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Swra 421
Swra 421
Keywords
1 Introduction
Many RFICs today use differential ports to SMA connected antenna or RF instrument.
transmit and receive RF power. This This document describes a simple half
makes the use of balanced antennas an wave dipole antenna that is easy to
attractive proposition, as one can do away integrate on a PCB and works well with all
with the balun normally needed to convert CC253X and CC254X RFIC’s from Texas
the differential RF power at the IC ports to Instruments.
single ended signals that can be fed to an
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Table of Contents
KEYWORDS.............................................................................................................................. 1
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1
2 ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................... 2
3 THE HALF WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA IN BRIEF .......................................................... 3
4 DESIGNING A HALF WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA ON A PCB ....................................... 3
5 SIMULATING THE ANTENNA ....................................................................................... 3
5.1 STEP 1: CLOSE TO IDEAL ........................................................................................... 3
5.2 STEP 2: ADD SUBSTRATE ........................................................................................... 4
5.3 STEP 3: ADDING CURVATURE ..................................................................................... 5
5.4 STEP 4: ADDING A GROUND PLANE............................................................................. 6
6 DESIGNING THE PROTOTYPES .................................................................................. 7
7 PROTOTYPE TESTING AND OPTIMIZATION .............................................................. 7
7.1 ANTENNA LENGTH TUNING ......................................................................................... 7
7.2 FILTERING HARMONICS .............................................................................................. 8
8 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 10
9 GENERAL INFORMATION........................................................................................... 11
9.1 DOCUMENT HISTORY ............................................................................................... 11
APPENDIX A: CTIA REPORT................................................................................................. 12
2 Abbreviations
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As a first step, we simulate a close-to-ideal dipole using ADS Momentum to verify that the
simulation setup yields credible results. Then we add substrate, curvature and a ground plane
in order to model the final board more accurately. Finally, we add some length to be able to
manually fine tune the antenna length on the first prototypes. This latter step is a
precautionary one, given the uncertainty in the effective dielectric constant seen by the
antenna.
The prototype testing and optimization process involves trimming the antenna to the right
length, and then adding matching and filtering components to obtain a good trade off of high
output power at the carrier frequency and low harmonics.
The structure shown in Figure 1 is composed of two arc segments, each with a width of 300
um, a radius of 3 m and an angular length of 0.56 degrees. The substrate definition is set to
free space above and below the trace. Figure 2 shows the simulated return loss (S11) using
ADS momentum.
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Figure 2 shows a 1 dB return loss variation in our band of interest (2400 MHz to 2480 MHz),
and an impedance of about 78 ohms.
Adding a substrate has the effect of lowering the impedance of our antenna to 51 ohms, which
also explains the very low return loss given that we used 50 ohm ports in these simulations.
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5.3 Step 3: Adding Curvature
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5.4 Step 4: Adding a Ground Plane
A ground plane is added as shown in Figure 6. This further reduces the impedance to around
37 ohms, but does not change the frequency response by much.
Figure 6. A Ground Plane is Added to Improve the Accuracy of the Board Model
Figure 7. S11 Looking into the Curved Dipole with Added Ground Plane
We will use this pattern as a starting point for our prototypes. The length of each of the two
arcs is 2π·20mm·64/360 = 22.3 mm, thus the total length of the dipole is about 45 mm.
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With that in mind, we choose an arc length of 75 degrees. This corresponds to an antenna
length of 2·26.2 mm.
Figure 8. First Prototype Layout with Tuning Marks and Filtering Components
To facilitate the antenna tuning, we add some silk print markings to make it easier to relate the
end result back to the layout in our CAD tool. We also add a simple series/shunt filtering
network to help suppress harmonics if needed (see Figure 8).
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Figure 9. TRP (in dBm) versus the Number of Notches Cut (x-axis)
Two samples were tested, and they both indicated that the optimum length would be achieved
by cutting two notches.
The initial filter was a purely differential design, which proved to be insufficient to handle the
nd
2 harmonic. A new version was therefore made, where shunt components were connected
to ground to filter common mode signals. The antenna length was also updated according to
the results found in Section 7.1.
To keep component count, cost, and insertion loss to a minimum, the new filter is simply a
parallel resonant LC circuit (tuned to the carrier frequency) where the C is split into two
capacitors of double capacitance connected to ground.
Figure 10. Parallel Resonant Circuit with Differential as well as Common Mode Rejection
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Figure 11. The Final Layout of the Antenna and Filtering Components
After tuning, the total length of the antenna is now 2·22.6 mm, which is very close to the
simulated value found in Section 5.4.
The next step was to test different values of L and C to obtain a good trade off between output
power and harmonic suppression. The tables below show the measured TRP for different
values of L and C, and the corresponding harmonic levels.
L [nH]
C [pF] 1.8 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.7
1 2.14 2.6
1.2
1.5 2.14 2.52
1.8 1.99 2.04 2.18
2.2 1.32 1.56 1.37
2.7 -0.06 -0.78 -0.54 -0.61
L [nH]
C [pF] 1.8 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.7
1 -44.2 -44.3
1.2 -44.8
1.5
1.8 -46.4 -45.8
2.2 -45.1
2.7 -47.1
nd
Table 2. 2 Harmonic Levels in dBm (max EIRP)
L [nH]
C [pF] 1.8 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.7
1 -31.5 -32.5
1.2 -35.5
1.5 -36.0
1.8 -37.2 -36.2
2.2 -38.1
2.7 -39.7
rd
Table 3. 3 Harmonic Levels in dBm (max EIRP)
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nd
The most obvious observation is that the 2 harmonic level is more or less independent of the
TRP and L values, but has a tendency to decrease with increasing capacitance to ground.
nd
This is most likely a result of the 2.7 pF cap being resonant close to the 2 harmonic, so the
closer we get to 2.7 pF the better the decoupling/filtering.
rd
The 3 harmonic level seems to depend mostly on the carrier power, and since we want to get
it down towards -41.2 dBm to avoid strict duty cycle requirements from the FCC, we choose
an inductance of 3.9 nH and a capacitance of 1.5 pF (which is equivalent to 0.75 pF in parallel
nd
with the inductor in the LC parallel resonant circuit). This gives us a safe level of the 2
rd
harmonic, a 3 harmonic that is compliant with up to almost 50% duty cycle, and just above
rd
+2 dBm TRP. If we reduce the output power slightly, the 3 harmonic will pass FCC even with
100% duty cycle.
The available power from CC2531 when using power setting 0xF5 is +4 dBm, which means
that our measured TRP is less than 2 dB short of the efficiency reference. This gives an
-0.2
efficiency of at least 100*10 = 63% even though this design has not been tuned for
maximum TRP.
The part numbers of the 3.9 nH inductor and 1.5pF capacitors are:
• GRM1555C1H1R5CZ01 (0402 capacitor with C0G/NP0 dielectric from Murata)
• LQG15HS3N3S02 (0402 multilayer chip inductor from Murata)
A full measurement report on this antenna can be found in Appendix A: CTIA Report
8 Conclusion
A half wave dipole can be an excellent antenna choice for low cost RF nodes. A simple 3-
component filter is all that is needed to ensure regulatory compliance. The antenna designed
in this Design Note has an efficiency of more than 63%, and a directivity of 5.04 dBi.
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9 General Information
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