. and-the tight side tension—S,, the effective tension or pull will be ee Ch:"II, General Theory of Conveying Machines When: the calculation is made by following the outline of the pulling member in a* direction’ opposite to its run, the tension in every consecutive. point will be equal to the difference between the tension in the preceding point and the force of resistance on the. ys intermediate section, If the- number of the rectilinear and curvilinear sections into. which the outline has been divided is n, the slack side tension—S. Wo=S,—Sy ‘ (61) or, including the resistance on the driving shaft Wa Wn to 1 Wo=Si— Say + Wrror. (62) The required motor power for the conveying machine Wov Wov e N= ee ho apa KW, (53) where Wy == effective pull, ke; speed of the pulling member, m/sec; tg=elficiency of the transmission gear, including the losses due to stiffness of the pulling’ member on the driving shaft, when Wp is determined trem equa- tion (51). When Wo is: determined from equation (52) these losses'are not included. D. DYNAMIC PHENOMENA IN-CHAIN CONVEYORS 1, Speed and Acceleration of the Chain The dimensions of the pulling member of a conveyor are caleu- maximum tension determined “by the outline” is usually obtained al the point where the pulling member runs on the driving || sprocket. ' For chain conveyors of all types, the dynamic forces coming into play when rotation is transmitted by the sprocket to the chaing should’ be added to. the static forces determined as given above, |p Irregularities in the motion of the chain (or chains) are ‘respon. sible for dynamic ‘stresses, In general the sprockets of a chain deve do not have a constant angular velocity ratio and, therefore, the linear velocity of the chain is irregular too. The reason for this is that the chain does not wrap. around the driving sprockel or straight-edged pulley:in the form ofa pitch circle but in the form of a piteh polygon, a phenorienon known as “chordal action”, The} ¢ we t EE lated according to the maximum tension it is subjected to. TheSec. D.-Dynami¢ Plietiomena in Chain Conveyors 35° period of irregularity during the pulsating motion ofthe chain is equal to the time it takes the sprocket (or pulley) to turn through the angle subtending the arc of contact, corresponding to a turn by one tooth (or edge). The maximum dynamic stress comes into play at the moment when the sprocket tooth (or peak of the straight-edged. pulley) comes into mesh with the next chain link. Fig, 10. Chain turning around sprocket Let us examine, in the simplest form, how the dynamic stress is approximated. Let us begin by establishing. the law governing changes in the speed and acceleration of the chain, Fig. 10 contains a diagram showing a chain running on je sprocket or straight-edged pulley. In the position pictured in the diagram, the pull is transmitted by tooth /, in mesh. with chain link 1’. “As the sprocket rotates, tooth 2 engages with link 2, tooth 3 with link 8’, ete, ‘At a constant angular velocity of the sprocket @, the peripheral speed of the tooth remains constant, i.e, vo=Reo while the chain speed (its motion being considered as near translatory) will be ! = 09 C08 P= Racos 9, (54) where @ is the variable angle formed by the leading radius 0/=R and axis OY. Thus, the chain speed v’ during period fo, required by the'sprock- et to turn through the angle a, corresponding to one chain pitch #’, represents a section of a cosine curve (Fig. 11), The chain ae86. Ch, Il, General Theory .of Conveying Machines speed reaches its peak, 0',,, =do=Re when ~=0 and its minimum dy an when p= $ and p=, ie, Pata = Rocos-. (55) Fig. 10 shows three positions of the sprocket turning through angle ao, namely: at the moment when link / engages is in the central po: | and disengages (e= 9). can be determined as the first derivative of the speed by the | time or as the projection of cen- tripetal acceleration j= Ro? on the “direction of chain travel (tangential acceleration being zero): 7 in Yinax =f — fo sin p= — Ro? sin p. Fig. 11, Diagram of chain speed and (56) acceleration The acceleration diagram of the chain is shown in Fig. 11. Acceleration j’ becomes zero when p=0 (v’=v',,,) and reaches | its absolute peak value at p= ! Inge = £ Ro? sin 2, (57) 2, Dynamic Loads on the Chain The diagram in Fig. 11 shows that at the end of the initial. period & and at the beginning of the next, when the sprocket tooth engages with the following chain link, the acceleration instantly soars from — jnge 10 + Higgs en, increases by 2/',.., It m is the reduced mass of the moving parts of the conveying machine and of the load, the dynamic stress at that moment is 2mj/,,,. As the” force is applied instantaneously and, therefore, brings into play as if double tension, the theoretical dynamic stress A= 2X 2M i aes As the force of inertia Ja=mjmax acting at the final moment of period f is directed in the sense of chain travel and therefore of hegalive value, it must be added to the instantaneous dynamic stress, ! The acceleration of the chain -}*See, D. Dynamic“Phenomena in Chain Conveyors 37 Thus, if Sx is the static tight side tension of the chain .(or chains), determined “by the outline” and Sayn is the theoretical dynamic tension, the total theoretical tensile effort is Sineor = S317 Saya = Sr + Ia — Sa = : Sop 2X 2tefinae Mraz = Sop + 3Mfnaxr- (58) Taking into account that rt sin te oe L eo oe Dok. ce -where v= average (working) chain speed, m/sec; sprocket (pulley) speed, rpm; number of sprocket teeth or pulley edges; # = pitch of the pulling chain, we obtain from equation (57): a ne eee vt! Songs = 28 apr = 80 ey = 2? Gory (69) Hence the maximum acceleration and consequently the maximum dynamic stress (determined as above) is proportional to the square of the chain speed, when the number of ‘sprocket. teeth and chain pitch is equal, and is inversely proportional to the number of teeth and directly proportional to the pulling chain pitch when its speed and the sprocket diameter (perimeter 24) are equal. In a conveyor having a length of L metres and comprising {wo rectilinear strands, the, loaded and return strands, the. mass in motion is m= (q-+2q)L: g, where g m/sec? is the gravity accel- eration, However, the kinematic law given above shows that not all of the mass is in motion, since due to the elasticity of the pulling member, acceleration is°transmitted along it not instanta- neously but with the speed an elastic wave propagates. Further- more, violation of the kinematic law, is responsible for free sagging of the pulling member and makes it necessary to install a weighted or spring-loaded take-up. Therefore, not all of the moving mass of the conveyor but its mass reduced by the value of factor C <1 is included in the cal- culation, whence Fi + Cqo) L Sinan = St Bhar PEGE, (60) It will be found expedient to take C =20 for conveyors having a length of L<25 m CaS ditto 1 = 26 to 60 m C= 10 ditto L>60m