total of 538 sections. Chapter XIV, section 268 of the IPC defines public
nuisance as "A person is guilty of a public nuisance who does any act or is guilty of an illegal
omission which causes any common injury danger or annoyance to the public or to the people in
general who dwell or occupy property in the vicinity, or which must necessarily cause injury,
obstruction danger or annoyance to persons who may have occasion to useany public right. A
common nuisance is not excused on the ground that it causes some convenience or advantage".
The major aspects dealt in this section are public health, safety, convenience, decency
and morals, reckless handling of poisonous, combustive and explosive substances, which may
cause harm to human life.
The code of criminal procedure, enacted in 1973 is the main law related to the procedure
for implementation of criminal laws in India. Part B of sections 133 to 143 deal with public
nuisance.
Article 14 states that, "The state shall not deny to any person equality before the law or
the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India". The article can be used to prevent
mining activities to protect the environment. The mining projects are granted arbitrarily without
considering the impact on the environment.
Article 48 A deals with the protection and improvement of environment, as well as
safeguarding of forest and wildlife. This was added by 42nd amendment in the constitution Act
1976.
Article 51 A (g) states, "To protect and improve the natural environment including
forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
Environmental Protection laws form an important component of Disaster Risk Reduction,
in order to manage disasters efficiently and prevent loss of life and property.
The constitutional provisions of India is the supreme law of our country. It contains laws
to provide basic services to the people.
Article 21 of the Indian Constitution states "No person shall be deprived of his life or
personal liberty except according to procedure established by law".
„The right to life guaranteed by Article 21 includes the right of enjoyment of pollution
free water'. A wholesome environment is an essential part of the fundamental right to life,
because the unprecedented environmental deterioration can harm life of present and future
generation by way of disasters.

Agencies and Authorities at State & National Levels Etc.
1. Central Disaster Management Authority

It is the apex body set up by the Government of India for implementing disaster management
plans to prevent and mitigate any eventuality.
2. National Centre For Disaster Management (NCDM)

This institute has been set up by the Indian Institute of Public Administration to provide
training to government officials on disaster mitigation and coordinate research activities on
disaster management.
3. Centre for Disaster Management

This institute has been set up by Yashwant Ra Chavan Academy of Development
Administration to coordinate disaster management activities, develop training modules on
disaster management, develop disaster preparedness and capacity building.
4. National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering HIT Kanpur

The aim of this institute is to collect information on earthquake engineering and maintain a
storehouse of this information in the form of publications and audiovisual materials. The other
objective is to disseminate information about the availability of material pertaining to
earthquake engineering to interested persons like academicians, researchers and professionals.
The institute is sponsored by HUDCO, Telecom Commission, Railway Board, Ministry of
Agriculture, Department of Atomic Energy and AICTE.
5. Disaster Management Institute, Bhopal

This institute was set up in the year 1987 to develop techniques for the prevention or
mitigation of consequences of disaster for the welfare of people. It provides professional
training and guidance to managers and government officials pertaining to management of
natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, drought, famine and cyclones, on-site and off-site
emergency planning, risk analysis, identification of major hazards etc.
6. Disaster Mitigation Institute, Ahmedabad

Disaster Mitigation Institute was established in Ahmedabad with the prime motive to mitigate
and prevent disasters by the following ways:
(i) Assisting and strengthening the decision making process.
(ii) Making critical and objective analysis available b the policy makers,
7. Environment Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI)

The institute was established by the Government of Andhra Pradesh with the aid of
Government of India. It has technical collaboration with Swedish International Development
Agency. The objective of EPTRI is to safeguard life and property from disasters by providing
training and consultancy services in Risk Assessment and Safety Control.

8. Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA)
GSDMA was established by the Government of Gujarat at Gandhinagar on 8° February, 2001
with the following objectives,
(i) To provide relief and rehabilitation to the disaster affected people.

(ii) To implement the precautionary programmes and schemes to reduce the impact of natural
disasters.
(iii) To conduct research and analysis of reasons for the occurrence of disasters and suggest
remedies to reduce the effects of the same.
(iv) To utilize the funds, grants, donations and assistance from the federal government in the
best possible manner for prevention of disasters.
9. National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)

National Institute of Disaster Management was constituted under the Ministry of Home
Affairs, Government of India. The institute provides technical support to state governments
through the Management Centers (DMCs). At present, NIDM provides support to 36 DMCs,
six of them are developed as Centers of Excellence in specialized areas of flood risk
management, earthquake risk management, cyclone risk management, drought risk
management, landslides risk management and management of industrial disasters.
State level Institutions

10. State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA)
The DM Act, 2005 provides for constitution of SDMAs and DDMAs in all the states and
UTs. As per the information received from the states and UTs, except Gujarat and Daman & Diu,
all the rest have constituted SDMAs under the DM Act, 2005. Gujarat has constituted its SDMA
under its Gujarat State Disaster Management Act, 2003. Daman & Diu have also established
SDMAs prior to enactment of DM Act 2005.
11. State Executive Committee (SEC)

The Act envisages establishment of State Executive Committee under Section 20 of the
Act, to be headed by Chief Secretary of the state Government with four other Secretaries of such
departments as the state Government may think fit. It has the responsibility for coordinating and
monitoring the implementation of the National Policy, the National Plan and the State Plan as
provided under section 22 of the Act.
District level Institutions

12. District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA)
Section 25 of the DM Act provides for constitution of DDMA for every district of a state.
The District Magistrate/ District Collector/Deputy Commissioner heads the Authority as
Chairperson besides an elected representative of the local authority as Co-Chairperson except in
the tribal areas where the Chief Executive Member of the District Council of Autonomous
District is designated as Co-Chairperson. Further in district, where ZilaParishadexist, its

Chairperson shall be the Co-Chairperson of DDMA. Other members of this authority include the
CEO of the District Authority, Superintendant of Police, Chief Medical Officer of the District
and other two district level officers are designated by the state Government.
The District Authority is responsible for planning, coordination and implementation of
disaster management and to take such measures for disaster management as provided in the
guidelines. The District Authority also has the power to examine the construction in any area in
the district to enforce the safety standards and also to arrange for relief measures and respond to
the disaster at the district level.
Role of Panchayats in mitigation of disasters.

The Panchayati Raj System in India was set up during the early years of Independence
with the main aim of democratic decentralization, rural self-government, and socio-economic
development of rural parts of India.
Role of Gram Panchayats

The lowest tier of Panchayat Raj Institutions at the village level is the Gram Panchayat
administered by theExecutive Authorities. The roles of gram panchayats in disaster management
are as mentioned below,
1. To convene meetings to warn people of the ensuing disasters.

2. Arrange for temporary shelters to ensure safety of villagers. The shelters should be equipped
with sufficient food and water for the villagers and livestock. Proper medical and sanitation
facilities at relief camps for the inhabitants must be ensured.
3. Provision for evacuation of the elderly, disabled, children and women and livestock after the
final warning.
4. Equip the rescue volunteers and task forces to rescue the disaster victims.
5. Relief teams must be positioned at strategic points to coordinate the rescue efforts along with
villagevolunteers.
6. Relief workers should coordinate with veterinary aid workers in disposal of carcasses, dead
bodies andprevent the spread of epidemics.
7. Assessment of loss of life and property in the village.
8. Devise reconstruction plans of damaged roads and buildings.
9. Implement safe construction plans for built structures and developmental projects.
10. Arrangement of awareness camps to educate the villagers in management and mitigation of
disasters.
Role of Block Mandal Parishad
The middle tier/intermediate level of the Panchayat Raj Institutions is the Block/ Mandal
Parishad, administered by the Mandal Parishad Development Officers. The roles of Mandal
Parishad Development Officers in disaster management are as mentioned below,
1. Function as a link between zilla panchayats and gram panchayats.

2. Oversee the preparedness of gram panchayats in case of an eventuality.

3. Repair of damaged roads, drainage and canals by the skilled professionals prior to the
occurrence ofdisaster.
4. Arrange for ready rescue material and information before the occurrence of disaster.
5. Implementation of safety measures in disaster prone areas.
6. Provision for evacuation of disaster victims. Arrange for transport and shelter to people and
livestock.
7. Arrange for supply of adequate amounts of food, water, medicines to disaster victims.
8. Arrange for emergency communication systems to disaster victims.
9. Coordinate rescue and relief efforts with the military and the NGOs.
10. Implement safety guidelines for construction of development projects with the aim of long-
termmitigation planning.
11. Help the gram panchayats in the identification of disaster victims for payment of
compensation.
12. Provide assistance in rehabilitation efforts to disaster victims.
Role of ZillaParishad
The highest tier or the apex body of the Panchayati Raj Institutions is the ZillaParishad
administered by the Chief Executive Officer. The roles of the ZillaParishad in disaster
management are mentioned below:
1. Convene meetings with the members of the ZillaParishad and the heads of sectorial
departments to takepreventive measures prior to the onset of disasters.
2. Arrange for transportation and temporary relief shelters to accommodate disaster victims.
3. Monitor the rescue efforts in the disaster affected areas.
4. Prepare checklist of items necessary for rescue and relief operations.
5. Arrange for Crisis Management Group (CMG) to assist the block and village panchayats with
counter-disaster steps.
6. Establish a control room to keep a vigil of the crisis situation round the clock.
7. Involve the task forces and NGOs to provide assistance during disasters.
8. Provide compensation to the disaster victims.
9. Supervise the planning and implementation of anti-disaster measures for rehabilitation of the
victims.
10. Implementation of disaster-resistant construction technologies in hazard-prone areas.
Risk Transfer and Insurance

As of now Government of India is acting as a self-insurer for the purpose of maintaining
relief funds (National Disaster Response Fund and State Disaster Response Fund). The funds are
monitored by MHA in consultation with Ministry of Finance. The amount committed for State
Disaster Response Fund is invested by the Union in government securities. MHA has issued
guidelines in consultation with Ministry of Finance for the maintenance and encashment of the
secures as and when required. However, need for projects or risk transfer instruments by private
agencies, is also acknowledged by the Government. The corresponding policy changes and fund

requirement is to be deliberated in detail in consultant with the IRDA, insurance sector and other
stakeholders.
Strengthening of Resource & Development for Capacity Building
Resources for Risk Reduction Activities/Administration Governing Bodies

(i) Training needs analysis/ Human
Resource Development Plan.
(ii)Drawing up of capsule courses for
training.
Training forservices /cadres/
(iii) Training of trainers. Ministry
agencies involved in
iv) National Institute for Disaster ofHomeAffairsState
mitigation, preparedness or
Management tobe strengthened. Governments
response.
(iv)Setting up/strengthening training
institutions in statefaculties of Disaster
Management inAdministrative Training
Institutes
 Training curriculum for IAS/IPS and
State Administrative Service Officers/
State Police Officers to include
capsules in disastermanagement.
Administrative
 Training of Block/Village level staff.
TrainingInstitutes /State
Training of IAS/IPS,State  Training of PRIs.
Institutes of Rural
Administrative Service  Training curriculum for IAS/IPS and Development and District
Officers/StatePolice. State Administrative Service Institutes of Education and
Officers/State Police Officers to Trainingto be used.
include capsules in
disastermanagement.
 Training of Block/Village level staff.
 Training of PRIs.
Curriculum State Governments
forundergraduateengineering and All India Council for
B.Archcourses to be amended to include Technical Education
Engineers/Architects
mitigation technologies in general and Indian Institute of
elements of earthquake engineeringin Technologies
particular Professional bodies
Include crisis prevention,response and Ministry of Health and
Health Professionals recovery and trauma management in the Family Welfare Medical
MBBS curriculum. Council of India
NCC, NSS, Scouts &Guides to Ministry of Health and

include disaster response, search and Family Welfare
Youth organization
rescue in their orientation/training Medical Council of India
programmes.

Ministry of Rural
Development/ Department
Masons Mason training for safe construction
of UrbanDevelopment/
StateGovernments
Central and State Boards
School curriculum To include disaster awareness.
of Education
Design and develop a communication
Ministry of Home Affairs
strategy for awareness campaign Use
National mass media /State Governments
audio, visual andprint medium
campaign for awareness Ministry of Home Affairs
to implement awareness campaign
generation /State Governments
Development of resource materials on
mitigation, preparedness and response
Non-government
community-based i) Facilitate network of non-
/National Institute for
organizations involved in govtcommunity based organizations at
Disaster Management
awareness generation and national/State/district levels
community participation (ii) Co-opted into the planning process
/National Institute for
in disaster preparedness and response mechanisms at all level
Disaster Management
and mitigation planning
Corporate sectors
Sensitisation, training andco-opting Ministry of Home
involved in awareness
corporate sectorand their nodal bodies Affairs/
generation and disaster
in planning process and response Federation of Indian
preparedness and
mechanisms Industries
mitigation planning
(i) Arrangements forinter-State sharing
Inter-state arrangements of resources to beincorporated in State
Ministry of Home
for sharing of resources Disaster Management Plans
Affairs/
during emergencies and (ii) Inter-state exposure visits to be
State Governments
lessons learnt facilitated for learning from the
experiences of other States

UNIT-4
Coping with Disaster
If you have experienced a natural disaster (such as a tornado or hurricane), it is very important to
learn ways of coping with the impact these events can have.
Natural disasters have the potential to produce high levels of stress, anxiety, and anger in those who
are affected. They are considered to be traumatic events and can potentially trigger post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) in survivors.
Unlike other traumatic events, natural disasters can result in tremendous destruction of property and
financial loss, which further contributes to stress levels and disrupts coping efforts.1
For example, a tornado or hurricane can destroy and disperse an entire community, thwarting their
attempts to connect with social support.
Ways to Cope With Natural Disasters
Though the effects of natural disasters can be severe and far-reaching, there are steps you can take to
cope. Here are some ways you may be able to reduce the trauma of a natural disaster.
● Seek out and connect with social support. Research has consistently found that early
intervention, resources, and support from others can be a major factor in helping people
overcome the negative effects of a traumatic event.2 Given that a natural disaster can impact
an entire community, your support system may be weakened by a natural disaster. However,
even connecting with one person can make a difference.
● Identify local support groups or available crisis counselors to talk to. After a natural
disaster, crisis counselors may be brought in to offer support and help you come up with ways
of coping with the impact of a natural disaster. Take advantage of these opportunities.
● Try to establish a schedule. For example, set regular times for meals, waking up in the
morning, or talking with family and friends. A natural disaster can greatly disrupt your regular
schedule increasing the extent to which your life feels chaotic and out of control. Coming up
with a daily, structured schedule can help you establish a sense of predictability and control.3
● Talk about the effect of the natural disaster. Share your feelings with others, or at the very
least, find some way to express your emotions. A natural disaster can result in strong feelings
of anger, anxiety, and sadness. These emotions need to be expressed. If you hold them in, they
may get more intense.
● Focus on self-care. A natural disaster can deplete you physically as well as emotionally. It is
very important that you make time to care for yourself. Self-care is integral to emotional and
physical health. Caring for your body, mind, and spirit can increase your ability to cope with
trauma. Make sure you eat well, get enough sleep, and exercise. Mindfulness practice has also
been shown to help survivors cope with PTSD.4
● Practice healthy coping strategies. Following a natural disaster, you will experience a
number of intense negative emotions. Therefore, it is very important to identify healthy ways
of managing these emotions. Alcohol or substance use, excessive sleep, and seeking comfort
in food can be effective short-term strategies for managing emotional distress, but in the
long-term, these behaviors don't address the root issue and often increase distress.5

● Try to limit other sources of stress in your life. Although you may have little control over
other sources of stress in your life, try to limit the extent to which you make major decisions
or life changes. Your most important task following a natural disaster is getting your life and
emotions back in order. Therefore, it is important to put yourself in a place where it is going to
be easier to do this.
● Find ways to help others. Helping others can provide you with a sense of agency, purpose,
control, and empowerment.6
Symptoms of PTSD
It is important to recognize that it is very normal to experience PTSD-like symptoms in the aftermath
of a traumatic event.
You may experience intrusive thoughts or memories of the traumatic event, feel on edge, or have
difficulty sleeping.7 These symptoms are, in many ways, the body's natural reaction to being exposed
to (and surviving) a highly stressful event.
Coping With Upsetting Memories
Healthy Coping Strategies
Symptoms naturally dissipate over time for most people who experience a traumatic event such as a
natural disaster. Coping in a healthy manner further increases the likelihood that these symptoms will
improve.8
However, engaging in unhealthy coping strategies (for example, drinking alcohol or other methods of
avoidance) can increase the possibility that these symptoms will linger and potentially get
worse—eventually resulting in a PTSD diagnosis.
Healthy coping strategies are key to recovering from a natural disaster.
Alternative Approaches to Disaster Analysis Alexander:

(1993) has identified six different approaches that social scientists researchers have used to study
disasters. They are:
(a) Sociological Approach
(b) Anthropological Approach
(c) Development Studies Approach
(d) Disaster Medicine and Epidemiology Approach
(e) Geographical Approach
(f) Technical Approach
A Sociological Approach
According to sociologists, disasters are not more important than other social phenomena.
(a) Examining how social systems react to physical harm and social disruption after the occurrence of
an event?
(b) Examining what social systems do to increase or mitigate the risk of physical harm and social
disruption before the occurrence of an event?
An Anthropological Approach
According to the Anthropologist ―Disaster is seen as a process leading to an event that involves a
combination of a potentially destructive agent from the natural or technological sphere and a
population in a socially produced condition of vulnerability‖
A Development Studies Approach

This approach looks at the problems of providing aid and relief to Third World Countries. Mainly it
addresses the problems of refugee management, health care and the avoidance of starvation
(Alexander, 1993). Most of the disaster impact occurs in developing countries. This increases poverty
and human vulnerability. This approach is more concerned about the issues of vulnerability and
livelihood security.
A Medicine and Epidemiology Approach

Medical support is the first priority after the initial search and rescue phase (Beinin, 1985). For
example disasters like floods can create epidemics in the form of diarrhea, respiratory and infectious
diseases. Disasters like earthquakes and technological accidents create problems like bone fractures
and psychological trauma. If medical facilities are delivered to the victims in the first few hours of a
disaster, that saves more lives.
.
A Geographical Approach
This approach has used the social science methods and emphasis is given to the spatio-temporal
distribution of hazards, impacts and vulnerability. They have discussed how choices are made
between different types of adjustment to natural hazards/
A Technical Approach
This is the approach of physical and natural scientists. They give more stress to seismology,
volcanology, geomorphology and other geophysical approaches. The emphasis here is on nature,
scale, intensity and impacts on human structure or engineering. It may have some elements of human
ecology.
CHANGING COMPLEXION OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
. It was always felt that disasters overwhelm the capacity of the nations and communities by causing
severe hardships and loss. Gradually by the 1990s, a change in the perception about disasters was
visible.
They are no longer considered as sudden occurrences that can be handled by emergency response and
rescue services.
Disaster policies, it was perceived, can identify the probable risks the community face and its
capacity to withstand these.
Disasters currently are being seen as opportunities to capitalize on the inflow of resources for relief to
promote long-term development.

There is a distinct change in disaster management trends as reflected in the Table below:
From To
Helplessness of the victims Awareness of the ability to cope
International response National reliance
Outside response Community self reliance
Emergency agency responsibility Everyone‘s responsibility
Individual aid Restoration of social system
Victims as receivers Victims as actors
Good dole out Training and Institution building
Donor focused Victim focused
Source: Proceedings of Third Disaster Management Practitioners Workshop for Southeast Asia,
2004
There is a paradigm shift from the traditional relief and disaster preparedness towards a
developmental approach that is multidimensional incorporating a combination of strategies aiming at
the institutional and community levels. The earlier emergency management approach has given way
to disaster risk management.
It is increasingly realized that one needs to be aware of the risks involved with disasters and handle
them. According to Jerrilos (1999), this strategy focuses on the underlying conditions of risk
generated by unsustainable development, which lead to disaster occurrence.
Its objective is to increase capacity to manage and reduce risks and hence the occurrence and
magnitude of disasters.
A disaster risk is the probability of injury, loss of life, and damage to property, disruption of services
and activities and negative environmental effects.
The new model of disaster management, namely the ―expand-contract‘‘ model, views disaster
management as a continuous process. Disasters, it is felt, are managed in a parallel series of activities
rather than in a sequence of action. For example, in case of any disaster such as a cyclone, the ‗relief
and response‘ strand expands to cope with the immediate effects of the disaster. Gradually, the
‗recovery and rehabilitation‘ strand – including prevention will expand to address the rehabilitation
needs of the affected community. The significance of the different strands depends on the relationship
between the hazard event and the vulnerability of the community that is involved.
As you all know, the national government, non-governmental organizations, and the various agencies
of the United Nations have made significant strides in pursuing strategies for disaster reduction. We
can say that the governance approach that is gaining importance in all spheres of activity is
permeating the area of disaster management. Governance, which is wider than government,
comprises the mechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate
their interests. The social networks and multilevel governance processes that include public, private
and community partnerships have proliferated at an accelerated pace. Norio Okado (2005) terms the
involvement of citizens, private sector, and other participatory groups in the process of disaster risk
management as ―Novel Public Management‖. This is considered a new trend in the 21st century.
Its features are:
• An emerging role of NGOs
• Innovative schemes of public-private partnership
• Increasing importance of citizen initiatives
• Institutional participatory process for multiple stakeholders
• Public information as common goods and its release to society and stakeholders; and
• Growing concerns for public risk and increasing need for integrated risk management
This new trend is considered to be a turning point in disaster prevention. The emerging role of NGOs
in civil society, increasing significance of government private sector partnership and extending the
spectrum of social services are the characteristics of this perspective which is required to be
integrated within the framework of disaster risk management. The contemporary challenges are to
manage human safety and security. A strategy that provides for identification, assessment and
management of risks arising out of disasters is gaining importance. It is a prerequisite for sustainable
risk reduction in developing countries. New strategies for crisis management in the present day
globalized world are emerging. What is required is to bring in appropriate institutional reforms,
building the capacities of human resources, enhancing the government‘s ability to govern and manage
effectively in the transformed environment.
Industrial safety and security:
Raising awareness about industrial safety, in particular occupational health and safety (OHS), at the
local (firm), national, regional and international levels is the first step towards achieving it.1 Many
firms and national governments, even those in industrially developed regions, are either unaware of
the vital importance of industrial safety or tend to ignore it.
What is industrial safety?

● Industrial safety encompasses the prevention of a wide variety of industrial hazards,
occupational accidents and work-related illnesses in order to create a ―zero-risk‖ environment.
● At the firm level, industrial safety mechanisms refer to the management of all conditions,
operations and events within an industrial plant or industrial site to reduce, control and eliminate
hazards and protect people, productive assets and the environment.
● Focused on accident prevention and the safety readiness of the entities operating these
facilities, industrial safety provides the means to contain and eliminate accidents and their
consequences.
● Coordination between standards-setting agencies and monitoring entities, along with
partnerships with international organizations supporting industrial development are the key elements
for ensuring industrial safety at the national, regional and international levels.
Safety industrial measures:

● Industrial processes are exposed to dangers such as natural hazards, political instability
(sabotage) and cyberattacks. These can cause massive damage to people, industrial assets and the
environment. Beyond process, production and material safety, industrial safety is also related to:
● Occupational health and safety.
• Workplace safety.
• Technical equipment safety related to electrical safety and fire safety.
• Cybersecurity.
• Safety in general, including installations following existing building codes.
• Building and structural safety.
• Environmental safety as a direct or indirect impact on industry.
● At the firm level, industrial safety mechanisms refer to the management of all conditions,
operations and events within an industrial plant or industrial site to reduce, control and eliminate
hazards and protect people, productive assets and the environment.

● How close an industry comes to achieving a zero-risk environment depends on the industry‘s
and society‘s perception of risk.
● Awareness of the importance of industrial safety—within enterprises, industries and
society—is the first step to realizing a risk free environment.
● Awareness leads to alertness, preparedness and timely response.
● Preparedness relies on the technological capacity to prevent or deal with industrial accidents,
and timely response counts on having monitoring and regulatory mechanisms in place, both in firms
and at the local and national levels.
● A society sets its goals for attaining a safe and secure industrial environment based on its
economic, technological, legal and social capacities.
● Therefore, the degree of risk reduction often corresponds to the level of technological
sophistication and legal capabilities in countries and industrial facilities alike.
Challenges and the need for cooperation.
● Industrial safety is neglected in many parts of the world.

● The likelihood of an incident becoming an accident depends on advance preparations and the
ability of operators of hazardous production facilities to recognize risks and implement industrial
safety measures.
● Industrial accident rates are especially high in developing countries and the LDCs.
● Contributing factors are the poor technical condition of equipment, disregard or lack of
knowledge of safe operation guidelines, poor organization and work procedures, inadequate repair
or prolonged downtime of machinery, and low qualifications of maintenance
These factors are a result of deficient laws and weak compliance with industrial safety requirements
and inadequate financial resources for mitigating and containing industrial incidents and accidents.
Strengthening industrial safety reduces these risks, boosts growth in industrial sectors and reduces
production losses due to incidents or accidents.
Industrial accidents harm not only individuals and industrial assets, but also communities, including
those affected by transboundary effects.
Industrial safety management systems and best practices.
● An accident or illness at the workplace can affect not only employees, but also business
operations and the sustainability performance of firms through lost working hours and
production delays and by diminishing the quality of an enterprise‘s product and its reputation.
● To avoid such problems, many organizations have adopted OHS and sustainability
Many organizations use sustainability and OHS reviews (or audits) to assess their performance.
● However, these reviews and audits may not be sufficient to ensure that performance meets the
legal and policy requirements of the organization.
To do that, the reviews must be carried out within a structured management system that is embedded
in the organization.

Safety norms and survival kits
Approaches to establishing a safety culture:

Given that a safety culture is a characteristic of a group or organization and that safety is only one
among a diverse set of priorities of an organization, there are several ways to approach creating a
safety culture. However, there are two key paths to establishing a safety culture within an
organization:
Rule-based safety and managed safety.
Rule-based safety implies compliance with an organization‘s safety rules and regulations, which
generally reflect the anticipation of hazardous situations by safety experts and occupational safety
professionals.
Managed safety demands the active participation of staff and reliance on the professional expertise of
staff present during a real-time emergency or hazard. It depends on the ability of front-line workers to
respond effectively and efficiently to a hazardous situation. Rule-based safety and managed safety
can be applied in the same organization, as a preventive measure and a mitigation measure. A
rule-based safety culture can prevent industrial accidents through compliance with regulations and
industrial safety standards. Moreover, abiding by rules on how to act during an emergency is also an
excellent mitigation strategy. A managed safety culture ensures hazard prevention as well as
mitigation through the appropriate actions of staff in the event of an industrial accident.
Striking the right balance between rule-based safety and managed safety is crucial for promoting an
effective safety culture within an organization.
Industrial safety norms
● Secure the area to prevent further damage or accident – The first thing you
should do in the event of an industrial accident is to secure the area. The reason
this is so important is that it can help prevent more injuries and further damage. By
limiting how close people can get to the situation, you can help keep them from
getting hurt, or even worse, killed. In the event of an industrial accident, it‘s
important to be prepared ahead of time. Companies, as well as communities,
should have a plan in place to respond to an industrial disaster. They should also
have the proper equipment and training to deal with any scenario. Responding
quickly and securing the area can help reduce the effects of the disaster on
individuals, communities and the environment. It‘s also vital that the proper
authorities are contacted immediately. This ensures that only those who are
properly trained to respond to these types of disasters are the ones handling the
situation.
● Follow all safety and emergency protocols – Many times when a disaster strikes,
ordinary people go to great lengths to help others in need. Although this is very
noble it‘s also important to remember that if you aren‘t careful you could end up
causing more harm than good. If you can safely help prevent further damage or
more injuries then you can proceed. However, it‘s extremely important to
remember that you don‘t need to be a hero. You must make sure that you follow
every safety and emergency protocol involved for each particular type of disaster.
The best thing to do is to wait for the professionally trained emergency responders
to arrive at the scene and then offer your assistance. They can let you know what
things you can do to help and how best to avoid further problems.

● Remember that different situations may call for different reactions – It‘s
important to remember that not all disasters, or even industrial disasters are the
same. There are many different types of disasters, including fire, explosion,
flooding, spills, hazardous waste, chemical, and many others. Each one of these
must be treated a little differently, especially taking into consideration the size and
scope of the incident. It is important to know how to respond in each of these
situations; but no matter what type of disaster has occurred, always remember to
remain calm and act intelligently instead of with panic. Remember, panicking will
almost always make things worse, and could lead to more damage or people
getting injured.
Survival Kits:
● Water (one gallon per person per day for several days, for drinking and sanitation)
● Food (at least a three-day supply of non-perishable food)
● Battery-powered or hand crank radio and a NOAA Weather Radio with tone alert.
● Flashlight.
● First aid kit.
● Extra batteries.
● Whistle (to signal for help)
Food: Non-perishable items with a good shelf life; easy to make (i.e. canned soup,
protein bars)
● Water: At least one gallon per person, per day (optional: water purification tablets
or device)
● Flashlight(s): Battery powered, best to have at least two (with spare batteries)
● Radio: Am/FM/weather radio (with spare batteries or better yet—solar or crank
powered)
● Cell phone: Cables for charging, spare and pre-charged rechargers, crank/solar
charger (for IU-Notify messages, weather alerts, news, and contacting
family/friends.)
● Two-way radios: ―Walkie-talkies‖ are great in case you have to split up for some
reason.
● Spare Batteries: For all these things. (Tip: try to get them all with the same size
battery.)
● Whistle: Whistles are great signaling devices (saves your voice from yelling).
● First-Aid Kit: The usual stuff that comes in a small kit from almost any pharmacy
or store
plus some extra gloves, extra face masks, and a minimum of seven days worth of
any prescription medications.
● Toilet Paper: You don‘t want to have to be scrounging around for it and it also can
serve other functions (ex. helping start a fire, etc.).
● Soap/Hygiene items: Small bar of soap, toothbrush, wet-wipes, washcloth.
● Bleach (or disinfecting wipes): A little bit mixed in with some water goes a long
way.
● Clothes: Multiple layers of clothes (sweater/sweatshirt, jacket, rain jacket, hat,
gloves).

● Blankets: Regular blankets are good. ―Space blankets‖ are also an option.
Blankets can be used to cover windows, keep you warm, build shelter, carry
things, etc.
● Sleeping bag: To keep you warm and to sleep in/on.
● Tarps/plastic sheets: for covering broken windows and for building shelter.
● Duct tape and trash bags: Can be used as an alternative to the above items plus
they are more portable and more versatile. (Trash bags can be shelter, rain poncho,
etc. Duct tape fixes all.)
● Small tool kit or multi-tool: Knife, can opener, screwdriver, pliers, all in one.
● Candles: For both light and warmth (make sure you include matches or a lighter).
● Local maps: Don‘t depend on your phone (it may be dead or near dead). Mark
your meeting places on the map in advance so you don‘t have to remember them.
● Extra cash: Small bills are good.
● Personal documents: IU ID, driver‘s license, Social Security card, credit cards,
health insurance card, etc.
● Contact information: Phone numbers (home, mobile, work) for family and
friends (again, don‘t depend on your phone).
● Backpack(s): To carry all this stuff in case you can‘t stay where you are. A spare
(empty) backpack to carry additional supplies or water.
● Postive mental attitude: the single most important survival item. It will get you
further than anything else. Pack what you need to make it happen (picture of
family, deck of cards, pack of gum, special book, etc.)
Role Media:
The media forges a direct link between the public and emergency organizations and
play a very important role in disseminating vital information to the public before,
during and after disasters. The media assists in the management of disaster by
educating the public about disasters; warning of hazards; gathering and transmitting
information about affected areas; altering government officials, relief organization and
their public to specific needs; and facilitating discussions about disaster preparedness
and response for continuous improvement.
Media and Emergency Response- A Review:

In managing disaster- the necessity of ‗ right information at right time‘ has not
changed for centuries. People need warning ahead of the dister and then, in its
aftermath, data on casualities, damage, the supplies and skills that are needed, the best
ways to bring in these resources, the help that is acailable and is being provided, and
so on.
TECHNOLOGY IN MEDIA:
There are two major types of media that exist – 1. Electronic media and 2. Print media.
Radio, (both satellite as well as wireless), and Television (cable, DTH etc) are
prominent players in electronic media, whereas newspapers, magazines, journals are
part of the print media.

Linkages between Communication Technology and Management of Various Classes of Hazards
Hazards Satellite Satellite Radio and TV Print Media Terrestrial

Sensors Remote Sensors
Telemetry
EARTHQUAK Linking Transmitting Education Strain
E sensors to warning for protection, gauges
central facility and including vibration
and reverse protection evacuation sensors
information / and building
data techniques
LANDSLIDES Meteorol Transmitting Transmitting Education Strain
ogical data to central warning for protection, gauges
monitori facility and protection including wetness
ng of and reverse information / evacuation and sensors
soil data building
Wetness techniques
TSUNAMIS Wave Transmitting Transmitting Education Subsea
surge data to central warning for protection, vibrati
detection facility and protection including on
and information / evacuation and sensors
reverse data building
techniques
VOLCANOES Optical Transmitting Transmitting Education Vibration
and data to central warning for protection, and thermal
thermal facility and including sensors
sensors and reverse protection evacuation
information / and location
data techniques
FLOODS Optical Transmitting Transmitting Education Flow, rain
Monitori data to central warnings for protection, and river
ng and facility and protection including high
meteorol and reverse data evacuation and sensors
og location
y techniques
CYCLONES Meteorol Transmitting Transmitting Education Meteorolog
ogy data to central warnings for protection, ical
facility and protection including monitoring
and reverse data evacuation, and for
construction storm surge
location
techniques
WILDFIRES Optical Transmitting Transmitting Education Optical
and data to central warnings for protection, and thermal
thermal facility and protection including sensor
monitorin and reverse data Prevention and to support
g resistant visual
construction siting
AREAS WHERE MEDIA CAN CONTRIBUTE:
Since disasters are a significant source of news and capture the attention of populations
worldwide, the media provides tremendous visibility for disaster-related issues and, if used
properly, can aid the process of disaster management very effectively. Some of the areas where
media can contribute include:
Aid prioritization of Disaster Risk Issues –

The media can influence the government to prioritize disaster risk issues, thereby ensuring that
―self serving‖ political interests are not emphasized at the expense of the wider population. For
example, the media may expose excessive and inefficient expenditure to relocate persons from
vulnerable areas just before a general election with a view to secure votes, while little or no
attention is given to replenishing the stock of relief supplies in the national warehouse for
distribution in the event of a disaster. This kind of exposure facilitates more prudent and
balanced prioritization of disaster risk issues.
Facilitate creation of Early Warning Systems:
Owing to the extensive outreach - the media can help disaster mitigation experts create Early
Warning Systems by providing information on risks and existing technologies that can aid the
development of useful concepts and systems. Emergency Alert System (EAS), which uses radio,
TV and cable services across the country in United States for transmitting early warning, has
been very effective.
Increase international donations:

The media can trigger donations from the international community subsequent to the occurrence
of national disasters, as well as push the government to increase budgetary allocations for
disaster response programmes.
Improve coordination of risk assessment activities:

The media can improve the coordination of risk-assessment activities between policymakers and
donor communities. This integration of effort should result in increased availability of resources
and improved work programmes geared towards saving lives of affected populations and
vulnerable communities.

IMPACT OF MEDIA:
The media is a mere tool in the hands of the disaster management professional and can,
therefore, yield positive or negative results depending on how it is used.
Positive effects of the media:
The media is usually the first to define the event as an official disaster. They inform the public
about it and therefore heighten awareness. This resulting awareness influences public opinion
about how the disaster is being managed and often determines the level of attention that relief
agencies pay to a particular disaster.
1. The media provides instantaneous information and are considered to be trusted

sources especially at the local level, where the news media have a ―vested interest‖ in
the home town.
2. The network‘s continuous and factual coverage of incidents and post-disaster events can
aid decision making and response immediately after a disaster, thereby saving lives and
property.
3. The media is an invaluable asset in times of a disaster by disseminating information

about public safety, giving useful details on areas such as impassable roads and downed
utility lines etc.
4. Other important public health concerns are usually addressed by issuing water safety
advisories and providing information about sites where medical help is available for
the public.
5. In the absence of telephones and other mechanisms for communicating with the world
outside an affected area, the news media provides:
● the affected population with much needed information and
● the outside world with a glimpse of what that affected community is dealing with.
Negative effects of the media:
1. The media may exaggerate some elements of the disaster and create unnecessary panic.
2. The media‘s inaccurate portrayal of human behavior during and after disasters may create
a very dramatic and exciting, but only partially truthful story. For instance, it is not
uncommon to see footage of people looting after a disaster on all news networks, but
most viewers may not realize that all the networks were covering the same store being
looted. As a result, people may feel that widespread and uncontrollable looting is taking
place in the affected area(s) which may not be true at all.
3. Influential politicians may manipulate the media for personal or political gains. For
example, Hurricane Dean significantly affected the island of Jamaica a few weeks before
the 2007 general elections. The electronic media consistently showed members of a
particular political party issuing relief items to the poor, which sent a subliminal message
that the political party in question was more responsive to the needs of the people than
the other. Incidentally, the political party (that was portrayed in a positive light by the
media) won the elections and now forms the new government of Jamaica.
4. News reporters may provide biased coverage for purposes of sensationalism by capturing
horrific devastation on a street, choosing to ignore that on the opposite side of the street
all the houses are intact with minor damage. This kind of ―irresponsible journalism‖ may
lead to the deployment of unnecessary and inappropriate resources to moderately affected
areas thereby depriving the more severely affected areas of much needed aid.
5. Media representatives often converge on a high-profile event creating tremendous

―congestion‖ in the affected area. This influx of individuals with their own needs into an
already burdened area can be overwhelming, which may hinder or compromise search
and rescue operations, jeopardize rescuer safety and hamper the provision of care needed
by the critically ill and injured.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
For the media to fill their role in disaster management most effectively, it is important that an
institutional framework is drawn and established for closer working relationships between
disaster management agencies and the media.
1. Strengthening Relationship and sharing resources: It is necessary that media foster

still- closer linkages with the hazard-mitigation community and share their vast
information-gathering and transmission resources, when appropriate and available, with
disaster-mitigation organizations.
The enormous technical resources of the major media could be very helpful to hazard-
mitigation specialists with little or no adverse impact on media operations. In the post-
disaster phase, for example, the facilities established by the media to report on an event
are often far more robust and more promptly operational than those of relief
organizations, whether governmental or voluntary. As the journalistic needs for the
equipment are intermittent, sometimes as little as a few minutes per day, these channels
are potentially available to specialists as a means for better assessing the nature and
extent of damage, local relief requirements, the need for specialized recovery equipment,
and unique problems or opportunities. Television not only multiplies the public's
awareness of and involvement in others' suffering, but also could give direct help. Under
cooperation agreements, for instance, broadcasters could make available any surplus
remote transmission capacity to relief authorities desperate for electronic links to the
disaster scene.
2. Develop a basic code promoting cooperation among the media and Disaster Management
Agency (DMA) agencies. Here again, the first concern should be with the broadcast
media, whose involvement is more intricate, and with whom there exists a greater
potential for cooperative spinoff. Disaster relief and mitigation agencies should lay the
groundwork for formal cooperation with the mass media, especially broadcasters.
3. Plan and establish the National Emergency Alert System (NEAS), in line with EAS
used in the USA for direct dissemination of public alerts and warnings from state and
national level.
4. Direct Connectivity to Transmission stations: A more systematic statewide / national

linkage with the media could improve early warning and can go to the next step in
promoting an evacuation or alternative protective strategy. For example, television and
radio receivers might potentially be adapted to enable them to deliver warnings even if
they are turned off at the time. In essence, a high-technology approach such as building
an early- warning capability into radios or television sets is but one step removed from
the concept of public air-raid sirens. It should raise no issue of privacy and the
technology is certainly not beyond our grasp.
5. Consider establishing a technological "information-exchange" mechanism, so that those

centrally involved--relief agencies and major networks--can constantly cross-check the
significance and usefulness of what is available, and of what is around the next corner.
Maybe – emergency response communication networks can include some of the
important transmission stations.
6. Designate and train disaster journalists: Disaster journalism is a specialized area

needing sensitization towards development of effective emergency communication or
alerts. A new cadre of ―Disaster correspondents," just as many media today designate
reporters to cover politics, financial markets, and other specific "beats‖ is the need of
hour. Such specialized journalists can improve the supply of information about the nature
of and remedies for "high-tech" hazards, such as nuclear reactor malfunctions and toxic
waste contamination.
The media and the public are more at ease with what they consider natural hazards--
earthquakes, hurricanes, typhoons--than with hazards of more recent invention. The first
category of hazard comes, as it were, "value-free" and the flow of information is
accordingly reasonably pure. This is not the case with the second category, where the
twin dangers of underplaying or exaggerating the seriousness of an accident are
exacerbated by high levels of ignorance and uncertainty.
Commercial pressures accentuate the problem. Organizations involved in the nuclear

power and hazardous chemical businesses rightly fear the limits of public tolerance.
Therefore, from Windscale, through Three Mile Island, and on to Bhopal and Chernobyl,
there is a history of impure information. (In the case of Windscale, details about the
degree of hazard are only now emerging through released British Cabinet papers.)
Proprietors of these man-made hazards frequently complain that the media have "got it
wrong," whereas, in truth, the media lack adequate information to judge.
Disaster Management agencies should plan and provide their expertise to journalists, not
only at the moment of crisis, but also in prior training sessions and video and printed
materials.
7. Constitute State Emergency Communication committee (SECC) with media included
as members. SECC will have representatives from – State Disaster management
authority, Representative from broadcast association, Prasar Bharti, and representative
from telecommunication / Wireless planning and coordination wing of ministry of
ommunication.
UNIT-V
PLANNING FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1. INTRODUCTION
Disaster Management Strategies: An Overview
Disasters wipe out years of development by destructing economies and causing extensive
damage to lives and properties. Tsunami in Asia in 2004, Hurricane Katrina in USA in 2005,
Muzzaffarabad Earthquake in 2005, to name a few, resulted in serious social and economic
costs. Though a United Nations Report titled ‘Living with Risk’ indicates that there has been
a decline in the number of loss of lives from natural disasters, yet the prevalence of disasters
is on the rise. The detrimental consequences of disasters on society, economy and
environment cannot be overemphasized. The question that arises is whether the devastation
and destruction are inevitable? As we have been reiterating in the Units of this Course, a
certain amount of it cannot be avoided, but can be minimized through enhancing the national
disaster management capacities to address the various aspects of prevention, preparedness,
mitigation, response, rehabilitation and recovery. Over the last two decades, efforts towards
evolving multifaceted disaster management strategies have been taken up, globally about
which you have been acquainted with in the previous Units. We have reached the Final Unit
of this Course. By now you must have acquired sufficient grasp over the various facets of
disaster management. In this Unit, we shall orient you about the changing complexion of
disaster management and provide an overview of important disaster management strategies.
Finally, we shall attempt to project the path ahead for the disaster management.
It is being realized that disaster management ought to be given a proper policy direction and
any strategy needs to adhere to the following principles:
• Fostering a culture of prevention
• Identifying the key issues to be addressed especially in the development process
• Permeating the concern for disaster risk reduction across all levels of government
• Evolving equitable, consistent and fair mechanisms of provision of disaster assistance
• Providing transparency, participation and exchange of information

• Taking cognizance of local conditions and environment
• Devising efficient, effective, flexible, adaptive and sustainable strategies; and
• Introducing a multidisciplinary and integrated approach to manage disasters.
To recapitulate, a beginning in evolving a disaster management strategy was made in May

1994, with the Yokohama Strategy emanating from the International Decade for Natural
Disaster Risk Reduction. The Yokohama strategy emphasized that disaster prevention,
mitigation and preparedness are better than disaster response in achieving the goals and
objectives of vulnerability reduction. The Yokohama Strategy for Disaster Reduction
centered on the objective of saving human lives and protecting property. The strategy focused
on:
• Development of a global culture of prevention
• Adoption of a policy of self-reliance in each vulnerable country and community
• Education and training in disaster prevention, preparedness and mitigation
• Development and strengthening of human resources and material capabilities and

capacities of research and development institutions
• Involvement and active participation of the people
• Priority to programs that promote community-based approaches to vulnerability

reduction
• Effective national legislation and administrative action
• Integration of private sector in disaster reduction efforts
• Involvement of non-governmental organisations; and
• Strengthening the capacity of the United Nations system in disaster reduction
As you all know, the International Strategy of Disaster Reduction (ISDR) pronounced in
2001 as a follow up to the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR),
intended to enable all societies to become resilient to the effects of natural hazards and
related technological and environmental disasters to reduce human, economic and social
losses. The ISDR considered that appropriate disaster reduction strategies and initiatives at

the national and international level, as well as the implementation of United Nations Agenda
21 can strengthen the likelihood of reducing or mitigating the human, economic and social
losses caused by disasters and thereby facilitate sustained growth and development. It called
for participation of communities as an essential element for successful disaster reduction
policy and practice. Vulnerable communities, especially in developing countries demonstrate
extraordinary capacities to prevent such losses. The strategy emphasised on the need to create
disaster resilient societies and prevent human, economic and social losses through public
participation at all levels of implementation of the strategy
The World Conference on Disaster Reduction held in January 2005 at Hyogo, Japan
identified the specific gaps arising out of the Yokohama strategy. These are:
o Governance: organizational, legal and policy frameworks

o Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning
o Knowledge management and education
o Reducing underlying risk factors; and
o Preparedness for effective response and recovery
1.1 Steps for formulating a disaster risk reduction plan:
Perspective has shifted from viewing disasters as unpredictable and unavoidable events that
are dealt with by emergency specialists, to recognizing that we ourselves create the social,
economic and political conditions that increase our risk to disasters. We can do something to
reduce those risks. Cities are vulnerable to the effects of natural and human made disasters
due to a complex set of interrelated factors that needs to be looked into by a wide range of
disciplines, sectors, levels and institutions. Disaster risk management is a systematic process
that takes all these factors into consideration, and draw on the capacities, innovations and
synergies available to lessen the impact of hazards. There is no shortage of possibilities for
reducing disaster risks in all its five phases of disaster mitigation, prevention, preparedness,
response, and recovery (see Book 1 for more detail).
Planning is a management tool to help make decision on the appropriate mix of risk reduction
options. Results from the risk assessment process described in Book 2 would have revealed
the risks posed by various hazards in the locality. This information provides the basis for
formulating a disaster risk reduction (DRR) plan. The plan is a guide to keep implementers
on track and serves as documentation of the thoughts and considerations that were the

foundation of the planning process. As community leadership changes, and during intense
decision-making situations (such as the post-disaster setting or when undertaking major land
development decisions), the plan will serve as the representation of the locality’s principles
for DRR. It helps if the planning team/committee has the authority to develop the plan. A
council resolution or a memo from the city manager or mayor is useful, because one of the
biggest challenges will be getting other departments to devote some attention to the
development and implementation of the risk reduction plan.
The Planning Process
The objective of planning is not to produce a perfect document but to develop a process; what
really counts is how the plan is prepared. In other words, it is not the resulting document, but
rather the process of planning that is important. The process or the way one goes about
planning for disaster risk reduction is a key factor in determining its success. A plan drawn
up by a few key risk reduction experts may be technically sound but may face challenges in
the implementation of some of the activities. Communities and local government are more
likely to be committed to the plan’s implementation if they participated actively in its
formulation.
Each town or city will have a unique process for developing DRR plans. However, certain
elements are essential to DRR plans as well as other types of development plans:
 Engaging stakeholders
 Developing goals and objectives
 Formulating an action plan
 Integrating risk reduction measures in development plan
 Securing funding
 Planning for response and recovery
 Monitoring and evaluating progress
Steps for Planning
The approach to disaster risk reduction planning is fundamentally the same as any
planning process and planners will recognize these iterative steps as follows:
• Organize to prepare the plan
• Involve stakeholders

• Coordinate with other agencies
• Set goals
• Review possible strategies and measures
• Draft an action plan
• Adopt the plan
• Implement, monitor, evaluate and revise the plan
Formulate an Action Plan Based on the agreed upon goals and objectives and on results of
the risk assessments, risk reduction actions are identified and prioritized. This is often done
by organizing a multi-stakeholder workshop or disaster risk management committee meeting.
What is in an action plan
The action plan addresses the following questions:
• What do we need to do?
• Who is responsible for implementing which risk reduction measures?
• Who can help implement the measures?
• How much will they cost?
• (budget) What will be the funding sources for these measures? When do we need to
complete activities?
• (implementation schedule) What are the arrangements for monitoring, evaluation,

review and revision (when, how, who, what)
Develop an action plan
Details of what will be done, by whom and when needs to be documented in an action plan.
The disaster risk reduction options selected should qualify against the following factors:
• Options should be technically acceptable and feasible under all circumstances
• The selected implementing agency/ organization should have the capacity to

implement the selected risk reduction options

• Should bring positive environmental impacts
• Should be socially acceptable and compatible with the farsighted community values
and social ethics Should be acceptable to political leadership.
• Legal authority for implementation or the possibility for creation of legal authority
should exist within the local government.
2.0 Integrate Risk Reduction Measures in Development Plans
A local government is the governmental body responsible for the long-term development
of its area and the well-being and safety of its citizens. It cannot afford to ignore risk
considerations because disasters may destroy development outputs and gains. The risk
assessment phase is a good entry point for connecting local concerns with disaster risk
issues. Local development planning is where these issues can be paired up with solutions.
A DRR plan can be developed in light of economic, social and political realities. This in
turn increases the likelihood that planned risk reduction measures are successfully
implemented. During the local planning process, it is important to review existing
development plans and other policy documents, and ensure that the risk reduction goals
and objectives are consistent with those of the other plans at the local and national levels.
In the event that goals do conflict, it is important to discuss how such a conflict could be
resolved. It may be that the existing plan did not benefit from the risk knowledge gained
from the assessment. When the goals complement each other, there is the potential to
implement planning initiatives that serve multiple objectives for your locality that
contribute to sustainable development as well as to build support for DRR. Projects
stakeholders will need to prioritize the DRR initiatives to ensure that local government
will implement the most important ones as funding or other required resources become
available. Some donor agencies work closely with governments to identify, prioritize and
fund risk reduction actions.
Planning for Response and Recovery
During a disaster, local governments are immediately confronted with the responsibility
of providing and coordinating relief. Emergency response planning before a disaster
strikes is critical to effective and efficient response. It involves agreeing on roles and
responsibilities of different organizations, developing operating guidelines for response
and recovery, and identifying the available resources. The emergency response plan can
be a separate sections of the DRR.

The recovery phase is an opportunity to incorporate risk reduction into development
agenda for the following reasons:
• A disaster will bring people from various agencies and sectors together to focus
on the locality and its risks.
• Residents and elected officials will be more interested and more willing to address
risk issues as well as try new solutions.
• There may be new sources of funding available for recovery.
• A number of pending risk reduction actions can suddenly be viable as a post-

disaster situation dramatically alters the political will and access to funds.
The presence of a good plan maximizes opportunities to ‘build back better’ - to improve
infrastructure, to support the asset bases of individuals and households at risk, and,
ultimately, to improve survivors’ life chances and resilience. Let us avoid returning their
risk to pre-disaster levels.
Local governments that have specific and feasible risk reduction actions can seize the
‘window of opportunity’ following a disaster, and quickly articulate their needs to
national government officials and other potential donors. These localities will have a
competitive edge when post-disaster funding and technical assistance become available.
Funding Options
First, the local government should look at its own budget, including annual budget for
development and special funds for emergency preparedness. It can look to the national
government for funding specific projects. Some risk reduction measures are inexpensive and
simple solutions that a local government can afford.
Often, the cost of implementing the list of risk reduction measures are greater than
the funds that are or will be available. However, there are other sources of funding that local
government can explore.
There are local businesses, NGOs and the community residents themselves are
potential sources of funding and of in-kind contributions such as people’s time, labor, use of
equipment and office/meeting space that can lower project costs.

Grants and services from foundations, environmental organizations, volunteer groups,
and other non-profit organizations may be worth considering; such organizations are often
willing to contribute financial or other resources if they feel there is a significant need.
Many local governments do have to face the challenge of accessing risk reduction
funds from donor agencies as they typically work directly with national government.
However, some bilateral and multilateral donor agencies are presently recognizing the critical
role that local governments play in disaster risk reduction, and have channeled more and
more funds directly to cities. The approach to take is to match donor’s interest with specific
risk reduction actions.
Monitor and Evaluate Progress
There should be a formal process to measure progress, assess how things are
proceeding, and decide on what are the needed changes.
The system can be in the form of a checklist maintained by the person designated as
responsible for the plan. A more formal system of reporting to a higher authority, such as the
governing board or an oversight committee, can be put in place.
It is important to develop mechanisms to track the effectiveness of implemented risk

reduction measures.
The action plan should have clearly defined tasks and deadlines.
Moreover, indicators help keep track of how projects have performed over a period.
Indicators contribute to ensuring achievement of objectives and key results areas
The Disaster Management Act 2005
• An Act to provide for the effective management of disasters and for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto.
• Enacted by Parliament
• Received assent of the President of India on23rd December 2005
• Notified on 26.12.05 Came into effect from 1st August, 2007
• Applicable to the whole of India

Institutional and Legal Arrangements
Disaster Management Act, 2005
The Act lays down institutional, legal, financial and coordination mechanisms at the national,
state, district and local levels. These institutions are not parallel structures and will work in
close harmony. The new institutional framework is expected to usher in a paradigm shift in
DM from relief-centric approach to a proactive regime that lays greater emphasis on
preparedness, prevention and mitigation.
Institutional Framework under the DM Act
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
The NDMA, as the apex body for disaster management, is headed by the Prime Minister and
has the responsibility for laying down policies, plans and guidelines for DM (and
coordinating their enforcement and implementation for ensuring timely and effective
response to disasters). The guidelines will assist the Central Ministries, Departments and
States to formulate their respective DM plans. It will approve the National Disaster
Management and DM plans of the Central Ministries/Departments. It will take such other
measures as it may consider necessary, for the prevention of disasters, or mitigation, or
preparedness and capacity building, for dealing with a threatening disaster situation or
disaster. Central ministries/ departments and State Governments will extend necessary
cooperation and assistance to NDMA for carrying out its mandate. It will oversee the
provision and application of funds for mitigation and preparedness measures. NDMA has the
power to authorize the Departments or authorities concerned, to make emergency

procurement of provisions or materials for rescue and relief in a threatening disaster situation
or disaster. The general superintendence, direction and control of National Disaster Response
Force (NDRF) are vested in and will be exercised by the NDMA. The National Institute of
Disaster Management (NIDM) works within the framework of broad policies and guidelines
laid down by NDMA.
The NDMA is mandated to deal with all types of disasters, natural or man-made.
Whereas, such other emergencies including those requiring close involvement of the security
forces and/or intelligence agencies such as terrorism (counter-insurgency), law and order
situation, serial bomb blasts, hijacking, air accidents, Chemical, Biological, Radiological and
Nuclear (CBRN) weapon systems, mine disasters, ports and harbor emergencies, forest fires,
oil field fires, and oil spills will continue to be handled by the extant mechanism i.e., National
Crisis Management Committee.
NDMA may, however, formulate guidelines and facilitate training and preparedness
activities in respect of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) emergencies.
Cross cutting themes like medical preparedness, psycho-social care and trauma, community
based disaster preparedness, information & communication technology, training,
preparedness, awareness generation etc. for natural and manmade disasters will also engage
the attention of NDMA in partnership with the stakeholders concerned. Resources available
with the disaster management authorities at all level, which are capable of discharging
emergency support functions, will be made available to the nodal Ministries/Agencies
dealing with the emergencies at times of impending disasters/disasters.
The National Executive Committee
The National Executive Committee (NEC) comprises the Union Home Secretary as the
Chairperson, and the Secretaries to the GOI in the Ministries/Departments of Agriculture,
Atomic Energy, Defence, Drinking Water Supply, Environment and Forests, Finance
(Expenditure), Health, Power, Rural Development, Science and Technology, Space,
Telecommunications, Urban Development, Water Resources and the Chief of the Integrated
Defence Staff of the Chiefs of Staff Committee as members. Secretaries in the Ministry of
External Affairs, Earth Sciences, Human Resource Development, Mines, Shipping, Road
Transport &Highways and Secretary, NDMA will be special invitees to the meetings of the
NEC.

The NEC is the executive committee of the NDMA, and is mandated to assist the
NDMA in the discharge of its functions and also ensure compliance of the directions issued
by the Central Government. NEC is to coordinate the response in the event of any threatening
disaster situation or disaster. NEC will prepare the National Plan for Disaster Management
based on the National Policy on Disaster Management. NEC will monitor the implementation
of guidelines issued by NDMA. It will also perform such other functions as may be
prescribed by the Central Government in consultation with the NDMA.
State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA)
At the State level, the SDMA, headed by the Chief Minister, will lay down policies
and plans for DM in the State. It will, inter alia approve the State Plan in accordance with the
guidelines laid down by the NDMA, coordinate the implementation of the State Plan,
recommend provision of funds for mitigation and preparedness measures and review the
developmental plans of the different departments of the State to ensure integration of
prevention, preparedness and mitigation measures.
The State Government shall constitute a State Executive Committee (SEC) to assist
the SDMA in the performance of its functions. The SEC will be headed by the Chief
Secretary to the State Government and coordinate and monitor the implementation of the
National Policy, the National Plan and the State Plan. The SEC will also provide information
to the NDMA relating to different aspects of DM.
District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA)
The DDMA will be headed by the District Collector, Deputy Commissioner or

District Magistrate as the case may be, with the elected representative of the local authority
as the Co-Chairperson. DDMA will act as the planning, coordinating and implementing body
for DM at District level and take all necessary measures for the purposes of DM in
accordance with the guidelines laid down by the NDMA and SDMA. It will, inter alia
prepare the District DM plan for the district and monitor the implementation of the National
Policy, the State Policy, the National Plan, the State Plan and the District Plan. DDMA will
also ensure that the guidelines for prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response
measures laid down by the NDMA and the SDMA are followed by all Departments of the
State Government at the District level and the local authorities in the district.

The national policy on disaster management
A holistic and integrated approach will be evolved toward disaster management with
emphasis on building strategic partnerships at various levels. The themes underpinning the
policy are:
• Community based DM, including last mile integration of the policy,
• Plans and execution.
• Capacity development in all spheres.
• Consolidation of past initiatives and best practices.
• Cooperation with agencies at national and international levels.
objectives of the national policy on disaster management are:
 Promoting a culture of prevention, preparedness and resilience at all levels through

knowledge, innovation and education.
 Encouraging mitigation measures based on technology, traditional wisdom and
environmental sustainability.
 Mainstreaming disaster management into the developmental planning process.
 Establishing institutional and techno-legal frameworks to create an enabling
regulatory environment and a compliance regime.
 Ensuring efficient mechanism for identification, assessment and monitoring of
disaster risks.
 Developing contemporary forecasting and early warning systems backed by
responsive and fail safe communication with information technology support.
 Promoting a productive partnership with the media to create awareness and
contributing towards capacity development.
 Ensuring efficient response and relief with a caring approach towards the needs of the
vulnerable sections of the society.
 Undertaking reconstruction as an opportunity to build disaster resilient structures and
habitat for ensuring safer living. Promoting productive and proactive partnership
with media in disaster management.


Organizational structure for disaster management in India
Some of the organizations involved in the research and disaster mitigation are discussed
below,
1. International Council for Scientific Unions (ICSU)
International Council for Scientific Unions now referred as the International Council for
Science, is an international non-governmental organization with the main objective to
address the challenges caused by natural disasters, mitigate the impacts of disasters and
improve the policymaking mechanisms related to disaster mitigation. This organization has
120 multidisciplinary national scientific members, associates and observers, 31
international disciplinary scientific unions, 22 scientific associates spread across 140
countries.
Aims: The aims of ICSU are to,
(a) Promote international science for the welfare of mankind and society.
(b) Encourage interaction of scientists from various disciplines around the world.
(c) Encourage the scientific community across the globe to participate in the
international scientificactivities.
2. Scientific Committee on the Problems of Environment (SCOPE):

SCOPE consists of scientists and experts whose main focus is to address global
environmental issues, aid in the design of processes and practices which lower the
depletion rate of non-renewable resources and ensure a sustainable supply of renewable
resources in the environment.
Some of the projects approved by the General Assembly of SCOPE have been
grouped into the following 3clusters,
Cluster 1: Managing Societal and Natural Resources (MSNR)

MSNR includes scientific research projects with emphasis on implementation for a
more sustainablebiosphere. This group includes the following projects,
 Sustainable Biosphere Project (SBP)

 Ecological Engineering and Ecosystem Restoration
 Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP)
 Environment in a Global Information Society (EGIS)

 Environmentally Sound Agricultural Practices
 Urban Water Management
 Material Flow Analysis
 Implications of Aquaculture and Mariculture on Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Processes
 Environmental Transformations in Peri-urban Systems.
Cluster 2: Ecosystem Processes and Biodiversity (EP&B)

This group includes projects based on ecosystem processes and their interaction with
human activities, the importance of biological diversity with reference to the ecosystem
functioning. This group includes the following projects.
Nitrogen Transport and Transformation, Earth Surface Processes, Material Use and
Urban Development (ESPROMUD), Solid and Sediment Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Functioning, Dynamics of Mixed Tree-Grass Systems, Resilience and Behaviour of large-
scale Ecosystems, Land Ocean Nutrient Fluxes, Silica Cycle, Interaction of the Major
Biogeochemical Cycles, Use of Molecular Biology in the Study of Environmental Issues,
International Programme on Ecosystem Changes.
Cluster 3: Health and Environment (H&E)
This cluster contains projects that develop methods for analyzing the chemical risk
to human and non- human targets or environment. This group includes the following
projects: Mercury Transport and Transformation, Cadmium in the Environment,
Radioactivity at Nuclear Sites (RADSITE), Vector Borne Diseases and Environmental
Change, Endocrine Disrupters/Modulators.
International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP)
IGBP is an international non-governmental organization involved in research activities
pertaining to thephenomenon of global change.
Aims
(a) To study the physical, chemical and biological interactions involved in the
dynamics of earth'sprocesses.
(b) Study of changes in the earth's dynamics.
(c) To understand the role of humans in bringing about the changes.
3. World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO)

WFEO is an international, non-governmental organization, set up in 1968 and
supported by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations
(UNESCO) in Paris. This organization supports several national and international
professional organizations spread over 90 countries to encourage the development and
application of engineering techniques for the welfare of mankind.
Aims: The main objectives of WFEO ate,
(a) To give importance to the engineering discipline internationally.
(b) To encourage the practical applications of engineering.
(c) To facilitate exchange of engineering knowledge among the member nations of the
world.
(d) To encourage sustainable development and poverty abatement across all nations of the
world, throughproper application of engineering knowledge.
(e) To serve mankind by bringing about awareness for prevention and reduction of
damages due to man-made and natural disasters.
4. National Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Sciences is a private, non-profit society of scientists and
intellectuals involved in scientific and engineering research for the advancement of
science and technology for the welfare ofmankind.
The National Research Council (NRC) of National Academy of Sciences consists
of nation's top brass scientists, engineers and experts to offer advice on matters
pertaining to science, technology and medicine.
5. Geographic Information System (GIS)
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer based information system which is
used as tool to analyze the geographic features and events on the earth's surface in digital
form. In a simpler sense, GIS is used in the creation of real world models based on digital
data.
Components of GIS
(a) Input System
This is involved in the collection of data. The data is entered by devices like scanners,
digitizers, globalpositioning system, air photos and satellite imagery.

(b) Computer Hardware and Software System
It is involved in the storage of data as well as data management and analysis.
(c) Output System

This is involved in the production of hard copy of maps and images.
GIS technology is useful in the fields like environmental protection, management of water
resources, urban planning, transportation planning, coastal zone management, natural
disaster management, forestry,
agriculture and wildlife management. GIS is also used to analyze the environmental impact
of a proposed project, identify the factors that cause environmental impact, suggest
alternative methods to solve the problem and describe the consequences of decision
making for a particular project.
GIS in Disaster Monitoring

1. GIS helps in assessing the extent of the damage and identify the locations where the
disaster has struck or where people may be trapped/injured or need emergency medical
service and rescue.
2. GIS helps in restoring vital services such as health services, food services,
communication services, electricity, traffic routes to carry emergency material, so
that human lives can be saved.
3. In case of persistent disasters like flood, wildfire, extremes of weather events etc., the
GIS users and the decision makers can warn people of the disasters and shift them to safer
areas.
4. The government officials at regional and national levels can use the GIS maps and
imagery of disaster struck areas to provide safety, logistical and financial support to
disaster-affected communities.
7. International Association of Seismology and Physics of Earth's Interior (IASPEI)

IASPEI is one of the semi-autonomous associations of the International Union of
Geodesy and Geophysics (lUGG) which is a non-governmental, scientific organization set
up in the year 1919. IUGG itself is one of the 30 scientific unions that comprise the
International Council for Science (ICSU).

Aims: The main objectives of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of
the Earth's Interiorare,
(a) To promote the study of geophysical processes of the earth causing earthquakes,
tsunamis etc., to understand the propagation of seismic waves and to predict the
disaster in advance to minimize the consequences for mankind.
(b) To encourage interaction of scientists from different countries for

advancement of research inseismology.
(c) To facilitate research activities in the field of seismology such as comparative study
of the instruments used in the study of earthquakes in different countries and other
seismology related matters.
8. United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD)

UNCRD, established in 1971, is an autonomous specialized agency of the UN family,
with the aim to promote sustainable economic, social and environmental development
especially in developing countries. Aims: The main objectives of the United Nations
Centre for Regional Development are to,
(a) Encourage training and research in sustainable development in developing countries.
(b) Provide advise on regional development and planning.
(c) Promote scientific research, facilitate exchange of information and practical experience.
(d) Collaborate and facilitate with other agencies, national and international,
involved in regionalsustainable development and planning.
The main objectives of Disaster Management Planning Unit of UNCRD are,

(a) Inclusion of disaster management into regional sustainable development plans.
(b) Development of regional disaster management plans and technologies by exchange
of information, raising public awareness by the authorities involved in disaster
management.
9. International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)

The General Assembly of the United Nations on 11 December 1987, has declared 1990's as
the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). The reason for this
proclamation is the rising levels of loss of life and property owing to the occurrence of

natural disaster, as well as, a wealth of scientific and engineering knowledge that can be
used to reduce losses resulting from disaster.
The resolution passed is as follows,
"The objective of the Decade is to reduce, through concerted international action,

especially in developing countries, the loss of life, property damage and social and
economic disruption caused by natural disaster, such as earthquakes, windstorms tsunamis,
floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, grasshopper and locust infestations, drought
and desertification and other calamities of natural origin".
Aims: The main objectives of the IDNDR are,
(a) To strengthen the ability of each country so as to mitigate the effects of natural disasters.
(b) Assessment of damage caused by the disaster.
(c) To establish early warning systems and disaster resistant structures in areas vulnerable to
disasters.
(d) Application of scientific and technical knowledge in disaster mitigation to reduce to
loss of life andproperty.
(e) Dissemination of scientific and technical information pertaining to measures for the
assessment,prediction, prevention and mitigation of natural disasters.
10. UN Agencies in Disaster Management

The UN General Assembly has formed a UN Disaster Management Team (UN-DMT) in
the countries vulnerable to disasters, led by the UN Resident Coordinator who is the
designated representative of the UN Secretary General and the team leader of the UN
Country Team and the Chairman of the UN-DMT.
The UN-DMT consists of a core group with representatives of FAO (Food and
Agriculture Organization), IL.O (International Labour Organization), UNDP (United
Nations Development Programme), UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization), UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund), UNHCR (United
Nations High Commission for Refugees), UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund),
WFP (World Food Programme), WHO (World Health Organization) and UNAIDS (UN
Programme on HIV/AIDS). The core group may be enlarged to include other UN agencies
when the need arises.

The main objectives of some of the UN agencies are mentioned below,
WHO
1. Provide technical assistance in health development efforts.
2. Reduce the problem of communicable and emerging discases.
3. Promote preventive and curative healthcare.
4. Foster maternal and child healthcare.
UNESCO
1. Capacity building in disaster prone nations.
2. Encourage research on national disasters and hazards.
3. Encourage education and public awareness in dealing with disasters.
4. Co-ordination of early warning systems of disasters and prediction.
5. Promote the development and antipoverty programmes to reduce the impact of disasters.
UNICEF
1. Provide assistance for the well-being of children and women as well as nutrition in
disaster-struck areas.
2. Provide logistic support in health related initiatives.
3. Provide shelter, rehabilitated water systems, family care for orphans, immunization
programmes andother health initiatives.
UNEP
1. Collaborate with other agencies in caring for the environment.
2. Provision of early warning of environmental hazard.
3. Encourage people to improve their quality of life without overconsuming the natural
resources beyondthe capacity of the
environment to replenish them indefinitely.
The various institutions and national centers involved in natural disaster
reduction.
Some of the institutions and national centers for national disaster reduction are mentioned
below,
1. Central Disaster Management Authority

It is the apex body set up by the Government of India for implementing disaster
management plans to prevent and mitigate any eventuality.
2. National Centre For Disaster Management (NCDM)
This institute has been set up by the Indian Institute of Public Administration to provide

training to government officials on disaster mitigation and coordinate research activities on
disaster management.
3. Centre for Disaster Management
This institute has been set up by Yashwant Rao Chavan Academy of Development
Administration to coordinate disaster management activities, develop training modules on
disaster management, develop disaster preparedness and capacity building.
4.National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering - IIT Kanpur
The aim of this institute is to collect information on earthquake engineering and maintain a
storehouse of this information in the form of publications and audiovisual materials. The
other objective is to disseminate information about the availability of material pertaining to
earthquake engineering to interested persons like academicians, researchers and
professionals. The institute is sponsored by HUDCO, Telecom Commission, Railway
Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of
Atomic Energy and AICTE.
5. Disaster Management Institute, Bhopal
This institute was set up in the year 1987 to develop techniques for the prevention or
mitigation of consequences of disaster for the welfare of people. It provides professional
training and guidance to managers and government officials pertaining to management of
natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, drought, famine and cyclones, on-site and off-site
emergency planning, risk analysis, identification of majorhazards etc.
6. Disaster Mitigation Institute, Ahmedabad
Disaster Mitigation Institute was established in Ahmedabad with the prime motive to
mitigate and preventdisasters by the following ways:
(i) Assisting and strengthening the decision making process.
(ii) Making critical and objective analysis available to the policy makers.
7. Environment Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI)
The institute was established by the Government of Andhra Pradesh with the aid of
Government of India. It has technical collaboration with Swedish International
Development Agency. The objective of EPTRI is to safeguard life and property from
disasters by providing training and consultancy services in Risk Assessment and Safety
Control.
8.Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA)

GSDMA was established by the Government of Gujarat at Gandhi agar on 8° February,
2001 with thefollowing objectives.
(i) To provide relief and rehabilitation to the disaster affected people.
(ii) To implement the precautionary programmers and schemes to reduce the impact of
natural disasters.
(iii) To conduct research and analysis of reasons for the occurrence of disasters and
suggest remedies toreduce the effects of the same.
(iv) To utilize the funds, grants, donations and assistance from the federal government in
the best possiblemanner for prevention of disasters.
9. National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
National Institute of Disaster Management was constituted under the Ministry of Home
Affairs, Government of India. The institute provides technical support to state governments
through the Disaster Management Centres (DMCs). At present, NIDM provides support to
36 DMCs, six of them are developed as Centres of Excellence in specialized areas of flood
risk management, earthquake risk management, cyclone risk management, drought risk
management, landslides risk management and management of industrial disasters.
The role played by NGOs in disaster management plan.
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a voluntary, non-profit agency or group
registered under various Indian laws. The different laws under which the NGOs are
registered are Societies Registration Act, 1860, Companies Act, 1956, and Public
Charitable Trust Acts.
Since the NGOs are humanitarian in nature, they are always ready to serve people.
They have a board of experts who offer professional and specialized assistance wherever
necessary. The NGOs have a significant role in disaster management with special focus on
disaster preparedness in different ways.
Disaster preparedness refers to the planning to respond immediately in anticipation

of a disaster. This includes awareness about emergency exercises or training in various
methods of safely vacating the disaster-stricken areas and the first-aid measures. Such
awareness programs strengthen the technical and managerial capacity of governments,
organizations and communities to minimize the mortality and property loss and enhance
disaster response operations. It further includes the early warning symptoms, land-use

zoning, building codes, and conducting campaigns about the hazards to educate the
population about how to respond and cope when hazards occur.
The emergency stage (disaster or phase or the phase of catastrophe) is the

stage at which the crisis occurs. This phase results in great damage to life, property,
environment and health of living beings. The NGOs put forth all efforts to minimize
the problems createdby a disaster. These include providing assistance to the affected
population with transport, food and shelter and temporary repairs to damaged
infrastructures.

Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), Medchal-Dist. – 501301
NAME OF THE SUBJECT: Disaster Management

Branch, Section & AY: CSE , ECE ,ME & EEE B. Tech II & IV yr – II Sem, , AY 2021-22
Names of Course Instructors: Dr.P. Harsha Praneeth ,Dr N.Mahender, V.Goutham,V.Anusha,V.
Navodaya,K. Keerthi, M.Anusha, N.Kranthi Kumar, M.S.Reena Rana , G.Vimala.
ASSIGNMENT I– UNIT I
1. What is a disaster? Explain different approaches for Disaster analysis.
2. Explain the four levels that are used to describe the severity of disasters.
3. What are different types of Hazards? Give some examples of natural and man-made
hazards.
4. Define following terms -
a. Response Time
b. Frequency of hazards
c. Vulnerability
d. Environmental hazards
5. Describe vulnerabilities to flood and earthquake hazards.


Branch, Section & AY: CSE , ECE ,ME & EEE B. Tech II & IV yr – II Sem, , AY 2021-22
Names of Course Instructors: Dr.P. Harsha Praneeth ,Dr N.Mahender,V.Goutham,V.Anusha,V.
ASSIGNMENT II – UNIT-II
1. Explain the disaster management cycle?
2. Explain the risk management with respect to different types of disasters?
3. Write down Impacts of disasters on
a) Environment
b) Economy
c) Human beings
4. Explain the crisis management regarding the disasters?
5. Explain the preparedness measures?


Branch, Section & AY: CSE , ECE,ME & EEE B. Tech II & IV yr – II Sem, , AY 2021-22
ASSIGNMENT III– UNIT III
1. Describe the concept of capacity building.
2. Discuss about the Legislative support at the state and national levels.
3. Discuss about structural and non-structural mitigation measures in disaster management.
4.Explain the application of counter-disaster resources.
5. Explain the various structural measures for the capacity assessment


ASSIGNMENT IV– UNIT IV
1. What does the term mean Coping Strategies in disaster management?
2. Explain the Changing concepts of disaster management
3. What are the Industrial Safety Plan in disaster management
4. Write about Safety norms and survival kits
5. Explain about Mass media in disaster management.


ASSIGNMENT V – UNIT V
1. Explain about the Strategies for disaster management planning
2. Write down the Steps for formulating a disaster risk reduction plan
3. Discuss about Disaster management Act and Policy in India
4. Explain about Organizational structure for disaster management in India
5. Discuss about Preparation of state and district disaster management plans.

UNIT WISE OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
UNIT-1
FIll in the blanks
1.A ____________ is a result of the combination of hazard, vulnerability and insufficient

capacity or measures to reduce the potential chances of risk. (Disaster)
2.The disaster size takes into consideration these three aspects - _____ , _______, _____ and ___
. (Scope, intensity duration)
3. The _________ approach of the disaster aims at examining how social systems react to
physical harm and social disruption after the occurrence of an event? (Sociological)
4.______ is the approach of physical and natural scientists to disaster analysis. (Technical)
5.______ is a “measure of the expected losses due to a hazard event occurring in a given area
over a specific time period. (Risk)
6.__________ is the time between the start of social disruption and physical harm to the end.
(Duration of Impact)
7.The natural hazards which occur due to processes operating in the atmosphere are called ____.
(Atmospheric Hazards)
8.The _____ of a natural hazard event is the number of times it occurs within a specified time
interval. (frequency)
9. _______ is the statistical measure of how often a hazard event of a given Magnitude and
intensity will occur. (Return period)
10.________ describes the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset

that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. (Vulnerability)
Choose the correct answers
1. All of the following are TRUE about disasters EXCEPT -

a. A disaster may be domestic or international
b. A disaster may be caused by nature or have human origins.
c. A disaster always receives widespread media coverage.
d. A disaster may have a known and gradual onset.
Ans. c

2. Disasters frequently result in all of the following EXCEPT -
a. Damage to the ecological environment

b. Displacement of populations
c. Destruction of a population"s homeland
d. Sustained public attention during the recovery phase
Ans. d
3. 1. When a disaster has occurred response and relief have to take place immediately; there can be
no
a. Response
b. Delay
c. Risk
d. Mitigation
Ans. b
4. Economic vulnerability classifieds as a.

a. Direct
b. indirect
C. direct & indirect
D. all of the above

Ans. c
5. What is the full form of WHO

a. World Hazard Organization
b. World Health Organization
c. World Health Ministry
d. World Healing Organization
Ans. b
6. Choose the correct statement,
The disaster is
a. Seriously and substantially impact the most vulnerable groups

b. Results in serious imbalance in the community functions
c. Results in significant losses in human lives, materials and environment
d. All of the above
Ans. d

7. Following are the examples of atmospheric hazards except-
a. Tropical Cyclones
b. Tornadoes
c. Droughts
d. Disease epidemics
Ans. d
8. The ______ of a natural hazard event is related to the energy released by the event.
a. Magnitude
b. Intensity
c. Duration
d. Time
Ans. a
9. “Poorer families may live in squatter settlements because they cannot afford to live in safer
(more expensive) areas.” is an example of -
a. Environmental Vulnerability:
b. Social Vulnerability:
c. Economic Vulnerability.
d. Physical vulnerability:
Ans. c
10. About ____ of the landmass of India is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high
intensity.
a. 80 %
b. 75.6%
c. 58.6 %
d. 30%
Ans. c
UNIT-II
FIll in the blanks
1. The cycle of disaster consists of the _______four__________________components .
2. ____________disaster management_____can be defined as the organization and
management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects
of emergencies.
3. Mitigation can be defined as___reducing the impact______.

4. —--------------preparedness----------- Planning how to respond.
5. What are the four components of dm—--response---------, —---recovery ----------,
—mitigation-----------------, —-----preparedness--------
6. Crisis is defined as the —--unstable situation which is harmful-------------.
7. Risk management has the ……4…………..components
8. Name the components of risk management… Identify the risk, Assess the risk,Treat the
risk, Monitor and Report on the risk.
9. Recovery - Returning the community to normal.
10. —------------sustainable development-------------------- that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
Choose the correct answers
1. The Bhopal Gas Disaster is a kind of _____________________
a. Natural disaster
b. Man Made disaster
c. None of the above
d.biological disaster
2.Disaster Management includes:
a. Mitigation b. Reconstruction c. Rehabilitation d. All of the above
3. The level of risk of a disaster depends on
a. Nature of the hazard
b. Vulnerability of the elements which are affected
c. Economic value of the elements which are affected
d. All of the above
4.Which of the following organizations is the apex authority of disaster management in India?
a) NDA b) NDMA c) CDMA d) INDR
5.Which of the following is not a component of disaster management cycle?
a) Preparedness b) Response c) Construction d) Recovery

6.The instrument which records earthquake wave is called
a) Climograph b) Seismograph c) Hythergraph d) None of the above
7.What is it called when a large number of people in a community get a disease at the same time
?
a) Influx b) Black death c) Epidemic d) Pandemic
UNIT-1II
1. Media that shows real suffering and helps generate fear and awe [b]
a) Print media b) Television c) Mobile handset d) Radio
2. Disaster Management covers? [d]
a) Maintaining control over disasters
b) Reducing the effects of disasters
c) Briefing the top officials of govt.on the effect of disasters
d) All the above
3. Capacity building in terms of disaster is defined as a [a]
a) Reduce the level of risk b) Causing damage to community
c) Increase the effect of disaster d) Leading to economic crisis

4. Various elements of capacity building [a]
a) Mock drill, Household preparation, First aid
b) Mitigation
c) Recovery, Development
d) Response
5. DRR means [b]
a) Disaster Range Risk b) Disaster Risk Reduction
c) Disaster Response Reduction d) Damage Regulatory Range

6. Training for services/cadres /agencies involves [a]
a) Training of trainers
b) Arrangements for inter-State sharing of resources to be incorporated in SDMP
c) To include disasterawareness.
d) learning from the experiences ofother States

7. Which among the following is categorized under the structural mitigation group. [a]
a. Construction of community shelters b. Community awareness and education programs
c. Environmental control d. behavioral modification
8. Which among the following is categorized under the Non-structural mitigation group. [a]
a. Environmental control & Behavioral modification b. Relocation
c. Irrigation systems d. Water storage, treatment, conveyance, and delivery systems
9. Which of the following is not a Non-structural Behavior Modification? [c]
a. Rationing b. Environmental conservation c. strengthening of social ties

d. Building codes and regulatory measures.
10. Non-structural Mitigation involves a reduction in the likelihood or consequence

of risk through modifications in human behavior or natural processes, without
requiring the use of engineered structures. [b]
a. Non-structural Mitigation b. Regulatory measures
c. Behavioral modification d. Environmental control
11______________________. involves or dictates a necessity for some kind of

construction, engineering, or other mechanical changes or improvements aimed at
reducing hazard risk likelihood or consequence.
(Structural mitigation)
12. SDMA refers to ____________ . (State Disaster

Management Authority)
13. DDMA refers to ___________ . (District Disaster Management
Authority)
UNIT-1V
Objective questions:
1. Natural disasters have the potential to produce high levels of stress, anxiety, and anger are
considered as (a )
a)traumatic events b) Depression c) Mental disability d) Pre traumatic events
2. What are the Practical healthy coping strategies (b )
a) Focus on self-care b) Connect with social support c) excessive sleep and comfort food
d) crisis counsellors
3. Full form PTSD (b )

a) Pre traumatic stress disorder b) Post-traumatic stress disorder c) Post-traumatic
strain disorder d) Pre- traumatic strain disorder
4. A disaster risk is the probability (d )
a) loss of life b) damage to property c) disruption of services d) All the above
5. The social networks and multilevel governance processes that include (c )
a) Public b) National government c) NGO’s d) International government
6. The process of disaster risk management as“Novel Public Management” its features are (c)
a) An emerging role of NGOs b) Innovative schemes of public-private partnership
c) Institutional participatory process for multiple stakeholders d) All the above
7. Full form OHS (a )
a) Occupational health and safety b) Occupational hazard and safety c) Occupational

health and stress d) Occupational hazard and stress
8. Industrial safety mechanism refers to: (d )
a) control and eliminate hazards b) control and eliminate productive assests and environment
c) protect peopled) All the above
9. Beyond process production and material safety, industrial safety is also related to
a) Cybersecurity b) Building and structural safety c) Workplace safety d) All the above
10. Disaster survival kits are ____________,_____________ etc.
11. The media forges a direct link between the public and emergency organizations.
12. Two major types of media that exists ____________ and _______________.
13. Industrial safety norms are __________________________________ and

_______________________.
14.Industrial safety encompasses ______________ environment.
15.Changing complexion of disaster management from “Individual aid” to _______________.
16. A Technical Approach is of ________________ and _____________________.
17. disasters like floods can create epidemic in the form of ____________________ or
____________.
18.Some ways you may be able to reduce the trauma of a natural disaster are
_________________.

UNIT-V
1. A disaster management strategy was made in May_____1994___________.
2. The Yokohama Strategy for Disaster Reduction centered on the objective of saving____
__ human lives, ________and. ________ protecting property ____________.
3. The World Conference on Disaster Reduction held in______ January 2005__ at Hyogo,
4. DRR means____ disaster risk reduction___________________
3. Local governments that have specific and feasible risk reduction actions can seize
the_______'window of oppurtunity_______________
4. A disaster management act in _____2005______
5. NDMA means ______National disaster management authority_______________
6. At the State level, the SDMA, headed by the ______Cheif Minister___________
7. Write any two national policy on disaster management___ Community based DM and __
including last mile integration of the policy _______________
8. NGO means________ Non-governmental organization _________________
1. Disasters can be broadly termed as __________ types. ( a)
a) 2b) 4c) 5d) 3
2. The annual flood peaks in India are recorded in months of: (d )
a) June, July
b) July, August
c) July, September
d) August, September
3. Uttarakhand lies in zone ___________ of Earthquake prone areas. (c )
a) 5b) c) 4d) 2

4. To measure flood variability, __________ is used widely. (a )
a) FFMI
b) FI
c) FMI
d) FF
5.The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is headed by (a )
a) Prime Minister of India b)President of India
c) governor of stated) Chief Minister of States
6. The disaster management act made in the year of (c )
a) 2009 b)2004 c) 2005d) 2006
7.Which of the following organization is the apex authority of disaster management in India? (b )
a) NDA b)NDMAc)CDMAd) INDR
8. The Bhopal Gas disaster occurred inThe Bhopal Gas disaster occurred in (d )
a)1986 b)2003c) 2004d) 1984
9.In India Tsunami Warning center is located at ( b)
a)Kolkata b)Hyderabadc)Ahmedabadd)non of these
10.National Institute of Disaster Management was inaugurated on ………… (d )
a) September 23, 2002 b) August 14, 2001
c) October 16, 2003 d) August 14, 2004

Student List
ECE IV YEAR SECTION-A
S.NO ROLL NO STUDENT NAME OPEN ELECTIVE-I (18CE2221)
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1 18R11A0401 AMADHAPAKU RAJU
VALIVETI SUBRAMANYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2 18R11A0402 PAVAN
ASHIKA CHAKRAVARTHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
3 18R11A0403 KATTA
BASIREDDY KEERTHAN SAI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
4 18R11A0404 REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
5 18R11A0405 BHARATHA SANDEEP KUMAR
BOTTE LAXMI BHAVANI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
6 18R11A0406 YADAV
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
7 18R11A0407 BUKYA SWAPNA
CHITTARI VUDDANTI GNANESWAR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
8 18R11A0408 PRASAD
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
9 18R11A0409 CHUNDURU SUSHMA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
10 18R11A0410 D ARCHANA
DHARMAVARAPU VENKATA SAI DISASTER MANAGEMENT
11 18R11A0411 KEERTHANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
12 18R11A0412 DHOTE PRIYANKA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
13 18R11A0413 DUVASI RANJITH KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
14 18R11A0414 G CHARITH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
15 18R11A0415 GADI SAI LAHARI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
16 18R11A0416 GANDI SUSHMA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
17 18R11A0417 GANDU PRAVALIKA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
18 18R11A0418 GILLALA SUSHMA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
19 18R11A0419 GODITHI ROHITH SAI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
20 18R11A0420 GOTTIMUKKALA TEJASWINI
GUMMALLA SAI KRISHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
21 18R11A0421 REDDY

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
22 18R11A0422 K NIKHIL AJAY RAGHAVA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
23 18R11A0423 KAMUJU VAISHNAVI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
24 18R11A0424 KANAJI AKANKSHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
25 18R11A0425 KANDULA VINEELA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
26 18R11A0426 KEDARASI KIRAN BABU
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
27 18R11A0427 KEMIDI RUKUMINI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
28 18R11A0428 KILARU TEJASWI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
29 18R11A0429 KONDAMGARI SAISREERAM
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
30 18R11A0430 KUNSOTH RAMESHWAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
31 18R11A0431 MALLADI VISWANADH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
32 18R11A0432 MAMILLAPALLI KEERTHANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
33 18R11A0433 MASAPETA HARIKA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
34 18R11A0434 MUNIGANTI DHARANI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
35 18R11A0435 N SAMEENA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
36 18R11A0436 POLAKAM VINOD KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
37 18R11A0437 PUPPALA SUDHA MANASA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
38 18R11A0438 RACHAGALLA MADHAVI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
39 18R11A0439 SHAIK AZIM
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
40 18R11A0440 T RADHAGANESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
41 18R11A0441 UTHARA SUDHIR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
42 18R11A0442 V SHARUN REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
43 18R11A0443 VELLANKI SREEJA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
44 18R11A0444 VEMULA SAPALA SRUSTI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
45 18R11A0445 YADLA RAVITEJA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
46 18R11A0446 YAMA SAKETH KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
47 18R11A0447 YERRAGUDI FAYAZUDDIN
YERRAM VISHNU VARDHAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
48 18R11A0448 REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
49 18R15A0404 DASARI SAI SUSHMITHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
50 19R15A0402 AKULA JAYANTH

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
51 19R15A0403 BHURADI UMA DEVI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
52 19R15A0404 BUSHAPAKA MANOJ KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
53 19R15A0405 POLLE SANTOSH
ECE IV YEAR SECTION-B
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1 18R11A0449 ALAKANTI PAVANI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2 18R11A0450 BANOTH NAVEEN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
3 18R11A0451 BARIGELA BHAVANI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
4 18R11A0452 BATTU RAJESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
5 18R11A0453 BATTU SHASHANK REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
6 18R11A0454 BENNY ELLE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
7 18R11A0455 BONGONI ABHIGNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
8 18R11A0456 CHIKKA MANASA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
9 18R11A0457 DADI CHANDRIKA REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
10 18R11A0458 DASARI MANIKANTA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
11 18R11A0459 DHARAVATH ANITHA
DODDI SATYA SAI PAVAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
12 18R11A0460 KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
13 18R11A0461 DONAPATI BHAVANA REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
14 18R11A0462 G BHARGAV
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
15 18R11A0463 GADDAM AKHILA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
16 18R11A0464 GOPI REDDY TEJASWINI
GORRELLA KARTHIK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
17 18R11A0465 MANIKANTA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
18 18R11A0466 GUDDETI V CHARAN KALYAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
19 18R11A0467 GUNTUPALLI AISHWARYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
20 18R11A0468 J BHARADWAJ SHARMA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
21 18R11A0469 JASTHI ANYA

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
22 18R11A0470 KANUKUNTA SUPRAJA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
23 18R11A0471 KONDOJU MANISH KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
24 18R11A0472 KONTALA BHARADWAJ
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
25 18R11A0473 KOTA VISHWESH
KURREMULA SAI SACHIN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
26 18R11A0474 GOUD
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
27 18R11A0475 LELLELA NITHIN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
28 18R11A0476 MANUKA MADHU
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
29 18R11A0477 MITTAPALLI SPANDANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
30 18R11A0478 MOPIDEVI SRILEKHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
31 18R11A0479 NALAMASA NIKHIL GOUD
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
32 18R11A0480 NUTAKKI MOHITH SRI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
33 18R11A0481 PALEPOGU JAYA BHUSHAN
PASUNOORI UMESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
34 18R11A0482 CHANDRA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
35 18R11A0483 PAVAN VASWANI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
36 18R11A0484 RAGI SAI KIRAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
37 18R11A0485 RAJESH SHARMA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
38 18R11A0486 SURATHU SAHITHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
39 18R11A0487 S.CHETAN SHETTY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
40 18R11A0488 SAMALA RAMYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
41 18R11A0489 SATKUR SAI ABHISHEK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
42 18R11A0490 SEERLA RUCHISHWA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
43 18R11A0492 U.SRIKAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
44 18R11A0493 V KARTHIK CHOWDARY
VAGALAGANI BHANU
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
45 18R11A0494 PRAKASH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
46 18R11A0495 YASHWANT KHARATMOL
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
47 18R11A0496 YELLAKARA SRIVATSA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
48 19R15A0406 GANJI SHALINI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
49 19R15A0407 BODA LOKESH GOUD

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
50 19R15A0408 CHIPIRISETTI MANOJ
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
51 19R15A0409 MINALAPURAM DIVYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
52 19R15A0410 KOLLA DEEPTHI
ECE IV YEAR SECTION-C
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1 18R11A0497 A.VAISHNAVI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2 18R11A0498 B.V.NIKHIL TEJA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
3 18R11A0499 BONAGIRI MANIKANTA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
4 18R11A04A0 D SHRAVANI DURGA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
5 18R11A04A1 DAMERA NAVEEN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
6 18R11A04A2 DAVULURI ANIL
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
7 18R11A04A3 DONKENI BALAKRISHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
8 18R11A04A4 DUDI ANUHYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
9 18R11A04A5 E ABHISHEK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
10 18R11A04A6 G VISHNU VARDHAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
11 18R11A04A7 GIRI KIRAN KUMAR GOUD
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
12 18R11A04A8 GODAVARTHY HAASYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
13 18R11A04A9 GOVINDARAJULA TEJASWI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
14 18R11A04B0 GUNDLAPALLY RITHIKA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
15 18R11A04B1 K PRERANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
16 18R11A04B2 K VIVEK
KALAVAGUNTA SAI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
17 18R11A04B3 PRANEETH
KAMUNI BHARGAVI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
18 18R11A04B4 SANTHOSHITA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
19 18R11A04B5 KAYALA PREETHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
20 18R11A04B6 KOLKURI MAHESH

KOSARAJU VENKATA NAGA SRI DISASTER MANAGEMENT
21 18R11A04B7 KARAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
22 18R11A04B8 KUDIKALA SRI VAISHNAVI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
23 18R11A04B9 KURAPATI KAVYA REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
24 18R11A04C0 L. ANUDEEP
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
25 18R11A04C1 MALLELA SAI CHARAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
26 18R11A04C2 MD ADNAN
MEKA MARUTI NAGA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
27 18R11A04C3 PHANINDRA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
28 18R11A04C4 PACHIPALA VAMSHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
29 18R11A04C5 PALIKA VENKAT RAMANA
POLAGOUNI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
30 18R11A04C6 HARSHAVARDHAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
31 18R11A04C7 REGALLA DIVYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
32 18R11A04C8 RENATI HRITISH REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
33 18R11A04C9 S SAI PRANAY
SABAVATH NARSIMHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
34 18R11A04D0 NAYAK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
35 18R11A04D1 SADE HARSHITHA
SAI BHASKAR NIKHIL
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
36 18R11A04D2 CHAKRAVARTY M
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
37 18R11A04D3 SAI GANESH.P
SEELAM BALA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
38 18R11A04D4 SATHYANARAYANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
39 18R11A04D5 SHAIK BASHA
SHAIK MOHAMMED
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
40 18R11A04D6 DILAWAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
41 18R11A04D7 SOMANI BHANU SRI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
42 18R11A04D8 SPOORTHI D
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
43 18R11A04D9 SREERAMULA PRADEEP
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
44 18R11A04E0 VAKITI SRIJA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
45 18R11A04E1 ANUGULA RAVINDER REDDY
VANGAPATI VAMSI KRISHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
46 18R11A04E2 SAI

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
47 18R11A04E3 YANAMADDI SAI NISHITHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
48 18R11A04E4 YANAMALA SANTOSH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
49 19R15A0411 SUDHA KAVYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
50 19R15A0412 GODUGU PAVITHRA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
51 19R15A0413 MUTHOJU VIVEK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
52 19R15A0414 POTHUGANTI SUMANTH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
53 19R15A0415 PONAGANTI ASHWINI
ECE IV YEAR SECTION-D
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1 17R11A04F5 BETHALA SAI KRISHNA
CHIMMULA VIJAY BHASKAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2 17R11A04K8 REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
3 18R11A04E5 ADITYA MEKA
ARATIKAYALA ASHISH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
4 18R11A04E6 MUDHIRAJ
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
5 18R11A04E7 BANAVATH SNEHITHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
6 18R11A04E8 B T T SUBRAMANYA SAI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
7 18R11A04E9 BOMMASANI SAI SHANMUKH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
8 18R11A04F0 CHALLA GOUTHAMI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
9 18R11A04F1 CHAKILAM BHARGAV
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
10 18R11A04F2 CHAMBAGARI RUCHITHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
11 18R11A04F3 CHERUKURI SAI NITHEESHA
CHIMALADINNE MOHAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
12 18R11A04F4 KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
13 18R11A04F5 CHINTAKINDI PRAVEEN KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
14 18R11A04F6 CHINTHAKINDI SAIKUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
15 18R11A04F7 DAKKA MANASA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
16 18R11A04F8 DANDEM AKHIL

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
17 18R11A04F9 DIGGAVI YASHASWINI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
18 18R11A04G0 DIVYA SHREE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
19 18R11A04G1 GADILA NIDHI REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
20 18R11A04G2 GANTI PREETHI RATNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
21 18R11A04G3 GARLAPATI SHREYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
22 18R11A04G4 GURUGUBELLI SUMA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
23 18R11A04G5 JADHAV PALLAVI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
24 18R11A04G6 JAMI MAHITHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
25 18R11A04G7 JAVVADI SNEHA
KALAKUNTLA VINAY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
26 18R11A04G9 KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
27 18R11A04H0 KASA SHIVANAND
LINGAMANENI NARAYANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
28 18R11A04H1 RAO
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
29 18R11A04H2 MADAVEDI SAI PRASAD
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
30 18R11A04H3 MACHARLA KALYANI
MARRI SRIRAM BHASKAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
31 18R11A04H4 CHANDRA TEJA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
32 18R11A04H5 MEDIPALLY NANDINI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
33 18R11A04H6 NOMULA PADMA SREE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
34 18R11A04H7 NUKALA SPANDANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
35 18R11A04H8 P DEEKSHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
36 18R11A04H9 P DHARANI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
37 18R11A04J0 PANDA NEHA RAJ
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
38 18R11A04J1 POLA SAI SUPRIYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
39 18R11A04J2 RAJ KRITHIN KATLA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
40 18R11A04J3 ROTTLA SAI CHARAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
41 18R11A04J4 SAGGIDI SRAVANI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
42 18R11A04J5 SOMA SARAYU
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
43 18R11A04J6 TEKULAPALLY MEGHANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
44 18R11A04J7 THANDU CHANDRAHAAS

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
45 18R11A04J8 THOTA SAI KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
46 18R11A04J9 THOTA SAI PRIYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
47 18R11A04K0 UTTEJ KOLLOJU
VUMMADISETTY SUMANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
48 18R11A04K1 SARVANI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
49 18R11A04K2 YERRAM AKHIL
KOPPISHETTI GOVINDA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
50 19R15A0416 SREEDHAR
BONTHALA PRAVEEN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
51 19R15A0417 KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
52 19R15A0418 KOPPU ARUN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
53 19R15A0419 MERAGUTHI RAKESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
54 19R15A0420 SRIPADA NIKHIL
ECE IV YEAR SECTION-E
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1 17R11A0413 DEVARAJU JAGADEESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2 17R11A0417 GOURU HARISH
ADDEPALLI LAKSHMI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
3 18R11A04K3 SOUJANYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
4 18R11A04K4 AILNENI ANUDEEP
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
5 18R11A04K5 AKULA NAVEEN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
6 18R11A04K6 ANNEM DEEPTHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
7 18R11A04K7 ASHRAF ALI SHAIK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
8 18R11A04K8 AVULA JEEVAN REDDY
BHUMPALLI SINDHUJA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
9 18R11A04L0 REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
10 18R11A04L1 BOLAGANI DHANAREKHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
11 18R11A04L2 BONTHALA DINESH KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
12 18R11A04L3 BUDIDHA VINAY KUMAR

GOUD
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
13 18R11A04L4 BURRI ESHANTH REDDY
CHABALA VIJAY CHANDRA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
14 18R11A04L5 CHARY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
15 18R11A04L7 DHARAVATH THIRU DEEPAK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
16 18R11A04L8 DHUMALA AKSHAYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
17 18R11A04L9 G SAI BHARGAV
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
18 18R11A04M0 GADE HARSHITH
GARLAPATI RADHA SAILEELA DISASTER MANAGEMENT
19 18R11A04M1 SRIVIDYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
20 18R11A04M2 GOLKONDA PRANAY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
21 18R11A04M3 JAJALA UDAY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
22 18R11A04M4 K KRITHIKA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
23 18R11A04M5 KAKARLA PAVAN KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
24 18R11A04M6 KATA NITHYA SREE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
25 18R11A04M7 KATKOJU VIDYA BHARATHI
KOLAKOTLA VAMSHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
26 18R11A04M8 KRISHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
27 18R11A04M9 KOTHAPALLY AAKASH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
28 18R11A04N1 MADAS AKHILESHWARI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
29 18R11A04N2 MALGA BALA KRISHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
30 18R11A04N3 MANCHALA MAHESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
31 18R11A04N4 MANCHANNI MAHESHWARI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
32 18R11A04N5 MANDAPURI SAITEJA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
33 18R11A04N6 MANTHRI KARTHIK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
34 18R11A04N7 NALLI PRATHIMA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
35 18R11A04N8 NANDIMANDALAM VAGDEVI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
36 18R11A04N9 PADIGAM YASHWANTH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
37 18R11A04P0 PINNAMANENI SIRINI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
38 18R11A04P1 POLA SRI SATYAHARSHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
39 18R11A04P2 SHAIK HUSSAIN BASHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
40 18R11A04P3 SHIRIL PRANEETH

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
41 18R11A04P4 SRIVANI BALAKRISHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
42 18R11A04P5 T VENKATA GOPI
VELUPURI SHARATH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
43 18R11A04P6 CHANDRA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
44 18R11A04P7 VEMULA SHIVANI REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
45 18R11A04P8 YADAVALLI SRIJA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
46 18R11A04P9 MIRIYALA TANUJA
KONDAPALLI MADHU
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
47 18R11A04Q0 SPURTHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
48 19R15A0421 KADAKANCHI SAI RAM
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
49 19R15A0422 RACHAMALLA ROHITH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
50 19R15A0423 KONAM SIRINAYANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
51 19R15A0424 BOMMARAPU RAMYA
CSE IV YEAR SECTION-A
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1 18R11A0501 ADAVIKOLANU SWAPNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2 18R11A0502 ANDUGULA SHASHAANK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
3 18R11A0503 AWARI DEEKSHITHA
B DEEVENA ANGELINE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
4 18R11A0504 SUNAYANA
BHAMIDIPATI SHIRIDI PRASAD
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
5 18R11A0505 REVANTH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
6 18R11A0506 CH SIRI SOWMYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
7 18R11A0507 CHERIPALLI SREEJA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
8 18R11A0509 ERRABELLI RUSHYANTH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
9 18R11A0510 G N HARSHITA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
10 18R11A0511 GAJJI VARUN KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
11 18R11A0512 SRI SAI PRANAVI GANTI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
12 18R11A0513 H S SHREYA

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
13 18R11A0514 JANGAM NAGARJUNA GOUD
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
14 18R11A0515 KANNE NITHESH SAI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
15 18R11A0516 KODI AKHIL YADAV
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
16 18R11A0517 KOLA SNEHITHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
17 18R11A0518 KOMURAVELLI KARTHIK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
18 18R11A0519 KORADA SANTOSH KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
19 18R11A0520 KUNCHALA SAIRAM
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
20 18R11A0521 L A PRITHVIRAJ KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
21 18R11A0522 LAHARI BASAVARAJU
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
22 18R11A0523 LINGA JAYA KRISHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
23 18R11A0524 M SREE CHARAN REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
24 18R11A0525 MAMBETI SAIRAM
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
25 18R11A0526 MAMILLA RAMYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
26 18R11A0527 MOHAMMAD AFROZ KHAN
MOHAMMED ABDUL AMEEN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
27 18R11A0528 SIDDIQUI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
28 18R11A0529 MUDDULA ANUSHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
29 18R11A0530 MUSALE AASHISH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
30 18R11A0531 MUTYALA SANTOSH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
31 18R11A0532 PARITI DIVYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
32 18R11A0533 PARUCHURI HARSHA VARDHAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
33 18R11A0534 PATRI SAI SINDHURA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
34 18R11A0535 PINNEM TARUN KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
35 18R11A0536 PIRANGI NITHIN KALYAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
36 18R11A0537 POOJABOINA PREETHI
PURANAM SATYA SAI RAMA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
37 18R11A0538 TARUN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
38 18R11A0539 S GUNA SINDHUJA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
39 18R11A0540 SANGARAJU GREESHMA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
40 18R11A0541 SYED ZAINUDDIN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
41 18R11A0542 TELUKUNTLA RAJKUMAR

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
42 18R11A0543 THORUPUNURI JANCY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
43 18R11A0544 THUMU RAM SAI TEJA REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
44 18R11A0545 VADAKATTU HARISH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
45 18R11A0546 VAISHNAVI SABNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
46 18R11A0547 VEMURI MADHU VENKATA SAI
YARRAM REDDY VENKATA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
47 18R11A0548 SRIVANI REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
48 19R15A0501 BHULAXMI KALPANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
49 19R15A0502 CHALLA DIVYA REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
50 19R15A0503 ADLA LIKITHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
51 19R15A0504 GOPALADAS VINAYALATHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
52 19R15A0505 GANJI CHARAN KUMAR
CSE IV YEAR SECTION-B
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1 18R11A0549 ALETI KALYANI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2 18R11A0550 ARENDRA SAI KRUPA CHARY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
3 18R11A0551 BALRAMGARI SREENIDHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
4 18R11A0552 BANALA KEERTHANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
5 18R11A0553 BATHINA SIRISHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
6 18R11A0554 BHEMISETTY ABHISHEK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
7 18R11A0555 BODDU SURESH KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
8 18R11A0556 BRAMANDLAPALLY ADITYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
9 18R11A0557 CHAKALI HARINATH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
10 18R11A0558 CHILAKAPATI DIVYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
11 18R11A0559 CHILUMULA AMULYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
12 18R11A0560 CHINNAM ROSE MARY

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
13 18R11A0561 D SWEEKRUTHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
14 18R11A0562 DADI GEETHIKA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
15 18R11A0563 DESETTY SRI NIKITA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
16 18R11A0564 DUSETY DIVYA REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
17 18R11A0565 G RAGHAV
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
18 18R11A0566 G RUCHITHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
19 18R11A0567 G SAI KEERTHANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
20 18R11A0569 GORLA SAI CHARAN
GORREMUTCHU WINNY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
21 18R11A0570 REBBECA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
22 18R11A0571 K G N BALAJI RAO
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
23 18R11A0572 KARRI MAHESH VARMA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
24 18R11A0573 KODAKANDLA NAVYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
25 18R11A0574 KODISANA SANJAY RAM
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
26 18R11A0575 KONAKANCHI GOPTRI SULEKHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
27 18R11A0576 KUMBA SRI CHAKRA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
28 18R11A0577 LANKE RAVI TEJA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
29 18R11A0578 MANDA SAI JAHNAVI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
30 18R11A0579 MANJEET KAUR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
31 18R11A0580 MEDIPALLI KRISHNA SAKETH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
32 18R11A0581 MOHAMMED AFREEN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
33 18R11A0582 MOHAMMED NAZEER AHMED
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
34 18R11A0583 MOTHE SAHITHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
35 18R11A0584 MOVVA MANASWINI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
36 18R11A0585 PABBA JOGENDAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
37 18R11A0586 PONTHAGANI SAI TEJA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
38 18R11A0587 PURALI LIPIKA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
39 18R11A0588 RAGHU VARDHAN P
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
40 18R11A0589 RUPA REDDY VUDUMULA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
41 18R11A0590 SHIVA DHANUSH T V S

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
42 18R11A0591 SUNKARI DINESHWAR REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
43 18R11A0592 T VISHNU VARDHAN REDDY
VALLABHANENI MANIKANTA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
44 18R11A0593 VINEETH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
45 18R11A0594 VENKATA APARNA K L
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
46 18R11A0595 VENNAKANDLA KARTHIK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
47 18R11A0596 YEDLAPATI JEEVANI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
48 19R15A0506 MANCHALA RAJINI BHARATHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
49 19R15A0507 CHINNA SWAMY ANANTHIKA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
50 19R15A0508 SABBAN AJAY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
51 19R15A0509 GANDHALA GANESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
52 19R15A0510 KONKA UMESH
CSE IV YEAR SECTION-C
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1 17R11A0556 C.MANISH
ANISHA DHANANJAY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2 18R11A0597 SHENDKAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
3 18R11A0598 AVIDI DIVYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
4 18R11A0599 BATTULA SAI ABHISHEK YADAV
BODDUPALLI RADHA KRISHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
5 18R11A05A0 REVANTH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
6 18R11A05A1 BUNGA STEEN STRA DORA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
7 18R11A05A2 BURUGADDA SHREYA SREE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
8 18R11A05A3 C SURYA VENKAT
CHALLAKOLUSU NANDA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
9 18R11A05A4 KISHORE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
10 18R11A05A5 CHARAN RAJU M
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
11 18R11A05A6 CHITTIBOMMA BALARAM

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
12 18R11A05A7 CHOKKAPURAM SRAVANI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
13 18R11A05A8 DHONAKANTI ROHITH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
14 18R11A05A9 KAKARLA SATYA SRILATHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
15 18R11A05B0 KALANCHA SATHVIK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
16 18R11A05B2 KODIPE SAIKIRAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
17 18R11A05B3 KOMMURI MANASA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
18 18R11A05B4 KOTHA SOHAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
19 18R11A05B5 KOTLA ASWINI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
20 18R11A05B6 KOTTURI NIKHIL PADMANABH
KYATHAM ASHOK GAJAPATHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
21 18R11A05B7 RAJU
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
22 18R11A05B8 LAKAVATH DIVYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
23 18R11A05B9 M HARI RAMAKRISHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
24 18R11A05C0 M RAHUL
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
25 18R11A05C1 MALLARAPPU SHIRISHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
26 18R11A05C2 METTU KARUNA SRI REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
27 18R11A05C3 MOOD GANESH
MUDUMBAI ACHARYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
28 18R11A05C4 RAGHUTHAMADITHYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
29 18R11A05C5 NANDIKANTI SRI RAM
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
30 18R11A05C6 NIKHILA POLKAMPALLY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
31 18R11A05C7 P BHUMIKA PRIYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
32 18R11A05C8 P HEMANTH REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
33 18R11A05C9 PENDYALA NIKHIL RAO
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
34 18R11A05D0 PODDUTOORI ANUSHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
35 18R11A05D1 POLA SUMANTH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
36 18R11A05D2 PRIYADARSHINI VIJYA RANGAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
37 18R11A05D3 RACHAKONDA GOPIKRISHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
38 18R11A05D4 RAMAVATH LAVANYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
39 18R11A05D5 RAVALKOL PAVANI GOUD
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
40 18R11A05D6 ARRAM RUSHWANTH

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
41 18R11A05D7 S APOORVA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
42 18R11A05D8 SALVERU SAI ROHAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
43 18R11A05D9 SHAIKH AFROZ
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
45 18R11A05E1 VAKITI VINESH REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
46 18R11A05E2 VARUN N
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
47 18R11A05E3 VUTKURI SATHVIK GOUD
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
48 18R11A05E4 YENIMI REDDY JHANSI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
49 19R15A0511 BURA PREM SAI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
50 19R15A0512 RATNALA ASHWINI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
51 19R15A0513 ETIKALA ANUSHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
52 19R15A0514 ADEPU KEERTHANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
53 19R15A0515 T BALA VARDHAN REDDY
CSE IV YEAR SECTION-D
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1 18R11A05E5 AKSHITA YERRAM
ARYASOMAYAJULA VISHAL
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2 18R11A05E6 BHASKAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
3 18R11A05E7 BALANNAGARI DEEPAK REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
4 18R11A05E8 BATHRAJ HARINI
BHALLAMUDI LAKSHMI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
5 18R11A05E9 PRIYANKA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
6 18R11A05F0 BODA AKHILA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
7 18R11A05F1 BODAGAM DEEKSHITHA REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
8 18R11A05F2 BOGURAMPETA SUNIL REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
9 18R11A05F3 BORRA YASWANTH KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
10 18R11A05F4 CHINTAMANENI MEGHANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
11 18R11A05F5 DINDU SANDEEP
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
12 18R11A05F6 DINTYALA NAVYA SREE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
13 18R11A05F7 DONDAPATI MITHUN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
14 18R11A05F8 DONKENA THARUN KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
15 18R11A05F9 G BHUMIKA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
16 18R11A05G0 GAJJALA TEJANARAYANA GOUD
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
17 18R11A05G1 GARUGULA VIDYA SAGAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
18 18R11A05G2 GATTU BHARGAVI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
19 18R11A05G3 GOWLUGARI ALEKHYA REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
20 18R11A05G4 INJEY DIVYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
21 18R11A05G5 JYOTI GOUDA
KOMMERA VAMSHI KRISHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
22 18R11A05G7 REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
23 18R11A05G8 KONAKANCHI MAHALAKSHMI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
24 18R11A05G9 KORUKOPPULA SAI KRISHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
25 18R11A05H0 KOTTAM CHANDRA SHEKAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
26 18R11A05H1 MADHAVI YADAV
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
27 18R11A05H2 NEELA PAVAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
28 18R11A05H3 NEELAPALA TEJA SHREE
NEELAYAVALASA MEGHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
29 18R11A05H4 PATNAIK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
30 18R11A05H5 NEMANA PRANAMYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
31 18R11A05H6 PAPAIAHGARI SAI PRIYA
PENUMARTHI KRISHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
32 18R11A05H7 BHARADWAJ
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
33 18R11A05H8 SAI NEHA MANDA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
34 18R11A05H9 SAI PRAVALIKA PERIKA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
35 18R11A05J0 SALLA ANUSHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
36 18R11A05J1 SANDU JAI VENKATESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
37 18R11A05J2 SANKU RAJSHREE RAO
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
38 18R11A05J3 SEELAM SANJANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
39 18R11A05J4 SOMI SETTY SAI NEELESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
40 18R11A05J5 TADEPALLI SAI NANDINI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
41 18R11A05J6 THARA REKHA KAKARAPARTHI

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
42 18R11A05J7 TUMMALA VARSHITH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
43 18R11A05J8 V SATYA NAGA SAI SRILEKHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
44 18R11A05J9 VADDE NITHISH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
45 18R11A05K0 VARIKUTI LAKSHMI TEJA
VIPRAGHNA VISHWANATH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
46 18R11A05K1 SRIKAKULAPU
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
47 18R11A05K2 YALALA SHALINI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
48 19R15A0516 KOLANUCHELIMI SAI CHARAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
49 19R15A0517 CH NIKHIL
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
50 19R15A0518 KANDI PAVAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
51 19R15A0519 CHITYALA SIRISHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
52 19R15A0520 VAGALDAS ARAVIND
EEE IV YEAR SECTION-A
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1 18R11A0201 AGALDUTY MANASA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2 18R11A0202 ARUTLA AKHIL
BALLEM YASHWANTH DISASTER MANAGEMENT
3 18R11A0203 KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
4 18R11A0204 BANDARI KARTHIK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
5 18R11A0205 BANOTH SAI KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
6 18R11A0206 BATTHULA SAI SARANYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
7 18R11A0207 BATTU SRI RAM
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
8 18R11A0208 BILLA SAI DEEP
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
9 18R11A0209 BOKINALA SUSHEEL JEEVAN
BUSHIGAMPALA SRAVANI DISASTER MANAGEMENT
10 18R11A0210 GOUD
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
11 18R11A0211 BUSSA SWETHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
12 18R11A0212 C VENKATA SAUMYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
13 18R11A0213 CHALLA MAMATHA

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
14 18R11A0214 CHIDURALA YUKTHA SAI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
15 18R11A0215 D SHRUTHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
16 18R11A0216 EPPALA ARAVINDKUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
17 18R11A0217 ETTABOINA MEGHANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
18 18R11A0218 GAJULA MILLEENA
GANDRA PAVAN KUMAR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
19 18R11A0219 REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
20 18R11A0220 GARSERI BHAVANI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
21 18R11A0221 GOLI CHAKRADHAR REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
22 18R11A0222 GONE SANTHOSH KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
23 18R11A0223 GOPARAPU MANIKANTA
JAGILLAPURAM SATHISH DISASTER MANAGEMENT
24 18R11A0224 KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
25 18R11A0225 KALALI AJAY KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
26 18R11A0226 KATTOJU MONESH BABU
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
27 18R11A0227 KOMMU MAHESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
28 18R11A0228 KOMPELLY SAI KRISHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
29 18R11A0229 KONCHIGARI SETHUMADHAV
KOTIKALAPUDI MADHU DISASTER MANAGEMENT
30 18R11A0231 KAILASH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
31 18R11A0232 LAGUDU AKHILA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
32 18R11A0233 MADAGONI SHIVA SAI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
33 18R11A0235 MEKALA SAI SURYA REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
34 18R11A0236 MERUGU GANESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
35 18R11A0237 MORA VISHAL
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
36 18R11A0238 MUDIGONDA SAI KARTHIK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
37 18R11A0239 NANGUNURI VINESH
NUTTAKKI SRUTHI DISASTER MANAGEMENT
38 18R11A0241 KEERTHANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
39 18R11A0242 OGURI NUMITHA DEVI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
40 18R11A0243 PALLAVI CHINTALAPUDI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
41 18R11A0244 PALLEPATI GURU PRIYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
42 18R11A0245 RAGULAKOLLU RAGHU

PRASHANTH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
43 18R11A0246 RAJA TOMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
44 18R11A0247 RAMINENI MAHESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
45 18R11A0248 S PARAMESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
46 18R11A0249 SABBANI SAIKIRAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
47 18R11A0251 V BHAGYASRI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
48 18R11A0252 V MAHESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
49 18R11A0253 VUPPALA SRIJA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
50 18R11A0254 YAGAMATI PRASANNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
51 19R15A0201 PATEL BHOOPATHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
52 19R15A0202 MALOTHU MAHENDAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
53 19R15A0203 GURRAM PRASHANTH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
54 19R15A0204 MOHD HASEENA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
55 19R15A0205 PODETI DEEKSHITHA GOUD
BADDAM MANISH KUMAR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
56 19R15A0206 GOUD
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
57 19R15A0207 MOHAMMAD JUNAID
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
58 19R15A0208 CHIRRA RAJESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
59 19R15A0209 P KHALEEL PASHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
60 19R15A0210 MOHAMMED FARDEEN ALI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
61 19R15A0211 NEELI RATHAN KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
62 19R15A0212 KODI KIRAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
63 19R15A0213 BODDUPALLY SHIVA PRASAD
EEE IV YEAR SECTION-B
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1 16R11A0240 P NAVEEN KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2 16R11A02A0 SINGAPAKA SWAPNA

BATTURUDAVATH SUMITH DISASTER MANAGEMENT
3 17R11A0263 KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
4 17R11A0269 GODASU SANTHOSH KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
5 17R11A0274 JALANDHER AVINESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
6 18R11A0255 AARAPALLY SOWJANYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
7 18R11A0256 AKULA SANDEEP
BAVANDLAPELLI DISASTER MANAGEMENT
8 18R11A0257 MANIKANTA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
9 18R11A0258 BHARATH VYAS KULKARNI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
10 18R11A0259 BHUKYA CHANDINI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
11 18R11A0260 BHUKYA LAKSHMAN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
12 18R11A0261 BHUKYA PRAVEEN
BODUKURIWAR SHIVA DISASTER MANAGEMENT
13 18R11A0262 PRASAD
BOGA SAI VENKATA DISASTER MANAGEMENT
14 18R11A0263 SWAROCHISH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
15 18R11A0264 BOLLAM PALSON
BOREDDY VIJAY BHASKAR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
16 18R11A0265 REDDY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
17 18R11A0267 CHINTHAKINDI SHIVA
CHIRABOINA RAMESH DISASTER MANAGEMENT
18 18R11A0268 YADAV
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
19 18R11A0269 DASA PRANATHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
20 18R11A0270 DASARI PRANITH
DHEERAVATH DURGA DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
22 18R11A0272 DODDABOINA GAUTHAM
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
23 18R11A0273 ERIGI KEERTHANA
GUDIPATI SREE VENKATA SAI DISASTER MANAGEMENT
24 18R11A0274 M
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
25 18R11A0275 GORRE BHAVYA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
26 18R11A0276 GUGULOTH RAJESHWARI BAI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
27 18R11A0277 GUGULOTH SUJATHA
JONNALA GADDA DATHA SAI DISASTER MANAGEMENT
28 18R11A0278 NEE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
29 18R11A0279 KAMPELLI KIRITI

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
30 18R11A0280 KANURI YAMINI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
31 18R11A0281 KATIKAM JAYASREE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
32 18R11A0282 KUMMARI SAIKUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
33 18R11A0283 KURRA SNEHITHA
KUTIKANTI SAI DIVYA TEJA DISASTER MANAGEMENT
34 18R11A0284 GO
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
35 18R11A0285 MADASTU RAVINDAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
36 18R11A0286 MANDA ARJUN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
37 18R11A0287 MATTA MADHU
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
38 18R11A0288 MEKA SRI CHANDANA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
39 18R11A0290 MUNJALA PAVANKUMAR
NALLAPARAJU VAMSHI DISASTER MANAGEMENT
40 18R11A0292 KRISHNA
NARAHARISETTY VAMSI DISASTER MANAGEMENT
41 18R11A0293 KRISHNA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
42 18R11A0294 NERALLA HEM SUMANTH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
43 18R11A0295 PALA VARUN KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
44 18R11A0296 PALLA VANI
POLISETTY SHEETHAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT
45 18R11A0297 DAMAYANT
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
46 18R11A0298 POLA RAVITEJA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
47 18R11A0299 PREMA RAHUL
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
48 18R11A02A0 SAIKAM MOKSHA SAI TARUN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
49 18R11A02A1 SHENIGARAM SHRUTHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
50 18R11A02A2 VADTHYA VENKATESH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
51 18R11A02A3 VELLORE INDRANEEL
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
52 18R11A02A5 YELLU SWETHA
GADDAMEDI CHANDRA DISASTER MANAGEMENT
53 18R11A02A6 LEKHA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
54 19R15A0214 DAMERAUPPULA SWATHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
55 19R15A0215 MEKALA DEVIKA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
56 19R15A0216 DASOHAM RAJU KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
57 19R15A0217 BUSA SUGANDHI

KATEPALLY DURGA PRASAD DISASTER MANAGEMENT
58 19R15A0218 GOUD
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
59 19R15A0219 VELPULA VAMSHI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
60 19R15A0220 DUGGI SAI BABU
GUDIPALLY MAHENDER DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
62 19R15A0222 SHAIK THASLEEM
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
63 19R15A0223 PENDEM PREM KUMAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
64 19R15A0224 YELASANI SHAILENDER
ME IV YEAR SECTION-A
17R11A0303 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1 B ASHWADH

2 KOPPOLI JACINTH
17R11A0358 JATOTHI SUDHEER LAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT

3
17R11A0365 KUNCHALA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

4 PRASHANTH KUMAR

5 M S M SAMIULLAH
17R11A0385 RATHOD SHIVA KUMAR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

6

7 AMGOTH NARESH
18R11A0302 ADIKARI AJAY KUMAR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

8

9 ADLA LITHUN REDDY

10 AERRA SURESH
18R11A0305 AMITH CHOUDHARY DISASTER MANAGEMENT

11

12 BANDI SAITEJA

13 BANOTH SURESH
18R11A0308 BATHULA KUMARA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

14 SWAMY
18R11A0309 SAKHAMURI SAI NIKHIL DISASTER MANAGEMENT

15
18R11A0310 BORRA LAKSHMI DISASTER MANAGEMENT

16 MANASA

17 BURAGAPU RITESH
18R11A0312 CHAMARTY SAI DISASTER MANAGEMENT

18 AVINASH

19 DEEKSHITH A
18R11A0315 DEVA ROHITH REDDY DISASTER MANAGEMENT

20
18R11A0316 DEVARUPPALA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

21 SRIKANTH
18R11A0317 EPPA UDAY PRAKASH DISASTER MANAGEMENT

22 REDDY

23 GUJJA RAJESH

24 GUPI AJITH KUMAR

25 JADI VIJAYKANTH
18R11A0321 JATIN KUMAR PUPPALA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

26
18R11A0322 JAYANTHI SASHANK DISASTER MANAGEMENT

27
18R11A0323 JOLLA YOGESH SAI TEJA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

28
18R11A0324 KANAPARTHI MAHESH DISASTER MANAGEMENT

29 BABU
18R11A0325 KONDABATHULA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

30 HARSHAVARDHAN
18R11A0326 KONDALU CHANDU DISASTER MANAGEMENT

31
18R11A0327 KOPPULA ANUDEEP DISASTER MANAGEMENT

32 REDDY

33 KOSARI SRIMAN
18R11A0329 M BHARGAV KUMAR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

34

35 PENDLI THARUN
18R11A0331 MAHESHWARAM DISASTER MANAGEMENT

36 YESHWANTHKUMAR

18R11A0332 MANDAPALLI TEJA DISASTER MANAGEMENT
37 APOORVA
18R11A0334 MEKALA AKSHITHA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

38
18R11A0335 MOHAMMED DISASTER MANAGEMENT

39 RAFIUDDIN

40 N VINAY KUMAR

41 NUKALA NISHAL

42 PALLI PRADEEP RAJ
18R11A0341 PASUMARTHI DURGA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

43 PRASAD
18R11A0342 PASYA PRANAY VEERA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

44 REDDY
18R11A0343 PENDYALA JYOTHI DISASTER MANAGEMENT

45 SWARUP

46 PININTI SURYA TEJA

47 V SAI SRIKAR
18R11A0346 PRASHANTH GAJAM DISASTER MANAGEMENT

48
18R11A0348 RAJARAMAN AMEETA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

49
18R11A0349 RAVITEJA AELEGAMONI DISASTER MANAGEMENT

50

18R11A0350 SALVAJI SAI PRADEEP DISASTER MANAGEMENT
51
18R11A0351 SURAVARAPU PURNA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

52 SAI
18R11A0352 THADURU PAVAN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

53 KALYAN

54 THATI SAI ROHIT

55 VAIDYAM LOKESH
18R11A0356 VANGARI VINAY DISASTER MANAGEMENT

56 KUMAR

57 A MERVIN DEVAN
18R11A0358 VELIVALA POOJITHA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

58
18R11A0359 VERDHYAVATH DISASTER MANAGEMENT

59 SHIVUDU NAIK
18R11A0360 VUPULA RAGHAVENDER DISASTER MANAGEMENT

60
18R11A0361 A VISHNU VARDHAN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

61 REDDY

62 ADDA AAHLAAD
18R11A0363 AMGOTH DEEPAK NAIK DISASTER MANAGEMENT

63
18R15A0304 MUNIGANTI DISASTER MANAGEMENT

64 SURYAPRAKASH

ME IV YEAR SECTION-B

1 BANOTH VILAS

2 T PRATHYUSH
16R11A03B4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

3 PETA S V V K ANIRUDH

4 ANCHURI HARISH KUMAR GUPTA
18R11A0365 BARUVURI NAGA VENKATA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

5 KARTH

6 BATTU YASHWANTH

7 BEERLA VIGNESH

8 BHUPATHIRAJU VENKAT SAIRAJU

9 CHEDALAVADA VIJJI

10 CHINTHA SAI THUSHAR VARMA
18R11A0372 CHITTARLA RASHMI AMULYA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

11 GOU

12 DASARI PRAMODHER REDDY

13 GANGARABOINA VINESH

14 GADDAM RAHUL

15 GANTAM YADAGIRI

16 GOLLAKOTI V V S MURTHY
18R11A0379 GUDDETI CHARAN KUMAR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

17 REDDY

18 GUGULOTHU THIRUPATHI

19 GUTTULA AKHIL

20 KEERTHI JAI KARTHIK

21 KETHARI REVANTH

22 KOWTARAPU HRUTHIK

23 LINGAMPALLI SHIVA

24 MATTA SRI SHIVA SAI GANESH

25 MANERU DHEERAJ

26 MOHAMMED MISBAH
18R11A0392 MUSTHI RAGHAVENDRA YADAV DISASTER MANAGEMENT

27
18R11A0393 NARVANENI PRAKHYATH ARYA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

28

29 NEELAM SAI RAM
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
30 18R11A0395 NEERADI PRASHANTH

31 NERELLA SAI KIRAN GOUD

32 PAGIDOJU PREM CHAND
18R11A0398 PANDULE AVINASH ANANTRAO DISASTER MANAGEMENT

33

34 PITTALA PAVAN
18R11A03A0 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

35 RONDLA DHANUSH REDDY

36 R GOUTHAM NAIK

37 RAVULAKOLLU NARENDER

38 S SAI SRAVANTHI
18R11A03A4 SADINENI VENKATA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

39 RAGHAVENDR

40 SHARON SRUTHI KUCHIPUDI

41 TEERUPALLI RAJESH KUMAR
18R11A03A8 THUMMALA ANUDEEP REDDY DISASTER MANAGEMENT

42
18R11A03A9 TUMMALA KOUSHIK CHOUDARY DISASTER MANAGEMENT

43

44 VEMPATI ARAVIND

45 VASIREDDY ADARSH

46 VEERAVALLI SHIRISHA

47 YARLAGADDA SREERAM

48 YEKKATI RAVI KIRAN REDDY

49 Y BHARGAV MURALI

50 KANTA RAJKIRAN
19R15A0302 BORRAJAU THIRUPATHAMMA DISASTER MANAGEMENT

51

52 TEJAVATH ARUN KUMAR

53 P JITHENDER

54 G RUCHITHA

55 GAIGULLA GANESH

56 BIJVARAM AKHIL

19R15A0308 ARSHAD MOINUDDIN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
57 MOHAMMED

58 AMARAKONDA MAHESH

59 SANGANAMONI MANASA

60 BURRI SANTOSH KUMAR

61 THOTAKURI MAHENDER

62 A MANISH

62 A MANISH

63 VARIGANTI KONDAL

64 GANDIKOTA ROHITH

65 MYAKA ANJANEYULU

66 NALLA SRIKANTH

Disaster Management - Disaster-Management

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computer science and engineering (Geethanjali Institute of Science and Technology)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

IV Year B.TECH. (Civil engineering) II Semester

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING

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(SUBJECT CODE: 18CE4241) Program: UG

Verified by: * For Q.C Only.

1) Name : Mr V.Abdul Raffi

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UNIT–I Understanding Disaster:Concept of Disaster – Different approaches – Concept

UNIT–II Disaster Management Mechanism: Concepts of risk management and crisis

UNIT–III Capacity Building: Concept – Structural and Non-structural measures –

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UNIT–V Planning for disaster management: Strategies for disaster management

1. Disaster Mitigation: Experiences and Reflections, PardeepSahni, PHI Learning, 2010.

3. VISION OF THE INSTITUTE

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5. VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

6. MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

7. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO 1: Graduates will be technically adept in mathematical, scientific, and engineering

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10. Course Objectives: Develop ability to

14. COs mapping with POs and PSOs:

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 Seriously and substantially impact the most vulnerable groups

 Results in serious imbalance in the community functions

 Results in significant losses in human lives, materials and environment

1. Scope can be thought of as a measure of the breadth of damage caused by a disaster. It

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Approaches to Disaster Analysis

Disaster: A Sociological Approach

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Disaster: An Anthropological Approach

Disaster: A Development Studies Approach

Disaster: A Medicine and Epidemiology Approach

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Disaster: A Technical Approach

Disaster: A Geographical Approach

Disaster phenomena and events

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6. Odisha Super Cyclone

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Ōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami, Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster (2011)