Fayoum University

Engineering Faculty
Communication & Electronics Department

Electronics Lab Manual

1st Year Electrical

Student Bench Number: …………………………………………………

Student Name:………………………………………………………………….
Group Number:………………………………………………………………..
 General Instructions

You should follow the following instructions

 You should bring the following tools with you

o Lab manual
o Pen
o Calculator
o Any other tools your lab supervisor tells you to get.
 Any waveform plot should contain the following details
o Axes designations (i.e. time, voltage, current, ……. etc)
o Period and time labels should be given
o Voltage levels should be given
An example of an acceptable waveform plot is shown in Figure 0-1
Axes Labels

Vb

3V

2V

1V

t
5us 10us

Voltage level labels

Time labels

Figure 0-1

 At the lab end you should turn off all devices and place all the components in their proper
places.
 You should write down all your results in this manual.
 Your manual must be signed by your lab supervisor at end of each lab.
 This manual will be delivered at end of semester.

ii
 Lab 1 : Components Demonstration

Lab Overview:
In this lab you will learn how to identify resistors, capacitors, and transistors, … etc. You will learn how
to read and measure their values.

Component overview:
Electronic circuits are constructed from many components. You should be able to identify these
components, read their values, and learn how to install them in your circuit. In the following
paragraphs we introduce some of the important components.

 Resistors
Resistors are circuit elements that satisfy Ohm's law. Resistor's value can be calculated using resistor
color code as shown in Figure 1-1.

Figure 1-1

1
Exercise 1:
You will be given five resistors by your TA. Fill the following table with their data as shown in
the first row.

Resistor colors Color codes Calculated Measured

value value
1st 2nd multiplier tolerance 1st 2nd multiplier
band band band band
red red orange silver 2 2 3 22 KOhm±10% 21.3KOhm

 Capacitors
There are many types of capacitors as shown in Figure 1-2.

Figure 1-2

Capacitor value may be written directly on the capacitor as shown in Figure 1-3 which means a
capacitor of value 12uF that can afford maximum voltage of 300 volt.

2
 Figure 1-3

Capacitor value may be written using capacitor value code as shown in Figure 1-4. The value is
calculated in a way similar to that of resistors. The meaning of multiplier code and tolerance code is
shown in Figure 1-5.

Figure 1-4

Figure 1-5

3
Exercise 2:
You will be given four capacitors by your TA. Write down their values

Capacitor code Capacitor value tolerance

103K 10nF ±10%

 Inductors
Inductors are usually formed by wound wires. Typical inductor types are shown in

Figure 1-6.

Figure 1-6

 Diodes
Diodes are circuit elements that conduct current in one way. There are special types of diodes that
work as light sources such as Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and Laser Diodes. Other types work as light
detectors (photo diodes). These are shown in Figure 1-7.

4
 Typical Diode
LED Laser Diode

Photo diode
Figure 1-7

 BJT transistors
There are many types of transistors as shown in Figure 1-8.

Figure 1-8

Exercise 3:
You will be given two transistors by your TA. Use you avometer to determine their type (npn/pnp).
Then write down their data in the following table as shown in the first row.

5
 Transistor number Transistor type β
npn pnp
2N2222 √ 120

 Power devices
Power devices such as thyristors and triacs are used for high power applications. They are shown in
Figure 1-9.

Thyristor is a 3 – pin device that is similar to diode, it normally doesn't conduct current in any
direction either forward or reverse. It can conduct current in forward direction only after being fired
by a voltage pulse applied to the gate input. Triac is analogous to two triacs connected in reverse. It
normally doesn't conduct current in either direction. It can conduct current in the two directions
given that a pulse is applied to the gate input.

Thyristors

Triac

Figure 1-9

6
 Lab 2 : Instruments Demonstration

Lab Overview:
In this lab you will learn how to use lab instruments to generate and measure signals.

Instrument overview:
You should be able to use lab instruments to generate and measure signals. In the following
paragraphs we introduce some of the important instruments.

 Digital multimeter (Ammeter / Voltmeter /Ohmmeter)

The multimeter is used to measure DC and AC (rms) voltage and current, it can be used for measuring
resistance and capacitance too. The multimeter has the following position ranges:

- DC voltage range (V=)

It can be used to measure voltage in the ranges 2, 20, 200, and 1000 V.
- AC voltage range (V~)
It can be used to measure voltage in the range 200, 750 V rms.
- DC current range (A=)
It can be used to measure DC current in the range 20 uA, 20 mA, 200 mA, and 20A. For
current measurement below 10 A connect the test leads to COM and mA, while for current
range of 20A connect test leads to COM and 20A.
- AC current range (A~)
It can be used to measure AC current (rms) in the ranges 200mA and 20A. The test leads
should be connected to current sockets.
- Resistance range (Ω)
A wide range of resistances can be measured from 20 Ω to 20 MΩ.
- Short circuit test
If the two leads are short circuited the device beeps. The multimeter can be used to test
connectivity in a circuit.

7
 Figure 2-1 Avometer

 Function generator
The function generator is used for generating waveforms. The device is shown in Figure 2-2.

Function generator generates three types of signals:

 Sinusoidal
 Triangular /Saw tooth
 Square

There are three buttons to select waveform type as shown in Figure 2-2.

You can control the amplitude of the waveform using amplitude selection knob.

There are three control groups to control frequency:

 Frequency range selection: these are buttons that change the frequency in orders of
magnitude i.e. 10/100/1000 times.
 Coarse frequency selection: this knob changes frequency in large steps.
 Soft frequency selection: this knob changes frequency in small steps.

8
 Frequency range Waveform type
selection selection

Amplitude
Coarse Soft
selection
frequency frequency
selection selection

Figure 2-2

 Training kit
This is a laboratory device that contains useful utilities needed by electronics engineers which
includes:

 Bread board for constructing the circuit

 Constant voltage DC power supply
 Variable voltage Power supply
 Simple function generator with frequency / voltage controls
 Switches
 Seven segment displays
 Logic indicators (on board leds)
 Speakers (in some modules)

9
 Power supply output and Seven segment
Bread board
control display

Switches
Function generator

Figure 2-3

Exercise 4:
Construct the circuit shown in Figure 2-4 on your bread board. Then measure the required quantities
in the following table.

Voltage across R1
Voltage across R2
I2

10
 R1=1KOhm V2

I2
+
_ V1=5V
R2=1KOhm

Figure 2-4

 Oscilloscope
The oscilloscope is the main lab measurement instrument. It can plot periodic voltage waveforms
versus time. It contains the following main controls

 Screen that displays the waveform

 Two channel control groups that include
o Probe socket
o Volts /div knob which controls vertical scale of the waveform by controlling number
of volts per vertical square on the screen.
o Ground level control knob which controls the location of ground level.
 Time /div knob which controls horizontal scale of the waveform by controlling number of
seconds per horizontal square on the screen.

11
 Oscilloscope Channel1
Channel1 Channel1 ground level Time/div
display
volts / div probe control
location

Figure 2-5

Exercise 5:
Use the function generator to generate each of the signals in the following table. Measure the output
waveform using the oscilloscope and plot it.

Signal Parameters Signal Waveform

Signal Signal Signal
type frequency amplitude
square 25 KHz 1Vp-p

sinusoidal 1KHz 0.5Vp-p

triangular 100KHz 1Vp-p

12
 Lab 3 : RC Circuit
Lab Overview:
In this lab you will learn the characteristics of RC passive circuits. You will study the time response and
the frequency response of the circuit.

RC circuit:
RC circuit can be used as a low-pass filter, and high-pass filter. It may be formed unintentionally by
parasitic capacitance in a circuit limiting the frequency bandwidth.

Circuit Diagram:
R= 1KOhm

+ - +
1V 100Hz +
_ VR
VC
C=0.1uF -

Figure 3-1

Experiment Steps:
 Construct the circuit shown in Figure 3-1.
 Connect square wave of amplitude 1V and frequency 100Hz from the function generator.
 Plot the input and output signal in the figure below.

Vi Vo

t t

Figure 3-2

Definition
Rise time is the time period in which the signal voltage changes from 10% to 90% from its final
value as a response to step input signal.

13
 Fall time is the time period in which the signal voltage changes from 90% to 10% from its final
voltage in response to a negative step input signal.

For R C circuit, both of rise time and fall time are given by:

tr = tf = 2.2 τ = 2.2 R C

 Using the values of R & C in the previous circuit calculate:

o Time constant τ=………………………………
o Rise time=fall time = ………………………
 Use oscilloscope to measure the rise time and fall time
o Measured rise time=……………………….
o Measured fall time=…………………………
 The R C circuit can be used as a low-pass filter and/or high-pass filter. Follow the following
steps to calculate the frequency response of the RC circuit.
 Connect a sinusoidal input signal from the function generator to the series R C circuit. Let the
amplitude of the sinusoidal signal be 1 V.
 Change the frequency of the input signal from 10Hz to 10 MHz, at each new frequency setting
of the function generator do the following steps:
o Adjust the amplitude of the input signal to 1V.
o Plot the input and output signal on the oscilloscope screen on channel 1 & channel 2.
o Write down the amplitude of the voltage on the capacitor VC and the voltage on the
resistor VR in Table 3-1
o Write down the time shift between the input signal and output signal Δt in Table 3-1.
o Calculate the phase difference Δ Φ=2 π Δt

frequency VC VR Time shift Time shift Phase shift Phase shift

Δt of VC Δt of VR Δ Φ of VC Δ Φ of VR
10Hz
50Hz
100Hz
500Hz
1KHz
5KHz
10KHz
50KHz
100KHz
500KHz
1MHz
Table 3-1

 Using the data of table Table 3-1 plot the amplitude of VR and VC versus frequency in Figure
3-3.

14
 Figure 3-3

 Using the data of Table 3-1 plot the phase of VR and VC versus frequency in Figure 3-4.

Figure 3-4

 By inspection of Figure 3-3 and Figure 3-4 the RC circuit can be used as:
Low pass filter.
High pass filter.
Both.

15
 Lab 4 : RLC Circuit
Lab Overview:
In this lab you will learn the characteristics of RLC passive circuits. You will study the time response
and the frequency response of these circuits. The concept of resonance will be introduced and the
quality factor will be measured.

Series RLC circuit:

RLC circuit can be used as a band-pass and band-stop filter. The circuit exhibits exciting behavior at
resonance when the impedance of capacitance and inductance sum to zero!!.

Circuit Diagram:
VL Vc
+ - + -
C=0.1uF
L = 100 mH

+
1V 500Hz _
Vs
R= 1KOhm VR

-
Figure 4-1

Experiment Steps:
 Construct the circuit shown in Figure 4-1.
 Connect square wave of amplitude 1V and frequency 500 Hz from the function generator.
 Plot the input and output signal in the figure below.

Vi Vo

t t

Figure 4-2

16
For RLC circuit, the output differs from that of RC network in the presence of overshoot. The output
voltage rises above the steady state final value, then oscillates till reaching steady state.

Definition
Natural frequency is the frequency of the response of a system not subjected to an external
excitation but with a non-zero initial conditions.

Resonance is the state of a system when subject to an external excitation that have a
frequency equal to its natural frequency.

Resonance is a natural phenomenon not restricted to RLC networks. The natural frequency of a RLC
circuit can be found easily by solving a source-less circuit with an initial condition as shown in Figure
4-3.

Vc
+ -

C=0.1uF
L = 100 mH

R= 1KOhm

Figure 4-3

By analysis of the response of the circuit in Figure 4-3, the following can be deduced:

1
- The voltage on the capacitor will oscillate with radial frequency 𝜔0 = √𝐿𝐶 which is the
natural frequency of the system.
- When setting R=0, the oscillations will sustain forever, otherwise the oscillations will decay
gradually till all voltage and currents go to zero.
- The rate of decay can be characterized by a metric called quality factor Q.

Definition
Quality factor is defined as 2 π multiplied by the ratio of the average energy stored in the
system and the power loss per one cycle.
𝜔0 𝐿
Quality factor can be calculated to equal 𝑄 = 𝑅

17
 To investigate the properties of the series RLC circuit at resonance, connect 1V sinusoidal
input from the function generator to the circuit in Figure 4-1.
 Calculate the theoretical value of resonant frequency as follows:
1
o Resonant angular frequency = 𝜔0 = √𝐿𝐶 =……………………………….
𝜔
o Resonant frequency = 𝑓0 = 2π0 =……………………………………….
 Adjust the frequency of the function generator such that the voltage on the resistor is
maximum. This conditions occurs at resonance!
o The measured resonant frequency=………………….
 Using oscilloscope measure the voltage amplitude across the voltage source VS and on the
resistor VR and on the capacitor VC and on the inductance VL.
o VS=………………………..
o VR=………………………..
o VC=…………………………
o VL=…………………………..
|𝑉 |
 The quality factor can be calculated as 𝑄 = |𝑉𝐿 |
𝑅
o Can you explain why Q is given by the previous relation?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
o Calculate Q from your measurements
Q=………………………………………………………….
 Using oscilloscope measure the voltage across both of the inductor and the capacitor.

Fallacy: The voltage at any node in a passive circuit cannot be more than the supply
voltage.

Truth: this is simply not correct. In a simple RLC circuit the voltage on the capacitor or
inductance can exceed the supply voltage.
o The amplitude of measured voltage=………………………………………………………
 If your measurements are correct, you should have noticed that the voltage across both L & C
is zero (or nearly zero), while the voltage measured across each one of them is not zero!! Can
you explain why?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

18
The RLC circuit can be used as a band-pass filter. Follow the following steps to calculate the frequency
response of the RLC circuit.

 Connect a sinusoidal input signal from the function generator to the series RLC circuit. Let the
amplitude of the sinusoidal signal be 1 V.
 Change the frequency of the input signal from 10Hz to 10 MHz, at each new frequency setting
of the function generator do the following steps:
o Adjust the amplitude of the input signal to 1V.
o Plot the input and output signal on the oscilloscope screen on channel 1 & channel 2.
o Write down the amplitude of the voltage on the resistor VR in Figure 4-1
o Write down the time shift between the input signal and output signal Δt in Table 4-1.
o Calculate the phase difference Δ Φ=2 π Δt

frequency VR Time shift Δt of VR Phase shift Δ Φ of VR

10Hz
50Hz
100Hz
500Hz
1KHz
5KHz
10KHz
50KHz
100KHz
500KHz
1MHz
Table 4-1

 Using the data of table Table 4-1 plot the amplitude of VR versus frequency in Figure 4-4.

19
 Figure 4-4

 Using the data of Table 4-1 plot the phase of VR versus frequency in Figure 4-5.

20
Figure 4-5

21
 Lab 5 : Diode characteristics

Lab Overview:
In this lab you will learn how to investigate the diode I-V characteristics, and employ diode in simple
rectifier circuits.

Diode I-V characteristics:

𝑉𝐷
The current-voltage characteristics of diodes are given by the relation 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑠 e𝑛 𝑣𝑇 . The two constants Is
and nVT are dependent on diode geometry and fabrication process.

Circuit diagram:
+ Vd -

+
D1

R=1KOhm Vr
Vs=8V(p-p)
-

Figure 5-1

Experiment steps:
 The circuit shown in Figure 5-1 can be used for measuring the I-V characteristics, the voltage
across diode is Vd , while the current flowing through it equals Vr/R.
 Construct the circuit, and connect the voltage input V s from the function generator as
sinusoidal signal with amplitude 5V with frequency 100Hz.
 Plot Vs and Vr in Figure 5-2.
 Connect the voltage input Vs from the function generator as sawtooth signal with frequency
100Hz.
 Using the oscilloscope, connect both of Vd and Vr to the first channel and the second channel
of the oscilloscope.
 Configure the oscilloscope in XY mode and fill the following table:

Diode voltage Vd (V) Resistor voltage Vr (V) Diode current in Natural logarithm of
amperes Id =Vr/R current ln Id
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

22
0.6
0.7
0.8
 Plot the relationship between Vd (vertical axis) and ln Id (horizontal axis) in Figure 5-3.

Vs Vo

t t

Figure 5-2

ln Id

Vd

Figure 5-3

Full wave rectifier:

full wave rectifiers effectively approximate the absolute function of the sinusoidal signal as shown in
Figure 5-4.

Circuit diagram:

23
 Vo

+
Vs=4V(p-p)

Figure 5-4

Experiment steps:
 Construct the circuits shown in Figure 5-4.
 Connect Vs as function generator output with a frequency of 1KHz
 Using the oscilloscope plot Vs and Vo.

Vs Vo

t t

Figure 5-5

24
 Lab 6 : Diode characteristics

Lab Overview:
In this lab you will learn how to construct simple diode circuits to be employed as limiters and
clampers.

Diode Limiters:
Limiter circuits limit the signal to be lower than a positive value as shown in Figure 6-1a, or to a
greater than a negative value as shown in Figure 6-1b, or to lie between two limiting values as shown
in Figure 6-1c.

Circuit diagram:
R1=1KOhm R1=1KOhm Vo
Vo

1.2V 1.2V
Vs=5V(p-p) Vs=5V(p-p)

(a)

R1=1KOhm Vo

1.2V
Vs=5V(p-p) 1.2V

(c)

Figure 6-1

Experiment steps:
 Construct the circuits shown in Figure 6-1.
 Connect Vs as function generator output with a frequency of 1KHz
 Using oscilloscope plot Vo for the three limiter circuits.

25
Vo

Figure 6-2 circuit (a)

Vo

Figure 6-3 circuit (b)

26
 Vo

Figure 6-4 circuit (c)

Diode clampers:
Diode clampers change the DC-level of a sinusoidal circuit. The simple clamper circuit of Figure 6-5(a)
raises the level of the sinusoidal voltage such that the lower peak is raised to -0.7 V. The circuit of
Figure 6-5(b) can be used to raise the DC-level by greater amount. The lower peak of the sinusoidal
signal is raised to -0.7+1.2=0.5 V.

Circuit diagram:
C=10uF C=10uF
Vo Vo

R2=100KOhm 1.2V R2=100KOhm

Vs=5V(p-p) Vs=5V(p-p)

(a) (b)

Figure 6-5

Experiment steps:
 Construct the circuits shown in Figure 6-5 and connect a sinusoidal input signal from the
oscilloscope.
 Using oscilloscope plot the output voltage for both signals.

27
Vo

Figure 6-6 output for circuit (a)

Vo

Figure 6-7 output for circuit (b)

28
 Lab 7 : Power Supply

Lab Overview:
In this lab you will learn how to construct 5V DC power supply.

Circuit Diagram:
V3 Vo=5V
LM7805

D1 D3
V1 R1=1KOhm

R2=1KOhm
+ C=10uF
Vs= 6V
220V
-
V2
D2 D4

Figure 7-1

Experiment Steps:
 Construct the circuit shown in Figure 7-1
 The circuit in Figure 7-1 is 5V power supply.
 Connect Vs as 220V power supply.
 Set the value of R2 to 1KOhm
 Using oscilloscope plot Voltage between V1 and V2 in Figure 7-2.

Figure 7-2

 Using oscilloscope plot voltage across diode D1

29
 t

Figure 7-3

 Using oscilloscope plot voltage across diode D2

Figure 7-4

 Using oscilloscope plot voltage between V3 and ground, then plot Vo in Figure 7-5

Vs Vo

t t

Figure 7-5

 Change the value of R2 to 50 Ohm

30
 Plot the voltage between V3 and ground in Figure 7-6

Figure 7-6

 From Figure 7-6. Vmax=……………. Vmin=……………………….

 Line reqgulation= (Vmax – Vmin) /Vmin=……………………….

31
 Lab 8 : Bjt transistor DC characteristics
Lab Overview:
In this lab you will learn BJT transistor dc characteristics evaluation. Ic-vce and ic-vbe relation. Beta
measurement.

Experiment 1:
In this lab we will obtain input characteristics and output characteristics of
common emitter (CE) configuration. We will connect variable DC power supply at VBB
and VCC to obtain characteristics. Input voltage in CE configuration is base-emitter
voltage VBE and input current is base current IB. Output voltage in CE configuration is
collector to emitter voltage VCE and output current is collector current IC. We will use
Avometer to measure these voltages and currents for different characteristics. Collector
to emitter junction is reverse biased and base to emitter junction is forward biased. The
CE configuration is widely used in amplifier circuits because it provides voltage gain as
well as current gain. In CB configuration current gain is less than unity. In CC configuration
voltage gain is less than unity. Input resistance of CE configuration is less than CC
configuration and more than CB configuration. Output resistance of CE configuration is
more than CC configuration and less than CB configuration.

BJT transistors:

There are many types of transistors as shown in Figure 8-1.

Figure 8-1

32
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 8-2

Experiment Steps:
 The circuit in Figure 8-2 is a common emitter circuit without emitter resistance.
 Perform large signal analysis of the circuit shown in Figure 8-2 and determine the base,
emitter and collector dc voltage and current (assuming β=200 for calculations).
 Simulate the circuit shown in Figure 4-3 using P-spice and determine the base, emitter and
collector dc voltage and current.
 Construct the circuit shown in Figure 4-3 on a bread board and measure the base, emitter and
collector dc voltage and current.
 Determine the voltage and current gains.
 Determine the transistor operation mode (cut off, active or saturation).
calculated simulated measured
VB
VE
VC
IB
IE
IC
Voltage gain = VC/VB
Current gain = IC/ IB
Transistor mode

33
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 8-3

Experiment Steps:
 The circuit in Figure 8-3 is a common emitter circuit without emitter resistance.
 Perform large signal analysis of the circuit shown in Figure 8-3 and determine the base,
emitter and collector dc voltage and current (assuming β=200 for calculations).
 Simulate the circuit using P-spice and determine the base, emitter and collector dc voltage
and current.
 Construct the circuit on a bread board and measure the base, emitter and collector dc voltage
and current.
 Determine the voltage and current gains.
 Determine the transistor mode (cut off, active or saturation).

calculated simulated measured

VB
VE
VC
IB
IE
Ic
Voltage gain = VC/VB
Current gain = Ic/ IB
Transistor mode

34
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 8-4

Experiment Steps:
 The circuit in Figure 8-4 is a common emitter circuit without emitter resistance.
 Perform large signal analysis of the circuit and determine the base, emitter and collector dc
voltage and current (assuming β=200 for calculations).
 Simulate the circuit using Pspice and determine the base, emitter and collector dc voltage and
current.
 Construct the circuit on a bread board and measure the base, emitter and collector dc voltage
and current.
 Determine the voltage and current gains.
 Determine the transistor mode (cut off, active or saturation).

calculated simulated measured

VB
VE
VC
IB
IE
Ic
Voltage gain = VC/VB
Current gain = Ic/ IB
Transistor mode

35
 Lab 9 : Common Emitter Amplifier

Lab Overview:
In this lab you will learn how to bias BJT transistors, construct common emitter amplifier, measure
input resistance, measure output resistance, and measure voltage gain.

Circuit Diagram:
VCC=12V VCC

RC=3.3 KOhm

R1=47KOhm C2=1uF
VC

C1=10uF
VB
2N2222
RL=10KOhm

VE
+
_ 100mV 5KHz

RS=100Ohm
R2=47KOhm

C1=10uF
RE=5.6KOhm

Figure 9-1

Experiment Steps:
 Construct the circuit shown in Figure 9-1
 Using your voltmeter and ammeter, measure VB,VE,VC,IB,IE,IC

VB
VE
VC
IB
IE
IC

 Calculate β=IC/IB=………………
 Calculate gm=IC/vT =……………….
 Calculate re= α/gm=……………………………

36
  Calculate input resistance = [(β+1)(RS+re)]//R1//R2=…………………..
 Connect the base of the transistor to the output of the function generator through capacitor
C1
 Adjust the function generator so that its output is sinusoidal signal with amplitude 100mV at a
frequency of 5KHz
 Measure the input resistance by using the following steps
o Connect a variable resistor R3 as shown in Figure 9-2
o Adjust resistor R3 until VB=VS/2
o Remove R3 and measure its value which is equal to the input resistance of the
amplifier
o Measured Input resistance=………………………………….

VCC=12V VCC

RC=3.3 KOhm

R1=47KOhm C2=1uF
VC

R3 C1=10uF
VS VB
2N2222
RL=10KOhm

VE
+
_ 100mV 5KHz

RS=100Ohm
R2=47KOhm

C1=10
uF
RE=5.6KOhm

Figure 9-2

𝑅𝐶 //𝑅𝐿
 Calculate voltage gain= −𝛼 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝑒
=……………………..
 Using the oscilloscope, Measure the voltage at the base of the transistor and at the collector
and plot them below in Figure 9-3. Show all details (period and voltage levels).

37
Vb Vc

t t

Figure 9-3

 Using the measured values of Vc and Vb. The voltage gain =………………………….
 Calculate output resistance = RC =……………………………..
 Measure the output resistance by following the following steps
o Using the oscilloscope, Measure VC (peak to peak). VC1=………………….
o Remove RL and measure VC (peak to peak). VC2=……………………………
𝑉𝑐2 −𝑉𝑐1
o Measured output resistance= 𝑅𝐿 ( 𝑉𝑐1
)=…………………………………
 Adjust the frequency of the function generator as shown in Table 9-1 and measure Vb ,Vc
(peak to peak) and calculate the voltage gain. Then fill the table

frequency Vb(peak topeak) Vc(peak to peak) Voltage gain

10Hz
50Hz
100Hz
500Hz
1KHz
5KHz
10KHz
50KHz
100KHz
500KHz
1MHz
Table 9-1

 Plot Voltage gain versus frequency in Figure 9-4

38
 Figure 9-4

 From the plot, find cutoff frequencies fL and fH

fL= ………………………………….. fH=………………………………….
 Calculate the bandwidth= fH – fL=……………………………

39
 Lab 10 : Common Source Amplifier

Lab Overview:
In this lab you will learn how to bias Mosfet transistors, construct common source amplifier, and
measure voltage gain.

Circuit Diagram:
VDD=12V VDD

RD=3.3 KOhm

C2=1uF
R1=47KOhm VD

C1=10uF
VG RL=10KOhm
P50N06
VS

+
_ 100mV 5KHz
R3=100Ohm

R2=47KOhm

C1=10uF
RS=3KOhm

Figure 10-1

Experiment Steps:
 Construct the circuit shown in Figure 9-1
 Using your voltmeter and ammeter, measure VG,VS,VD,IG,IS,ID

VG
VS
VD
IG
ISE
ID

40
 Using the oscilloscope, Measure the voltage at the gate of the transistor and at the drain and
plot them below in Figure 9-3. Show all details (period and voltage levels).

Vb Vc

t t

Figure 10-2

 Using the measured values of Vd and Vg. The voltage gain =………………………….
 Calculate output resistance = Rd =……………………………..
 Measure the output resistance by following the following steps
o Using the oscilloscope, Measure VD (peak to peak). VD1=………………….
o Remove RL and measure VD (peak to peak). VD2=……………………………
𝑉𝐷2 −𝑉𝐷1
o Measured output resistance= 𝑅𝐿 ( )=…………………………………
𝑉𝐷1
 Adjust the frequency of the function generator as shown in Table 9-1 and measure Vg ,Vd
(peak to peak) and calculate the voltage gain. Then fill the table

frequency Vg(peak topeak) Vd(peak to peak) Voltage gain

10Hz
50Hz
100Hz
500Hz
1KHz
5KHz
10KHz
50KHz
100KHz
500KHz
1MHz
Table 10-1

 Plot Voltage gain versus frequency in Figure 9-4

41
 Figure 10-3

 From the plot, find cutoff frequencies fL and fH

fL= ………………………………….. fH=………………………………….
 Calculate the bandwidth= fH – fL=……………………………

42
Lab Mark Maximum
1

10

Total

43